猕猴桃生物架栽培法

猕猴桃属于藤本植物,在国内一般是人工搭架进行大面积栽培.为了得到较好地商品栽培效益,创造猕猴桃适宜的生长环境,我们经过反复探索得出,采用与猕猴桃生长结果近似于三同步的生物架栽培法可较好地解决这些问题.具体做法如下.

西沙群岛中新世藻礁白云岩植物格架、储层特征和成礁模式

传统生物礁成因理论质疑钙藻形成坚固生物礁抗浪结构的能力,将钙藻归类于附礁生物群落。文章利用微焦X射线扫描成像技术(X-CT),研究“西科1井”、“西永2井”中新世红藻珊瑚藻科南海奇石藻(新种)格架岩和绿藻仙掌藻节片岩岩芯。通过三维层析成像直观透视图像,发现钙藻生物营造的藻礁抗浪结构,包括典型红藻柱状格架结构、障积结构和绿藻仙掌藻节片结构,证实钙藻植物是主要的造礁造岩生物。通过三维孔隙重构,获得总孔隙体积、面孔率、孔隙度的物性参数,验证了藻礁是南海沉积盆地中新世重要的油气储集层。提出了藻礁成因模式:造礁钙藻适应海面升降逐步演替–取代,经过钙化–埋藏化石化–白云石化,沉积生成藻礁云岩,造成中新世西沙礁纵向序列的增长。

超净生物层流架内长期维持SPF裸鼠生产、应用的体会

我所７年多来在超净生物层流架内繁育裸小鼠１０００余只，进行了１０个课题的研究．历年来在国家卫生部认可的卫生部上海生物制品研究所医学检验中心作９次检查，所养裸鼠达到无特殊病原体（ＳＰＦ）动物标准．结果表明层流架及其区域净化是一种小型的经济的长期保持ＳＰＦ级裸鼠繁育应用的实用方法及设施．

超净生物层流架饲育SPF级裸鼠的效果观察

４批裸鼠于ＳＳｊ－ｃｊ型和ＣＬ８７－１型层流架进行繁育期间经微生物学监测表明，层流架内空气落下菌数平均在０．２３～０．６０个／皿，低于国际标准；裸鼠质量符合ＳＰＦ级微生物学监控标准，４批裸鼠平均受孕率为８８．５～９１．７２％；平均产仔数为６．１２～７．２６；ｎｕ／ｎｕ：ｎｕ／＋大于１。

黔南中三叠世Anisic期的生物礁复合体

黔中、黔西南的中三叠世是否存在生物礁是一个有争议的问题。本文论证Anisic期簸箕山组是一个典型的生物礁建造。簸箕山组有多种造礁生物,六射珊瑚、环口目苔藓虫以及龙介蠕虫类都是重要的造架生物,此外还有海绵和红藻类。格架洞穴是生物礁的主要结构之一,洞穴中粪粒和生物碎屑充填物的存在是生物礁结构的另一个特点。本文将珊瑚—藻礁划分为6个群落,并对礁周围的生物群落和沉积相作了论述。青岩组显示礁前和前沿礁的特点,而花溪组则为礁后泻湖沉积。它们与簸箕山组共同组成礁复合体。

Topology optimization of microstructure and selective laser meltingfabrication for metallic biomaterial scaffolds

The precise design and fabrication of biomaterial scaffolds is necessary to provide a systematic study for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterial scaffolds should have sufficient stiffness and large porosity. These two goals generally contradict since larger porosity results in lower mechanical properties. To seek the microstructure of maximum stiffness with the constraint of volume fraction by topology optimization method, algorithms and programs were built to obtain 2D and 3D optimized microstructure and then they were transferred to CAD models of STL format. Ti scaffolds with 30% volume fraction were fabricated using a selective laser melting （SLM） technology. The architecture and pore shape in the metallic biomaterial scaffolds were relatively precise reproduced and the minimum mean pore size was 231μm. The accurate fabrication of intricate microstructure has verified that the SLM process is suitable for fabrication of metallic biomaterial scaffolds.

