单壁碳纳米管修饰的高灵敏纳米碳纤维电极

碳纳米管已被应用于电极材料, 但未得到良好的电化学伏安行为[1]; 且由于碳纳米管的直径很小（几到数十纳米）, 制作单根的碳纳米管电极非常困难, 难以实际应用.碳纳米管用于修饰电极已得到更多重视[2~4], 但都在常规尺寸（毫米级）的电极上进行, 这样的电极不适于在生物微环境和毛细管电泳电化学检测中应用.

A Preliminary Study on the Diversity of Fish Species and Marine Fish Faunas of the South China Sea

There are 3048 species of fish occurring in the China Seas （CS）, of which at least 2321 species are found in the South China Sea （SCS）, belonging to 35 orders, 236 families and 822 genera. The fish species diversity is analyzed in this paper based on biogeography, biostatistics, fishing methods, etc. It is found that the regional environment, especially biological factors, plays an important role in the distribution of faunas, and there are two fish faunas in the SCS, one in the north and another in the center and south. This regional division is of value for sustainable fishery production and eiTlcient management of fishery resources.

Relative accuracy of spatial predictive models for lynx Lynx canadensis derived using logistic regression-AIC,multiple criteria evaluation and Bayesian approaches

We compared probability surfaces derived using one set of environmental variables in three Geographic Information Systems （GIS） -based approaches： logistic regression and Akaike＇s Information Criterion （AIC）, Multiple Criteria Evaluation （MCE）, and Bayesian Analysis （specifically Dempster-Shafer theory）. We used lynx Lynx canadensis as our focal species, and developed our environment relationship model using track data collected in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, during winters from 1997 to 2000. The accuracy of the three spatial models were compared using a contingency table method. We determined the percentage of cases in which both presence and absence points were correctly classified （overall accuracy）, the failure to predict a species where it occurred （omission error） and the prediction of presence where there was absence （commission error）. Our overall accuracy showed the logistic regression approach was the most accurate （74.51%）. The multiple criteria evaluation was intermediate （39.22%）, while the Dempster-Shafer （D-S） theory model was the poorest （29.90%）. However, omission and commission error tell us a different story： logistic regression had the lowest commission error, while D-S theory produced the lowest omission error. Our results provide evidence that habitat modellers should evaluate all three error measures when ascribing confidence in their model. We suggest that for our study area at least, the logistic regression model is optimal. However, where sample size is small or the species is very rare, it may also be useful to explore and/or use a more ecologically cautious modelling approach （e.g. Dempster-Shafer） that would over-predict, protect more sites, and thereby minimize the risk of missing critical habitat in conservation plans .

An Economic Analysis and Countermeasures for Domestic Wastes in China

Domestic wastes have become an importer topic of environmental protection research. From the social cost of treating domestic wastes, this article analyzes present environmental pollution caused by neglected externality when we discharge domestic wastes in the method of analysis on the difference between marginal personal cost and marginal social cost; It also proves the necessity and the importance of levying pollution tax and proposes the measures of eontrolling environmental potlution caused by domestic wastes.

Production Optimization of Biodiesel from Frying Oil Waste to Reduce the Environmental Impacts

The objective of this study was to reduce the environmental impacts of used frying oil waste through the production of biodiesel. A 22 factorial planning has been used to evaluate the influences of alcohol/oil and reaction time on the biodiesel production yield. The optimal condition to produce the biodiesel has been found by use of the response surface methodology and analysis of variance to obtain the fitting model. This study was conducted in Campinas city, Brazil, where were collected the waste oil. An analysis of ecological cost also has been developed. Cooking oils collected from Campinas homes were mixed with ethanol in planned proportions （1：9, 1：7 and 1：5） and were transesterified at 60 ℃ and planned reaction times （30, 60 or 90 min）, in order to obtain biodiesel, using 0.1% NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physical-chemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. This fuel could be used in fleets of buses, trucks and machines, or even sold to fuel distributors, which results in a solving between US$0.8 and US$4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas would gain environmental credits and become a sustainable city.

Analysis of the Clean Development Mechanism Considering the Environmental Co-benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants in China

An electricity generation planning model of the six major Chinese power grids was developed based on the General Algebraic Modeling System to evaluate and analyze the CDM （clean development mechanism）, including consideration of the environmental co-benefits of reductions in air pollutants （SO~, NO~ and particulate matter） achieved by advanced electricity generation technologies incorporating CCS （carbon capture and storage）. An objective function was developed that included revenue from sales of electric power, total system cost, the cost of CO2 transport and storage, and emissions reduction co-benefits for SOx, NO~, and particulate matter. The objective function was minimized using an optimization model. We also developed a method for evaluating and analyzing the potential for transferring advanced power generation technologies into the Chinese power system through the CDM. We found that： （1） thermal power generation is predominant in the Chinese electricity system and will remain so for a long time; （2） advanced thermal plants are being installed as a result of the CDM, which contribute to decreasing emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants; and （3） CCS projects have significant potential to reduce substantial and sustained CO2 emissions from the Chinese power and industrial sectors.

基于大型底栖动物的青弋江河流健康评价

基于大型底栖动物群落结构进行水域生态系统评估是区域水环境监测的有效手段。研究于2021年7月对青弋江流域10个河流采样点的大型底栖动物进行了生物采样以及水体理化因子监测,采用生物环境分析和丰度/生物量比较曲线等方法研究了大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境的关系,并应用水生态环境质量综合指数(WQI)对流域内河流健康状况进行了综合评价。结果表明:青弋江流域内河流大型底栖动物群落组成以水生昆虫和软体动物为主,直接收集者为主要功能摄食类群,主要优势种为中国圆田螺、纹石蛾、日本沼虾以及方形环棱螺。群落多样性良好且具备明显的空间异质性。生物环境分析表明,解释大型底栖动物群落结构差异的主导因子为溶解氧、河宽、水温、化学需氧量、流速、总磷和水深。最佳因子组合为溶解氧、总磷、化学需氧量。丰度/生物量比较曲线显示多个点位受到不同程度的干扰。由WQI指数分析可得流域内水质较好,除了个别点位外,整体处于健康及以上状态。相较于生物评价和理化因子评价,WQI指数评价法能够综合反映流域健康状况,更具适用性。

Landscape design method for a green community based on green building design theory

Landscape design for a green community should be favorable for the ambient ecological environment and for enhancement of both the local climate of a residential area and the environmental quality of life. This paper presents optimization methods for plant landscape design that take account of results of comparisons of noise reduction effects, heat island temperature decreases and effects on ventilation. These methods are based on different plant configurations and various luminous environments, such as exterior sunshine and shaded areas after the simulation of exterior luminous, acoustic and thermal environments of a residential area using the analytic software ECOTECT, CADNA/A, and PHEONICS. Three different types of residential buildings are simulated including a faculty apartment in the Xixi Campus of Zhejiang University, the Huaqing Villa and the Gangwan Jiayuan faculty apartment of Zhejiang University, China, based on green building design theory. In addition, the methods and process flow of landscape design of green residential areas are also described for the improvement of the exterior physical living environment.