中国与欧盟生物废弃物处理标准化管理研究

针对生物安全实验室生物废弃物管理和处理的问题,从废物管理、废物分离、废物容器、废物收集、废物存储、处理方法的选择、处置方式、废物处理方法的试验和验证、风险管理等9个方面,对比分析中国与欧盟生物安全实验室废弃物处理标准规范的特点和不足,认为欧盟在生物废物处理上较为注重流程化和可操作性,而中国更强调废物处理的原则,在生物废物处理上可操作性较差,在此基础上,提出了中国生物废物标准制定上应加强流程化记录、管理及废物处理办法等具体可实施的对策建议。

《废物生物处理》

由郑平、冯孝善主编的《废物生物处理》已于2006年1月由高等教育出版社出版发行,ISBN 978-7-04 -018408-2,16开。全书共分9章,包括绪论、废物处理的微生物学原理、废物处理的生物反应工程原理。

酿造固体渣类无废物生物工程处理技术的研究

随着社会不断的发展,人们越来越重视生物工程技术的发展。本文介绍了无废物生物工程处理技术的发展,并对发展趋势进行了阐述,最后介绍了这种新的处理技术在生物工程处理上的应用。

固体废弃物处理与产氢技术

氢气能作为一种清洁能源和工业上的原料所使用。目前国际上氢气的获得主要有化学制取和电解水制取两种方法,但这些方法都需要耗费大量的能源,特别是化学制取法在耗能的同时还极易对环境造成污染。相比之下,生物制氢有着极大的优势,它主要是通过微生物发酵或者光合微生物的作用,将有机废弃物进行分解从而获得氢气。利用废弃物制氢即可以低廉的获得氢能源同时又能资源化利用废弃物。以下对固体废弃物的类型、产氢的方法等进行了综述。

欧洲和中国废物管理现状

在一系列欧盟级别和国家级别的综合性废物管理法规的支持下 ,欧盟国家废物管理达到了先进水平 ,这将减少任意性废物处理处置给环境带来的负面影响。废物管理工作框架包括从源头上减少垃圾的产生 ;控制填埋垃圾种类是改进垃圾预处理的有效措施。某些国家已预定在2 0 0 8年就达到法规目标 ,环保产业必将得到进一步的发展。中国已于 1995年颁布了第一部废物管理法 ,提高废物管理水平已势在必行。

美国NASA高级生保计划实验模型项目研究进展

美国NASA肯尼迪空间中心的高级生保计划实验模型项目着重进行生物再生生保部件的研制 ,目的在于进行大气、水和食物生产的作物栽培以及用于废物循环的生物反应器的研制等。该项目的中心部件是生物量生产舱 ,外围 1 5个环境受控舱和占地面积为 2 1 50m2 的实验设施。为了支持高级生保计划 ,该项目已经并将继续利用这些装备进行大规模的部件试验和所需相关技术的开发 ,以便应用于位于NASA约翰逊空间中心的载人试验基地 ,以期最终实现月球和火星飞行。

Bioremediation potential of spirulina:toxicity and biosorption studies of lead

This study examines the possibility of using live spirulina to biologically remove aqueous lead of low concentration (below 50 mg/L) from wastewater. The spirulina cells were first immersed for seven days in five wastewater samples containing lead of different concentrations, and the growth rate was determined by light at wavelength of 560 nm. The 72 h-EC50 (72 h medium effective concentration) was estimated to be 11.46 mg/L (lead). Afterwards, the lead adsorption by live spirulina cells was conducted. It was observed that at the initial stage (0–12 min) the adsorption rate was so rapid that 74% of the metal was bio- logically adsorbed. The maximum biosorption capacity of live spirulina was estimated to be 0.62 mg lead per 105 alga cells.

Preliminary Study on Airlift Membran-Bioreactor

A new type of membrane bioreactor named 'airliftmembrane-bioreactor' is discussed. For municipal wastewaterreclamation, the preliminary study on airlift membrane-bioreactorshows its good performance such as higher flux and lower energyconsumption. The airlift membrane-bioreactor is potentiallyapplicable in bioengineer- ing and environmental protection fields.