珊瑚岛礁岩土工程特性研究

通过对珊瑚岛礁有关资料的研究,介绍了珊瑚的生长环境和珊瑚岛礁的形成过程,对礁坪的生物格架支撑结构作了进一步探讨,提出了珊瑚岛礁岩土工程特性的评价原则和方法,进行了合理的工程地质分区和地层划分,并对珊瑚岛礁的岩土工程特性进行了较详细的论述和评价,本研究成果对今后进一步研究珊瑚岛礁的岩土工程特性具有一定的借鉴意义。

Composite bioabsorbable vascular stents via 3D bio-printing and electrospinning for treating stenotic vessels

A new type of vascular stent is designed for treating stenotic vessels. Aiming at overcoming the shortcomings of existing equipment and technology for preparing a bioabsorbable vascular stent （BVS）, a new method which combines 3D bio-printing and electrospinning to prepare the composite bioabsorbable vascular stent （CBVS） is proposed. The inner layer of the CBVS can be obtained through 3D bio- printing using poly-p-dioxanone （PPDO）. The thin nanofiber film that serves as the outer layer can be built through electrospinning using mixtures of chitosan-PVA （poly （vinyl alcohol））. Tests of mechanical properties show that the stent prepared through 3D bio-printing combined with electrospinning is better than that prepared through 3D bio- printing alone. Cells cultivated on the CBVS adhere and proliferate better due to the natural, biological chitosan in the outer layer. The proposed complex process and method can provide a good basis for preparing a controllable drug-carrying vascular stent. Overall, the CBVS can be a good candidate for treating stenotic vessels.

Flora and ecological characteristics of rare plant communities on the southern slope of Shennongjia Mountain

According to the investigation of sampling area of 6800 m2 on the south slope of Shennongjia Mountain, there were 126 vascular plant species, belonging to 108 genera and 64 families, in the investigated rare plant communities, of which 9 rare plant species were recorded, accounting for 27.3% of the total rare plants. The communities were about 30 m in height and were divided into three layers as tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer. The flora of the communities had obvious temperate character. Phanerophytes (accounted for 65.9%), Mesophyllous (62.7%), Papyraceous (84.1%), simple leaf (83.3%), un-entire leaf (69.8%) were dominant in life form, leaf size class, leaf texture, leaf form, and leaf margin respectively. According to important value of species, the communities were divided into three types as Davidia involucrata + Litsea pungens community, Cercidiphyllum japanicum + Padus wilsonii community, and Padus wilsonii + Acer mono community. The indexes of species diversity of tree layer had little difference among communities and evenness was high. The results indicated that the communities had complex structure and relative stability.

Synthesis and in-vitro characterization of biodegradable porous magnesium-based scaffolds containing silver for bone tissue engineering

Infection is a major potential complication in the clinical treatment of bone injuries. Magnesium (Mg)-based composites are biodegradable and antibacterial biomaterials that have been employed to reduce infection following surgical implants. The aim of present study was to synthesize and in-vitro characterize Mg-based scaffolds containing silver for bone tissue engineering. Porous Mg-based scaffolds with four silver concentrations (i.e., 0, 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, and 2 wt.%), denoted by Mg?Ca?Mn-Zn-xAg (MCMZ?xAg)(where x is the silver concentration), were fabricated by the space holder technique. The effects of silver concentration on pore architecture, mechanical properties, bioactivity, and zone of bacterial inhibition were investigated in-vitro. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy were utilized to characterize the obtained scaffolds. In-vitro corrosion test results indicated that the MCMZ scaffolds with lower silver content were more resistant to corrosion than those enriched with higher amounts of silver. Examination of the antibacterial activity showed that the MCMZ?Ag scaffolds exhibited superb potential with respect to suppressing the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in the inhibition zone around the MCMZ?Ag scaffolds, with increasing in the amount of incorporated silver;however, higher amounts of silver increased the cytotoxicity. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the porous 0.5 wt.% Ag-containing scaffolds with interconnected pores, adequate mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and cell adhesion are promising with respect to the repair and substitution of damaged and diseased bones.

