关于煤质活性炭的再生技术

活性炭的再生循环使用,标志着一个国家的活性炭工业水平.随着我国活性炭生产和消费的持续增长,活性炭再生技术必将有一个长足的发展.本文仅对煤质活性炭的再生技术进行探讨,重点推荐高温再生法和光再生法.

New developments of the effect of melatonin on reproduction

In the past decades, a lot of advances in understanding the biochemistry and physiology of the pineal gland have been made. There is evidence that it interacts with many endocrine as well as non-endocrine tissues to influence their metabolic activity modulating many organs and functions. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in the brain and plays an important role in regulating the neuroendocrine system. This hormone is one of the major role players in the regulation of the circadian sleep-wake cycle. It is normally released from the pineal gland during the night in response to environmental changes in light. Studies have shown that melatonin plays a role in the regulation of many reproductive processes such as puberty, gonadal function, and pregnancy. Beside these, melatonin has been shown to be able to directly neutralize a number of free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The main objective of this review is to provide comprehensive information about the new developments in melatonin research regarding its role in reproduction. A review of international scientific literature was done and a question-and-answer format was used in an attempt to convey comprehensive information in a simple manner. This review discusses evidence currently available relating to the effect of melatonin on reproductive processes. It deliberates the mechanism of action of melatonin, its effect on puberty, testicular and ovafunction, pregnancy, and oxidative stress. A growing body of scientific evidence is suggesting that melatonin plays an important role in reproductive function. It is therefore imperative to highlight the beneficial effects of this hormone in improving the reproductive processes.

Identification of Phase and Sex-related ISSR Markers of Red Alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis

Six ISSR primers are employed to display the polymorphism of different phases and sexes of red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and two of them, P1 and P3, amplified distinct band patterns. The ISSR pattern amplified by primer P1 of the female gametophyte is identical to that of tetrasporophyte, but distinct from that of male gametophyte. Of the bands produced by primer P3, one is specific to female gametophyte. Three morphologically similar fronds can be easily identified using ISSR technique. Two specific markers, SM1 andSF3, related to male gametophyte and female gametophyte, are cloned and sequenced. The homologous sequences of SM1 are found to encode a hypothetical protein. There is no homologous sequence of SF3 that can be found in GenBank.

3D biofabrication for tubular tissue engineering

The therapeutic replacement of diseased tubular tissue is hindered by the availability and suitability of current donor, autologous and synthetically derived protheses. Artificially created, tissue engineered, constructs have the potential to alleviate these concerns with reduced autoimmune response, high anatomical accuracy, long-term patency and growth potential. The advent of 3D bioprinting technology has further supplemented the technological toolbox, opening up new biofabrication research opportunities and expanding the therapeutic potential of the field. In this review, we highlight the challenges facing those seeking to create artificial tubular tissue with its associated complex macro- and microscopic architecture. Current biofabrication approaches, including 3D printing techniques, are reviewed and future directions suggested.

Current advances in solid free-form techniques for osteochondral tissue engineering

Osteochondral （OC） lesions are characterized by defects in two different zones, the cartilage region and subchondral bone region. These lesions are frequently associated with mechanical instability, as well as osteoarthritic degenerative changes in the knee. The lack of spontaneous healing and the drawbacks of the current treatments have increased the attention from the scientific community to this issue. Different tissue engineering approaches have been attempted using different polymers and different scaffolds＇ processing. However, the current conventional techniques do not allow the full control over scaffold fabrication, and in this type of approaches, the tuning ability is the key to success in tissue regeneration. In this sense, the researchers have placed their efforts in the development of solid free-form （SFF） techniques. These techniques allow tuning different properties at the micro-macro scale, creating scaffolds with appropriate features for OC tissue engineering. In this review, it is discussed the current SFF techniques used in OC tissue engineering and presented their promising results and current challenges.

ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to repair osteoarthritis of knee joint

Previous studies have suggested that the transforming growth factor-β receptor ALK5 is crucial for articular chondrogenesis by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Here, the wild-type ALK5 plasmids were mutated by overlapping extended PCR and transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The knee joint osteoarthritis mouse model was constructed by cutting oft＂ the anterior cruciate ligament and divided into three groups： saline group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and ALK5-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group. HE staining showed that the articular cartilage lesions were more serious of saline group compared with that of mesenchymal stem cell group, and this trend was more pronounced as time goes on. Immunohistochemical staining showed that although the expression level of type II collagen in all three groups down-regulated gradually upon time, its expression in ALK5-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group was significantly enhanced compared with the other two groups. Micro-CT also suggested that ALK5 transfection of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells would promote repairing the knee cartilage lesions with arthritis of the mice. Although the osteoarthritis mechanism underlying a variety of factors work together, and the appropriate proportion of ALKS/ALK1 was also emphasized for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This work therefore demonstrated that ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could be a promising stem cell therapy for repair of cartilage lesions.