Evaluation of the Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Mass Transport of Substrate within Multispecies Biofilms

A model, for evaluating the effect of porosity and volume fraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within multispecies biofilms on the effective diffusivity, is developed and experimentally validated, based on the extraction of EPS from intact biofilms. The amount of EPS in biofilms significantly affects the effective diffusivity. For biofilms with porosity of 77%—95% in the top layers and 54%—58% in the bottom layers, the value of De/Dw decreases from 0.52—0.83 in the top layers to 0.23—0.31 in the bottom layers. Generally, the effective diffusivity in the heterotrophic/autotrophic biofilms is slightly lower than that in the heterotrophic biofilms, due to the lower porosity in the heterotrophic/autotrophic biofilms.

Biodegradation Kinetics for Pre-treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae Waste with Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion

Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-philic aerobic digestion(ATAD) . Based on an Arrhenius-type equation,an empirical model was developed to corre-late the removal of total suspended solid(TSS) with the initial TSS concentration,influent reaction temperature,aeration rate and stirring rate. The reaction temperatures of the ATAD system could be raised from the ambient temperatures of 25 °C to a maximum temperature of 65 °C. The exponentials for the initial TSS concentration,aeration rate and stirring rate were 1.579,-0.8175 and-0.6549,respectively,and the apparent activation energy was 6.8774 kJ·mol-1. The correlation coefficient for the pre-exponential factor was 0.9223. The TSS removal effi-ciency predicted by the model was validated with an actual test,showing a maximum relative deviation of 10.79%. The new model has a good practicability.

Biomass and microbial activity in a biofilter during backwashing

Biomass and microbial activity in backwashing processes of a biofilter for tertiary treatment were investigated. The microbial groups revealed new distribution along the biofilter depth after low flow rate backwashing for a short time. Then the start-up process was accelerated by backwashing. The biomass profile and microbial activity profile both varying with depth before and after backwashing, can be mathematically described by quadratic equations. Using the profiles, the difference of oxygen demand can be calculated to determine the airflow rate during backwashing. Combined with the difference between biofilters and rapid gravity filters, analysis of biomass and microbial activity can determine more accurately the required airflow rate during backwashing.

Development of Combined Biological Technology for Treatment of High-strength Organic Wastewater and Results of Case Studies

Our study group has developed a unique combined ters from the industries of dyestuff, pharmaceutical, chemical biological technology to treat high-strength organic wastewaengineering and zymolysis by using the principles of anaerobic ecological niche and bio-phase separation. The study obtained five national invention patents and eight patent equipments. This technology contains four kernel processes - two-phase anaerobic-aerobic process, hydrolysis-acidification-oxidation process, UASBAF-oxidation process, and internal cycling-hydrolysis-oxidation process. Fifteen pilot projects were accomplished in the basins of Tai Lake, Huai River, Liao River and Songhua River, and their total capital investment reached 185.214 million Yuan （RMB）. Compared to conventional wastewater treatment technology, the innovative technology is more costeffective for high-strength organic wastewater treatment, can save capital investment by 15% - 30%, lessen land usage by 20% to 40% and decrease the operating cost by 10% to 25%. The operating cost of treatment per cubic meter industrial wastewater could be below 0.6 to 1.4 Yuan （RMB）.

Factors affecting biological denitrifying dephosphatation in anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor

This study was conducted to verify and discuss the denitrifying dephosphatation under different levels of nitrate concentration and retention time of anoxic/aerobic process in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The results of tests demonstrated that there were two kinds of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the biological excess phosphorus removal (BEPR) system. One was non-DNPAOs that could only use oxygen as terminal electron acceptors, the other was denitrifying PAOs (DNPAOs) that could use both nitrate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. Phosphorus uptake efficiency could be attained under anoxic period ranging from 28.7%-96.7% in an anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic system. Experimental results showed that nitrate concentration and retention time of anoxic/aerobic process were the key factors affecting the course of denitrifying dephosphatation.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOPOLYMER FLOCCULANT

The biopolymer flocculant （named PS-2） producing by Pseudomonas fluorescens was investigated. The PS-2 had high efficiency with small dosage, when dealing with kaolin suspension, formed larger floc, with big sedimentation rate, over a wide range of temperatures. Distributing of flocculating activity test showed that the biopolymer flocculant was an extracellular product. The composition analysis of purified biopolymer flocculant showed that it composed mainly of polysaccharide and nucleic acid. The content of polysaccharide was 86. 7%, which determined by using phenol-vitriol method, and the content of nucleic acid was 7.8%, which determined by UV absorption method. The biopolymer flocculant as a powder form showed much better stability than that as a supernatant. The character of biopolymer flocculant was stable even it was heated to 100℃ when it in acidic condition. The optimal conditions to flocculate kaolin suspension were as follows： pH 8-12, flocculant dosage lmL/L, and Ca^2＋ as the optimal cation.