Esophageal tissue engineering:A new approach for esophageal replacement

A number of congenital and acquired disorders require esophageal tissue replacement.Various surgical techniques,such as gastric and colonic interposition,are standards of treatment,but frequently complicated by stenosis and other problems.Regenerative medicine approaches facilitate the use of biological constructs to replace or regenerate normal tissue function.We review the literature of esophageal tissue engineering,discuss its implications,compare the methodologies that have been employed and suggest possible directions for the future.Medline,Embase,the Cochrane Library,National Research Register and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched with the following search terms:stem cell and esophagus,esophageal replacement,esophageal tissue engineering,esophageal substitution.Reference lists of papers identified were also examined and experts in this field contacted for further information.All full-text articles in English of all potentially relevant abstracts were reviewed.Tissue engineering has involved acellular scaffolds that were either transplanted with the aim of being repopulated by host cells or seeded prior to transplantation.When acellular scaffolds were used to replace patch and short tubular defects they allowed epithelial and partial muscular migration whereas when employed for long tubular defects the results were poor leading to an increased rate of stenosis and mortality.Stenting has been shown as an effective means to reduce stenotic changes and promote cell migration,whilst omental wrapping to induce vascularization of the construct has an uncertain benefit.Decellularized matrices have been recently suggested as the optimal choice for scaffolds,but smart polymers that will incorporate signalling to promote cell-scaffold interaction may provide a more reproducible and available solution.Results in animal models that have used seeded scaffolds strongly suggest that seeding of both muscle and epithelial cells on scaffolds prior to implantation is a prerequisite for complete esophageal replacement.Novel approaches need to be designed to allow for peristalsis and vascularization in the engineered esophagus.Although esophageal tissue engineering potentially offers a real alternative to conventional treatments for severe esophageal disease,important barriers remain that need to be addressed.

Two-dimensional MOF/MOF derivative arrays on nickel foam as efficient bifunctional coupled oxygen electrodes

Oxygen electrocatalysis,exemplified by the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),is central to energy storage and conversion technologies such as fuel cells,metal-air batteries,and water electrolysis.However,highly effective and inexpensive earth-abundant materials are sought after to replace the noble metal-based electrocatalysts currently in use.Recently,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and carbon-based MOF derivatives have attracted considerable attention as efficient catalysts due to their exceedingly tunable morphologies,structures,compositions,and functionalization.Here,we report two-dimensional(2D)MOF/MOF derivative coupled arrays on nickel foam as binder-free bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability.Their remarkable electrochemical properties are primarily attributed to fully exposed active sites and facilitated charge-transfer kinetics.The coupled and hierarchical nanosheet arrays produced via our growth-pyrolysis-regrowth strategy offer promise in the development of highly active electrodes for energy-related electrochemical devices.

Distribution and generic composition of culturable marine actinomycetes from the sediments of Indian continental slope of Bay of Bengal

Actinomycetes population from continental slope sediment of the Bay of Bengal was studied. Samples were collected during two voyages of FORV Sagar Sampada in 2004 （May-June） and 2005 （July） respectively from 11 transects （each transect had ca. 200 m, 500 m, and 1 000 m depth stations）. The physicochemical parameters of overlying water, and sediment samples were also recorded. The actinomycete population ranged from 5.17 to 51.94 CFU/g dry sediment weight and 9.38 to 45.22 CFU/g dry sediment weight during the two cruises respectively. No actinomycete colony was isolated from stations in 1 000 m depth. Two-way analysis of variance showed significant variation among stations （ANOVA two-way, P〈0.05）, but no significance was found between the two cruises （ANOVA two-way, P〈0.05）. Populations in stations in 500 m depth in both cruises were higher than that of 200 m depth stations with statistically insignificant difference （ANOVA two-way, P〉0.05）. Three actinomycetes genera were identified. Streptomyces was found to be the dominating one in both the cruises, followed by Micromonospora, and Actinomyces. The spore of Streptomyces isolates showed the abundance in spiral spore chain. Spore surface was smooth. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the influencing physico-chemical factors were sediment pH, sediment temperature, TOC, porosity, salinity, and pressure. The media used in the present study was prepared with seawater. Thus, they may represent an autochthonous marine flora and deny the theory of land runoff carriage into the sea for adaptation to the salinity of the seawater and sediments.

Three-dimensional printing of β-tricalcium phosphate/calcium silicate composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Bioactive scaffolds with interconnected porous structures are essential for guiding cell growth and new bone formation. In this work, we successfully fabricated three-dimensional （3D） porous β-tricalcium phosphate （β-TCP）/calcium silicate （CS） composite scaffolds with different ratios by 3D printing technique and further investigated the physiochemical properties, in vitro apatite mineralization properties and degradability of porous β-TCP/CS scaffolds. Moreover, a series of in vitro cell experiments including the attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells were conducted to testify their biological performances. The results showed that 3D printed β-TCP/CS scaffolds possessed of controllable internal porous structures and external shape. Furthermore, the introduction of CS decreased the shrinkage of scaffolds and improved the in vitro apatite formation activity and degradation rate. Meanwhile, compared with pure β- TCP scaffold, the β-TCP/CS composite scaffolds were more conducive to promote cell adhesion, spread and osteogenesis differentiation. However, when the content of CS was increased to 45%, the ions dissolution rate of the composite scaffolds was so high that leaded to the increase in pH value, which inhibited the proliferation of cells. Our results suggested that the introduction of appropriate CS into β-TCP bioceramic is an effective strategy to prepare bioactive 3D printed bioceramic scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration.

