淋溶微生物菌株的筛选及其重金属溶出效率的研究

从汕头市12个蔬菜地监测点收集到多种微生物,采用含单质硫的Waksman固体培养基进行分离纯化,从中筛选出4株菌株。通过16S rRNA测序和NCBI数据库比对,其中两株为硫氧化硫化杆菌(Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans),另两株为嗜酸性氧化硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans),分别将其编号为ST-A、ST-B、ST-C和ST-D。通过研究这4株菌对Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的溶出效率评估了它们对重金属的淋溶和转化潜力。结果表明:用这两种菌处理土样,土壤溶液的pH值显著降低,说明反应过程中产生了酸性物质;两种菌株均对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr有明显的溶出效果;从修复过程中Cu、Pb五态质量比分布来看,经过浸提后,大部分Cu、Pb被去除,Cu去除率大于Pb去除率,硫化杆菌属的去除效果比嗜酸硫杆菌属明显,硫化杆菌能将不溶态的Cu和Pb转换为可溶态。

SDS和PVP强化生物淋溶锰渣的性能

在生物淋溶锰渣的过程中,设置一系列浓度梯度(0～100 mg/L)的离子型表面活性剂SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)和非离子型表面活性剂PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮),研究两种活性剂对硫杆菌生长和对锰渣中锰的浸出率的影响。结果表明,两种表面活性剂均能有效强化硫杆菌对锰渣的淋溶性能,SDS和PVP的最佳浓度分别为35 mg/L和15 mg/L,在最佳浓度条件下,两者均能显著降低培养液的pH值,提高锰的浸出率,其浸出率分别达到88%和83%,均高于对照组的72%。进一步分析表明,SDS比PVP更能有效提高浸出体系的ORP电位,促进锰的浸出。电镜结果表明,在最佳浓度条件下,SDS比PVP更能有效促进硫杆菌对锰渣表面的侵蚀,降低锰渣的表面粒度,提高锰渣中锰的浸出率。

A Comparative Study of Nitrogen Loss after Application of Biochar Coated Urea and Common Urea in Vegetable Soil at Chaihe Catchment of Dianchi Lake

[Objective] This study aimed to provide the basis for scientific and rea- sonable application of nitrogen fertilizer and control Of agricultural non-point source pollution in vegetable-growing area at Chaihe catchment of Dianchi Lake. [Method] A pot experiment was carried out to compare the loss of nitrogen via ammonia volatilization and nitrogen leaching after application of biochar coated urea （BCU） and common urea （Urea） with different nitrogen rates （0 mg N/kg soil, 400 mg N/kg soil, 320 mg N/kg soil and 280 mg N/kg soil）. [Result] The results indicated that the amount of nitrogen loss was proportional to nitrogen applied rate. Leaching nitrogen was higher than ammonia volatilization. Compare with Urea treatments, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen leaching losses were significantly lower in BCU treatments at the same nitrogen application rate. At the nitrogen application rate of 320 and 280 mg N/kg soil, nitrogen loss, ammonia volatilization and leaching nitrogen was 43.5%-45.5%, 3.7%-21.7% and 49.8%-52.1% lower in BCU treatments than in Ure- a treatments, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of BCU could minimize nitro- gen loss by reducing nitrate leaching loss. It can be concluded that the low nitrogen application rate combined with BCU have a practical influence on controlling the risk of nitrogen pollution in Dianchi Lake.

Study on the Nitrogen Release Law of Bamboo Charcoal-coated Urea and Its Biological Utilization Effects

[Objective] The study about the nitrogen releasing law of bamboo-charcoal coated urea and the biologic utilization effect was to find the coated urea with high efficiency,low price and simple production technology.[Method]Two kinds of bamboo-charcoal coated urea(BCCU)with different coating thickness were made by using bamboo-charcoal and macromolecule polymer as coating material.The experiments of soil eluviate,ammonia volatilization in corn field and potted plant of corn were conducted to study the nitrogen releasing law and the biologic utilization effect of self-made BCCU.[Result]The BCCU showed some slow-release capability and their accumulated nitrogen releasing rates in 29 d were 9.93%-16.27% lower than that of normal urea.Compared with the normal urea,the volatilization rate of ammonia in BCCU reduced to 16.66%-31.8%,the biomass of corn and nitrogen utilization rate increased by 12.8%-24.1% and 10.5%-16.99%,respectively.[Conclusion]Bamboo-charcoal in coated urea not only had some slow-release capability,but also had some adsorbability,which would reduce the eluviation and volatilization of nitrogen and protect environment from N pollution.

Bioleaching of pyrrhotite by Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans

The bioleaching of pyrrhotite was investigated using Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans.The effects of pH,pulp concentration,inoculation amount,external addition of ferrous and ferric ions were examined.The pH is found to exert a profound effect on the leaching process for controlling the bacterial activity and precipitation of ferric ions mainly as jarosite.The results show that low pulp content increases the leaching rate of iron.The inoculation amount from 1×107 cell/mL to 1×108 cell/mL has positive effects on the leaching rate.The results also imply that addition of ferrous sulfate(1 g/L) is required for the bacteria to efficiently drive the extraction of iron,however,the leaching efficiency has no obvious enhancement when 2 g/L ferrous sulfate was added.Comparatively,addition of ferric sulfate(2 g/L) significantly inhibits the bioleaching process.At the end of bioleaching,jarosite and sulfur are observed on the surface of pyrrhotite residues by using XRD and SEM.With the passivation film formed by jarosite and sulfur,the continuous iron extraction is effectively blocked.

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌淋溶煤矸石过程中铁锰铬形态的释放特征

为研究微生物作用下煤矸石中重金属形态的淋溶释放特征,以湖南湘潭某煤矿矸石为研究对象,分析了接种嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)的淋溶液中铁、锰和铬金属离子浓度与矸石中相应金属形态的相互关系。结果表明:新鲜煤矸石中铁锰铬的背景值对其释放特性存在影响,接种微生物对矸石中的3种金属释放有促进作用,从其释放浓度来看,Fe>Mn>Cr;矸石中铁主要以残渣态形式存在,而锰主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,经微生物的淋溶释放作用后铁的铁锰氧化态和残渣态减少,而Mn的可交换态减少,但是残存态增多,Cr的各种形态变化不太明显;淋溶液中金属离子浓度和矸石中相应金属形态的相关分析和逐步回归分析结果表明,接种微生物的淋溶液中铁离子浓度与铁的有机结合态和残渣态存在显著相关关系,而锰离子浓度主要与矸石中锰的可交换态存在非常显著的相关关系。