At present, the technology of biomass fuel composite molding technique is relatively lagging in China, which brings several negative influences, such as high energy consumption, short service life of the equipment. Th...At present, the technology of biomass fuel composite molding technique is relatively lagging in China, which brings several negative influences, such as high energy consumption, short service life of the equipment. The current situation of the biomass pellet fuel molding technology at home and abroad was introduced, and the development direction in China was put forward, which was of great significance for enhancing the level of pellet fuel molding technology in China.展开更多
The pyrolysis mechanism of rice straw (RS) was investigated using a tube reactor with Fourier trans-form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer. The results show that the maximum pyrolysis rate in...The pyrolysis mechanism of rice straw (RS) was investigated using a tube reactor with Fourier trans-form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer. The results show that the maximum pyrolysis rate increases with increasing heating rate and the corresponding temperature also increases. The three-pseudocomponent model could describe the pyrolysis behavior of rice straw accurately. The main pyrolysis gas products are H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, HCHO (formaldehyde), HCOOH (formic acid), CH3OH (methanol), C6H5OH (phenol), etc. The releasing of H2O, CO2, CO and CH4 mainly focuses at 220-400°C. The H2O formation process is separated into two stages corresponding to the evaporation of free water and the formation of primary volatiles. The release of CO2 first increases with increasing temperature and gets the maximum at 309°C. The releasing behavior of CO is similar to H2O and CO2 between 200 and 400°C. The production of CH4 happens, compared to CO2 and CO, at higher temperatures of 275-400°C with the maximum at 309°C. When the temperature exceeds 200°C, hy-droxyl and aliphatic C H groups decrease significantly, while C O, olefinic C C bonds and ether structures in-crease first in the chars and then the aromatic structure develops with rising temperature. Above 500°C, the material becomes increasingly more aromatic and the ether groups decreases with an increase of temperature. The aromati-zation process starts at ≈350°C and continues to higher temperatures.展开更多
Bionics （the imitation or abstraction of the ＂inventions＂ of nature） and, to an even greater extent, syn- thetic biology, will be as relevant to engineering development and industry as the silicon chip was over th...Bionics （the imitation or abstraction of the ＂inventions＂ of nature） and, to an even greater extent, syn- thetic biology, will be as relevant to engineering development and industry as the silicon chip was over the last 50 years. Chemical industries already use so-called ＂white biotechnology＂ for new processes, new raw materials, and more sustainable use of resources. Synthetic biology is also used for the devel- opment of second-generation biofuels and for harvesting the sun＇s energy with the help of tailor-made microorganisms or biometrically designed catalysts. The market potential for bionics in medicine, en- gineering processes, and DNA storage is huge. ＂Moonshot＂ projects are already aggressively focusing on diseases and new materials, and a US-led competition is currently underway with the aim of creating a thousand new molecules. This article describes a timeline that starts with current projects and then moves on to code engineering projects and their implications, artificial DNA, signaling molecules, and biological circuitry. Beyond these projects, one of the next frontiers in bionics is the design of synthetic metabolisms that include artificial food chains and foods, and the bioengineering of raw materials; all of which will lead to new insights into biological principles. Bioengineering will be an innovation motor just as digitalization is today. This article discusses pertinent examples of bioengineering, particularly the use of alternative carbon-based biofuels and the techniques and perils of cell modification. Big data, analytics, and massive storage are important factors in this next frontier. Although synthetic biology will be as pervasive and transformative in the next 50 years as digitization and the Intemet are today, its ap- plications and impacts are still in nascent stages. This article provides a general taxonomy in which the development of bioengineering is classified in five stages （DNA analysis, bio-circuits, minimal genomes, protocells, xenobiology） from the familiar to the unknown, with implications for safety and security, in- dustrial development, and the development of bioengineering and biotechnology as an interdisciplinary field. Ethical issues and the importance of a public debate about the consequences of bionics and syn- thetic biology are discussed.展开更多
This proposal aims to assess the market introduction of advanced technologies for the production of 2nd generation solid biofuels, specifically technologies for the production of briquettes and pellets from agro-indus...This proposal aims to assess the market introduction of advanced technologies for the production of 2nd generation solid biofuels, specifically technologies for the production of briquettes and pellets from agro-industrial wastes. The development of this project will evaluate the socio-environmental and techno-economical feasibility and use of 2nd generation solid biofuels in the CMR （Campinas Metropolitan Region）. The successful introduction of second generation briquettes and pellets to market depends, mainly, on two aspects： logistics in supply chains which generate waste, and the efficiency of production technologies. The study of logistics （supply chain） is based on survey data of the main productive supply chains, analysis, and modeling to optimize the facility location in the network for each case. The evaluation of the efficiency of production technology is provided by testing specially designed waste compacting devices, and comparing these results with the resulting power consumption during the production, in demonstration-scale, of a round of briquettes. The costs and consumption during the demonstration-scale production of briquettes are used for validation and correction of an optimization model. This project was approved in late 2012 with a period of two years for its implementation. Later in 2013, it was decided also to extend its implementation to the Metropolitan Region of Manaus, Amazon. Due to its recent beginning, the results shown here are only preliminary.展开更多
Increasing concerns with non-renewable energy sources drive research and development of sustainable energy technology. Fuel cells have become a central part in solving challenges associated with energy conversion. Thi...Increasing concerns with non-renewable energy sources drive research and development of sustainable energy technology. Fuel cells have become a central part in solving challenges associated with energy conversion. This review summarizes recent development of catalysts used for fuel cells over the past 15 years. It is focused on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells as an environmentally benign and feasible energy source. Graphene is used as a promising support material for Pt catalysts. It ensures high catalyst loading, good electro- catalysis and stability. Attention has been drawn to structural sensitivity of the catalysts, as well as polymetallic and nanos- tructured catalysts in order to improve the oxygen reduction reaction. Characterization methods including electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques are summarized with an overview of the latest technological advances in the field. Future perspective is given in a form of Pt-free catalysts, such as microbial fuel cells for long-term development.展开更多
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest(201003063)the Key Technology R&D Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2013412)the Fund for Independent Innovation of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Province(XC(13)3030)~~
文摘At present, the technology of biomass fuel composite molding technique is relatively lagging in China, which brings several negative influences, such as high energy consumption, short service life of the equipment. The current situation of the biomass pellet fuel molding technology at home and abroad was introduced, and the development direction in China was put forward, which was of great significance for enhancing the level of pellet fuel molding technology in China.