Repair of bile duct defect with degradable stent and autologous tissue in a porcine model

AIM： To introduce and evaluate a new method to re- pair bile duct defect with a degradable stent and au- tologous tissues. METHODS： Eight Ba-Ma mini-pigs were used in this study, Experimental models with common bile duct （CBD） defect （0,5-1,0 cm segment of CBD resected） were established and then CBD was reconstructed by duct to duct anastomosis with a novel degradable stent made of poly [sebacic acid-co-（1,3-propanediol）-co- （1,2-propanediol）]. In addition, a vascularized greater omentum was placed around the stent and both ends of CBD. Cholangiography via gall bladder was per- formed for each pig at postoperative months 1 and 3 to rule out stent translocation and bile duct stricture. Complete blood count was examined pre- and post- operatively to estimate the inflammatory reaction. Liver enzymes and serum bilirubin were examined pre- and post-operatively to evaluate the liver function. Five pigs were sacrificed at month 3 to evaluate the healing of anastomosis. The other three pigs were raised for one year for long-term observation. RESULTS： All the animals underwent surgery success- fully. There was no intraoperative mortality and no bile leakage during the observation period, The white blood cell counts were only slightly increased on day 14 and month 3 postoperatively compared with that before operation, the difference was not statistically significant （P = 0.652）. The plasma level of alanine aminotrans- ferase on day 14 and month 3 postoperatively was also not significantly elevated compared with that before operation （P = 0.810）. Nevertheless, the plasma level of y-glutamyl transferase was increased after opera- tion in both groups （P = 0.004）, especially 2 wk after operation. The level of serum total bilirubin after opera- tion was not significantly elevated compared with that before operation （P = 0.227）, so did the serum direct bilirubin （P = 0.759）. By cholangiography yia gall blad- der, we found that the stent maintained its integrity of shape and was stillin situ at month 1, and it disap- peared completely at month 3. No severe CBD dilation and stricture were observed at both months 1 and 3. No pig died during the 3-too postoperative observation period. No sign of necrosis, bile duct stricture, bile leak- age or abdominal abscess was found at reoperation at month 3 postoperatively. Pigs had neither fragments of stent nor stones formed in the CBD. Collagen deposit was observed in the anastomosis by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） and Masson＇s trichrome stains. No severe cholestasis was observed in liver parenchyma by HE staining. Intestinal obstruction was found in a pig 4 mo after operation, and no bile leakage, bile duct stricture or biliary obstruction were observed in laparotomy. No sign of bile duct stricture or bile leakage was observed in the other two pigs. CONCLUSION： The novel method for repairing bile duct defect yielded a good short-term effect without postoperative bile duct stricture. However, the long- term effect should be further studied.

Research from global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)to sustainability science based on the object-subject-process framework

Since United Nations adopted the global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) for the next15 years(2016-2030), sustainable development will further become a core concept and main principle to guide global and national economic and social development. According to this background, strengthening the integrative research on the theories and methodologies of sustainable development has been a strategically important mission. This article provided an analytic framework for sustainability science, named the object-subject-process(OSP) framework for examining the key issues encountered during the theoretical research and policy analysis. This study emphasized that, on the object dimension, sustainable development means to seek for economic and social development within biophysical limits of the earth and the relationship of environment, society, and economy should be containing and complementary rather than parallel and substitute; on the process dimension, sustainable development should adopt both the responsive and proactive strategies for the whole process management which employing pressure-state-response(PRS) model rather than dealing with one part of them; on the subject dimension, sustainable development research should involve the key stakeholders who are kind of collaborate governance rather than separate each other. From the perspective of sustainability science, green economy was utilized as a case study to explore the issues of object, process and subject and also the significance of green economy was discussed in this study.