Nitrogen Derivatives of Irrigation in Chihuahua＇s Parks with Wastewater Treatment Residuals

Since 2000 Chihuahua City has distribution system Waste Water Treatment （WTR）, watering city＇s green areas. The need to cover the growing demand for drinking water has encouraged the use of non-potable water where water quality is not an issue despite being used by 10 years ago, it is not known whether nitrogen compounds derived from WTR pose risks to the environment and public health. Therefore, in order to minimize health and environmental risks, this is needed to assess the impact and policy support for water use. The aim of this study is to determine the constitution and the concentration of nitrogen compounds through selection and characterization of park＇s representative. It＇s divided into physical properties and main parameters that affect nitrogen transformations. It was determined that sand was material that allowed more favorable oxidation and reduction of nitrate in soil and atmosphere, opposite of the clay, When used WTR, nitrates, nitrites and ammonia nitrogen were identified in the subsurface and NOx and N20 were identified in the atmosphere. When drinking water was used, none of these compounds was found. However, it was determined that despite having high concentrations of nitrates, the WTR was within the limits allowed by the Mexican standard for the use of WTR in public places.

Use of Waste Vegetable Biomasses Treated by Steam Explosion for the Horticultural Crop Protection

The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses （WVBs） treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to assess their disease suppression, five WVBs （Miscanthus biomass, durum wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and wood shaving） and commercial compost were tested in vivo at three different doses （10, 20 and 30% of potting mix） on seven horticultural pathosystems plant/fungus： tomato/Phytophthora nicotianae, cucumber/Pythium ultimum, lettuce/Fusariurn oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melordFusariurn oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bearffRhizoctonia solani, eggplant/Verticillium dahlie and fennel/Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the corn stalk was more efficient respect to Miscanthus, compost, wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving in all the patbosystems and at all the doses tested. The corn stalk suppression ranged from 97% in eggplant/F, dahliae to 35% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and it was significantly higher with respect to the other substrates. In general, the wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving were statistically found less efficient as suppressive substrate with respect to corn stalk, Miscanthus and compost at the 30% dose in four pathosystems In particular, the wood shaving suppressiveness ranged from 48% in eggplant/V, dahliae to 12% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The different suppressiveness observed could be attributed to different concentration of the microbial inhibitory substances （furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates） produced during the processing of fresh biomass.

Separating trash and solid materials from the wastewater ammonia stripping tower UASB biological oxidation pond processes for the treatment of the swine factory＇s wastewater

By making the use of the processes which includes separating trash and solid materials from the wastewater-ammonia stripping tower-UASB-biological oxidation pond, we have treated the wastewater which comes from the swine factory. The treated wastewater can meet the primary standard of The People＇s Republic of China based on sewage discharge standards and the wastewater treatment project design contract （GBl8596-2001）, and the effluent will be used as irrigation-water. We introduce this project including the quality of influent and effluent and the flow scheme, the statement of every part, the investment and the effect, etc. The operation indicated that this process has many merits such as the stability in operation-effect and the convenience in management. So it will provide some help for the similar wastewater treatment.

Biotreatment of oily wastewater by rhamnolipids in aerated active sludge system

Oily wastewater generated by various industries creates a major ecological problem throughout the world. The tra- ditional methods for the oily wastewater treatment are inefficient and costly. Surfactants can promote the biodegradation of pe- troleum hydrocarbons by dispersing oil into aqueous environment. In the present study, we applied rhamnolipid-containing cell-free culture broth to enhance the biodegradation of crude oil and lubricating oil in a conventional aerobically-activated sludge system. At 20 ℃, rhamnolipids （11.2 mg/L） increased the removal efficiency of crude oil from 17.7% （in the absence of rham- nolipids） to 63%. At 25 ~C, the removal efficiency of crude oil was over 80% with the presence of rhamnolipids compared with 22.3% in the absence of rhamnolipids. Similarly, rhamnolipid treatment （22.5 mg/L） for 24 h at 20℃ significantly increased the removal rate of lubricating oil to 92% compared with 24% in the absence of rhamnolipids. The enhanced removal of hydrocarbons was mainly attributed to the improved solubility and the reduced interfacial tension by rhamnolipids. We conclude that a direct application of the crude rhamnolipid solution from cell culture is effective and economic in removing oily contaminants from wastewater.