基金Supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Projects of China (2004CB217704)the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (50721005)
文摘The pyrolysis mechanism of rice straw (RS) was investigated using a tube reactor with Fourier trans-form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer. The results show that the maximum pyrolysis rate increases with increasing heating rate and the corresponding temperature also increases. The three-pseudocomponent model could describe the pyrolysis behavior of rice straw accurately. The main pyrolysis gas products are H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, HCHO (formaldehyde), HCOOH (formic acid), CH3OH (methanol), C6H5OH (phenol), etc. The releasing of H2O, CO2, CO and CH4 mainly focuses at 220-400°C. The H2O formation process is separated into two stages corresponding to the evaporation of free water and the formation of primary volatiles. The release of CO2 first increases with increasing temperature and gets the maximum at 309°C. The releasing behavior of CO is similar to H2O and CO2 between 200 and 400°C. The production of CH4 happens, compared to CO2 and CO, at higher temperatures of 275-400°C with the maximum at 309°C. When the temperature exceeds 200°C, hy-droxyl and aliphatic C H groups decrease significantly, while C O, olefinic C C bonds and ether structures in-crease first in the chars and then the aromatic structure develops with rising temperature. Above 500°C, the material becomes increasingly more aromatic and the ether groups decreases with an increase of temperature. The aromati-zation process starts at ≈350°C and continues to higher temperatures.
文摘Bionics （the imitation or abstraction of the ＂inventions＂ of nature） and, to an even greater extent, syn- thetic biology, will be as relevant to engineering development and industry as the silicon chip was over the last 50 years. Chemical industries already use so-called ＂white biotechnology＂ for new processes, new raw materials, and more sustainable use of resources. Synthetic biology is also used for the devel- opment of second-generation biofuels and for harvesting the sun＇s energy with the help of tailor-made microorganisms or biometrically designed catalysts. The market potential for bionics in medicine, en- gineering processes, and DNA storage is huge. ＂Moonshot＂ projects are already aggressively focusing on diseases and new materials, and a US-led competition is currently underway with the aim of creating a thousand new molecules. This article describes a timeline that starts with current projects and then moves on to code engineering projects and their implications, artificial DNA, signaling molecules, and biological circuitry. Beyond these projects, one of the next frontiers in bionics is the design of synthetic metabolisms that include artificial food chains and foods, and the bioengineering of raw materials; all of which will lead to new insights into biological principles. Bioengineering will be an innovation motor just as digitalization is today. This article discusses pertinent examples of bioengineering, particularly the use of alternative carbon-based biofuels and the techniques and perils of cell modification. Big data, analytics, and massive storage are important factors in this next frontier. Although synthetic biology will be as pervasive and transformative in the next 50 years as digitization and the Intemet are today, its ap- plications and impacts are still in nascent stages. This article provides a general taxonomy in which the development of bioengineering is classified in five stages （DNA analysis, bio-circuits, minimal genomes, protocells, xenobiology） from the familiar to the unknown, with implications for safety and security, in- dustrial development, and the development of bioengineering and biotechnology as an interdisciplinary field. Ethical issues and the importance of a public debate about the consequences of bionics and syn- thetic biology are discussed.
文摘This proposal aims to assess the market introduction of advanced technologies for the production of 2nd generation solid biofuels, specifically technologies for the production of briquettes and pellets from agro-industrial wastes. The development of this project will evaluate the socio-environmental and techno-economical feasibility and use of 2nd generation solid biofuels in the CMR （Campinas Metropolitan Region）. The successful introduction of second generation briquettes and pellets to market depends, mainly, on two aspects： logistics in supply chains which generate waste, and the efficiency of production technologies. The study of logistics （supply chain） is based on survey data of the main productive supply chains, analysis, and modeling to optimize the facility location in the network for each case. The evaluation of the efficiency of production technology is provided by testing specially designed waste compacting devices, and comparing these results with the resulting power consumption during the production, in demonstration-scale, of a round of briquettes. The costs and consumption during the demonstration-scale production of briquettes are used for validation and correction of an optimization model. This project was approved in late 2012 with a period of two years for its implementation. Later in 2013, it was decided also to extend its implementation to the Metropolitan Region of Manaus, Amazon. Due to its recent beginning, the results shown here are only preliminary.
基金supported by the Danish Council for Independent Research|Technology and Production Sciences(DFF-1335-00330)
文摘Increasing concerns with non-renewable energy sources drive research and development of sustainable energy technology. Fuel cells have become a central part in solving challenges associated with energy conversion. This review summarizes recent development of catalysts used for fuel cells over the past 15 years. It is focused on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells as an environmentally benign and feasible energy source. Graphene is used as a promising support material for Pt catalysts. It ensures high catalyst loading, good electro- catalysis and stability. Attention has been drawn to structural sensitivity of the catalysts, as well as polymetallic and nanos- tructured catalysts in order to improve the oxygen reduction reaction. Characterization methods including electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques are summarized with an overview of the latest technological advances in the field. Future perspective is given in a form of Pt-free catalysts, such as microbial fuel cells for long-term development.