Microtubular elements of cortex in Euplotes Woodruffi

The cortical ciliature microtubular organelles of the ciliated protozoan Euplotes Woodruffi were analyzed with FLUTAX and anti-a-tubulin antibody. It showed that the cortical cytoskeleton was composed of non-ciliature structure, ciliature structure including adoral zone of membranelles （AZM）, undulating membranes （UM）, frontal-ventral-transverse cirri （FVTC）, caudal cirri （CC）, dorsal kineties, as well as base-associated microtubules. The silverline system is composed of longitudinal and transverse microtubules, concave structure appeared on the cell dorsal side, the base of DK containing rosette-like skeleton structure. All these suggested that the non-ciliature structure, ciliature structure of Euplotes be quite different from that of other species of ciliate, the silverline-system be true pare of cortical microtubute cytoskeleton in Euplotes, rosette structure be part of the basecytoskeleton.

Bacteriorhodopsin and SWCNT Scaffold for Optical Nanobiosensor

This paper describes theoretical steps to develop an optical nanobiosensor using bacteriorhodopsin （BR） as the biomembrane and Single-Walled Carbon NanoTube （SWCNT） as the scaffold. Bacteriorhodopsin is a retinal protein used by archaea that come under the family of halobacteria. This retinal protein acts as a proton pump and resulting proton gradient is used to change the voltage that pass across the drain and source. The biosensor contains nano ISFET where the channel is made of a carbon nanotube for the conduction of current. The gate is replaced by bacteriorhodopsin biomembrane. Bacteriorhodopsin can be used as a molecular-level ultra fast bi-stable red / green photo switch for making 3D optical molecular memories that reliably store data with 10,000 molecules/bit. The molecules switch in femtoseconds. Biomembrane will sense 510 nm and 650 nm wavelength of light and the sensing voltage can be used to convert the data into digital signals. This molecular level memory device can be used for ‘Read-Write＇ operations. The sensor performance will also be ultra fast since it uses photons for the data storage, which are much faster than electrons used in normal memory devices, and the 3D storage capacity is much higher maximum of 10^13/cm^2.

Hepatoma cell line HepG2.2.15 demonstrates distinct biological features compared with parental HepG2

AIM:To investigate the biological features of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-transfected HepG2.2.15 cells. METHODS:The cell ultrastructure,cell cycle and apoptosis,and the abilities of proliferation and invasion of HBV-transfected HepG2.2.15 and the parent HepG2 cells were examined by electron microscopy,flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trans-well assay.Oncogenicity of the two cell lines was compared via subcutaneous injection and orthotopic injection or implantation in nude mice,and the pathological analysis of tumor formation was performed.Two cytoskeletal proteins were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS:Compared with HepG2 cells,HepG2.2.15 cells showed organelle degeneration and filopodia disappearance under electron microscope.HepG2.2.15 cells proliferated and migrated slowly in vitro,and hardly formed tumor and lung metastasis in nude mice.Flow cytometry showed that the majority of HepG2.2.15 cells were arrested in G1 phase,and apoptosis was minor in both cell lines.Furthermore,the levels of cytoskeletal proteins F-actin and Ezrin were decreased in HepG2.2.15 cells. CONCLUSION:HepG2.2.15 cells demonstrated a lower proliferation and invasion ability than the HepG2 cells due to HBV transfection.

A LCA Based Biofuel Supply Chain Analysis Framework

This paper presents a life cycle assessment(LCA) based biofuel supply chain(SC) analysis framework which enables the study of economic, energy and environmental(3E) performances by using multi-objective optimization. The economic objective is measured by the total annual profit, the energy objective is measured by the average fossil energy(FE) inputs per MJ biofuel and the environmental objective is measured by greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions per MJ biofuel. A multi-objective linear fractional programming(MOLFP) model with multi-conversion pathways is formulated based on the framework and is solved by using the ε-constraint method. The MOLFP problem is turned into a mixed integer linear programming(MILP) problem by setting up the total annual profit as the optimization objective and the average FE inputs per MJ biofuel and GHG emissions per MJ biofuel as constraints. In the case study, this model is used to design an experimental biofuel supply chain in China. A set of the weekly Pareto optimal solutions is obtained. Each non-inferior solution indicates the optimal locations and the amount of biomass produced, locations and capacities of conversion factories, locations and amount of biofuel being supplied in final markets and the flow of mass through the supply chain network(SCN). As the model reveals trade-offs among 3E criteria, we think the framework can be a good support tool of decision for the design of biofuel SC.