Matter （Pudgalastikaya or Pudgala） in Jain Philosophy

Pudgalastikaya is one of the six constituent dravyas of loka in Jainism and is the only substance that is sense perceptible. The sense attributes ofpudgala are colour, taste, smell, and touch properties which become the basis of its diversity of forms and structures. The smallest constituent of pudgala is paramanu; the other forms are its combinations. The combination ofparmanus forms various states of the matter. The paper describes different types of combinations and modes, rules for combinations and properties of aggregates known as vargana. Some varganas associate with the soul and form various types of bodies of organisms and others exist as forms of matter in loka （universe）. The paramanu defines the smallest units of energy, space, time, and sense quality ofpudgala. Pudgala exists in visible and invisible forms but anything that is visible is definitely pudgala. Pudgala is classified in various ways; one of them is on the basis of touch property and there are pudgalas having two touches, four touches, and eight touches, each class having some specific character that differentiates them in respect of stability and motion. Pudgala is also classified as living, prayoga-parinat, and non-living, visrasa-parinat. The living matter existing as bodies of organisms exhibits some properties that are not found in non-living matter. Modem science has no such distinction which has become a cause of confusion in recognizing the existence of soul. The description of body remains incomplete without considering the presence of soul in the body. In modem terms, aparamanu is a vibrating and moving charge that is bosonic in character. The two-touch and four-touch pudgala do not appear to follow the speed limits prescribed by Special Theory of Relativity. Jain canonical works describe two types of motions sparshad type and asparshad type and these determine the motions of different class ofpudgala and soul. Jain philosophy describes the dynamics and motion ofparmanu in detail. The paper describes the Jain concepts of matter in detail and compares with the modem concepts to highlight the strength of Jain views. Modem science has explored the properties and behavior of matter in great detail but still there are many concepts that Jain philosophy has to offer.

Microbial Biofilm Formation as a Dental-fouling Microorganisms Attachment Phenomenon in Oral Cavity Environment

DMFP （Dental microbial fouling phenomenon） of OCE （oral cavity environment） was studied in the local dental labs. Multi-smears of mature supra gingival plaques were randomly collected from fifty persons in dental labs that had different cultures, ages, sex and different scientific levels. Rapid microbial identification method was used to identify of these multi-smears by using vitek-2 compact instrument. The most frequent and appearance species of bacteria was Pantoeae spp., then Klebsiella pneumonia. Total species of microbial fouling in supra gingival plaques were included sixteen species： Staphyllococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pantoeae spp., Aercococcus viridians, Leuconostoc mesenteroides cremorise, Granuli.adiacens, Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphyllococcus sciuri, Stenotrophomonus maltiphilia, Kocuria varians, Gememlla morbillorum, Granulicatella adiacens, Nonreac biopattern, Kocuria kritinae, Kocuria rosea and Nonreac.biopattern while six fungal species were Tricoderma viride, Aspergillus flavus, Tricoderma harzianum, Cladosporium macrocarpum, Penicillium citrinum and Verticillium lecanii in addition to two yeast species were recorded Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata. The results were detected the most appearance of bacteria Pantoeae sp., then Klebsiella pneumonia, then Staphyllococcus aureus. These results of study suggest that adhesive strength conjugated with the biofilm layers presence in OCE may vary across different from one to other persons and mark a new path of inquiry for dental Microbial-fouling phenomenon research.

“Omics” in pharmaceutical research: overview, applications, challenges, and future perspectives

In the post-genomic era, biological studies are characterized by the rapid development and wide application of a series of "omics" technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, cytomics, metallomics, ionomics, interactomics, and phenomics. These "omics" are often based on global analyses of biological samples using high through-put analytical approaches and bioinformatics and may provide new insights into biological phenomena. In this paper, the development and advances in these omics made in the past decades are reviewed, especially genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics; the applications of omics technologies in pharmaceutical research are then summarized in the fields of drug target discovery, toxicity evaluation, personalized medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine; and finally, the limitations of omics are discussed, along with the future challenges associated with the multi-omics data processing, dynamics omics analysis, and analytical approaches, as well as amenable solutions and future prospects.

Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of possible targetrelated proteins of gambogic acid in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells

Gambogic acid （GA） is an anticancer agent in phase IIb clinical trial in China but its mechanism of action has not been fully clarified. The present study was designed to search the possible target-related proteins of GA in cancer cells using proteomic method and establish possible network using bioinformatic analysis. Cytotoxicity and anti-migration effects of GA in MDA-MB-231 cells were checked using MTT assay, flow cytometry, wound migration assay, and chamber migration assay. Possible target-related proteins of GA at early （3 h） and late stage （24 h） of treatment were searched using a proteomic technology, two-dimensional electro- phoresis （2-DE）. The possible network of GA was established using bioinformatic analysis. The intracellular expression levels of vimentin, keratin 18, and calumenin were determined using Western blotting. GA inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, GA exhibited anti-migration effects at non-toxic doses. In 2-DE analysis, totally 23 possible GA targeted proteins were found, including those with functions in cytoskeleton and transport, regulation of redox state, metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome system, transcription and translation, protein transport and modification, and cytokine. Network analysis of these proteins suggested that cytoskeleton-related proteins might play important roles in the effects of GA. Results of Western blotting confirmed the cleavage of vimentin, increase in keratin 18, and decrease in calumenin levels in GA-treated cells. In summary, GA is a multi-target compound and its anti-cancer effects may be based on several target-related pro- teins such as cytoskeleton-related proteins.

In silico target fishing for the potential bioactive components contained in Huanglian Jiedu Tang(HLJDD) and elucidating molecular mechanisms for the treatment of sepsis

The present study was designed to target fish for potential bioactive components contained in a Huang Lian Jie Du decoction(HLJDD) and identify the underlying mechanisms of action for the treatment of sepsis at the molecular level. he bioactive components database of HLJDD was constructed and the sepsis-associated targets were comprehensively investigated. The 3D structures of the PAFR and TXA2 R proteins were established using the homology modelling(HM) method, and the molecular effects for sepsis treatment were analysed by comparing the bioactive components database and the sepsis targets using computational biology methods. The results of the screening were validated with biological testing against the human oral epidermal carcinoma cell line KB in vitro. We found that multiple bioactive compounds contained in the HLJDD interacted with multiple targets. We also predicted the promising compound leads for sepsis treatment, and the first 28 compounds were characterized. Several compounds, such as berberine, berberrubine and epiberberine, dose-dependently inhibited PGE2 production in human KB cells, and the effects were similar in the presence or absence of TPA. This study demonstrates a novel approach to identifying natural chemical compounds as new leads for the treatment of sepsis.

Ginkgo biloba extracts attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in acute lung injury by inhibiting the COX-2 and NF-κB pathways

In the present study, we analyzed the role of Ginkgo biloba extract in lipopolysaccharide（LPS）-induced acute lung injury （ALl）. ALI was induced in mice by intratracheal instillation of LPS. G. biloba extract （12 and 24 mg.kg^-1） and dexamethasone （2 mg.kg^-1）, as a positive control, were given by i.p. injection. The cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） were counted. The degree of animal lung edema was evaluated by measuring the wet/dry weight ratio. The superoxidase dismutase （SOD） and myelop- eroxidase （MPO） activities were assayed by SOD and MPO kits, respectively. The levels of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1/3, and interleukin-6, were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pathological changes of lung tissues were observed by H＆E staining. The levels of NF-κB p65 and COX-2 expression were detected by Western blotting. Compared to the LPS group, the treatment with the G. biloba extract at 12 and 24 mg.kg ^-1 markedly attenuated the inflammatory cell numbers in the BALF, decreased NF-κB p65 and COX-2 expression, and improved SOD activity, and inhibited MPO activity. The histological changes of the lungs were also significantly improved. The results indicated that G biloba extract has a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. The protective mechanism of G. biloba extract may be partly attributed to the inhibition of NF-κB p65 and COX-2 activation.

Absolute configuration of podophyllotoxone and its inhibitory activity against human prostate cancer cells

Podophyllotoxone(1) was isolated from the roots of Dysosma versipellis. The structure was determined by spectroscopic analysis in combination with single-crystal X-ray analysis. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was assigned based on the Flack parameter. It showed significant inhibitory activities against human prostate cancer cells PC3 and DU145 with IC50 values being 14.7 and 20.6 μmol·L-1, respectively. It also arrested the cells at G2/M phase. Tubulin polymerization assay showed that it inhibited the tubulin polymerization in a dose-dependent manner, and molecular docking analysis revealed a different binding mode with tubulin as compared with those known tubulin inhibitors.

Wheat peptides reduce oxidative stress and inhibit NO production through modulating μ-opioid receptor in a rat NSAID-induced stomach damage model

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) induce tissue damage and oxidative stress in animal models of stomach damage. In the present study, the protective effects of wheat peptides were evaluated in a NSAID-induced stomach damage model in rats. Different doses of wheat peptides or distilled water were administered daily by gavage for 30 days before the rat stomach damage model was established by administration of NSAIDs(aspirin and indomethacin) into the digestive tract twice. The treatment of wheat peptides decreased the NSAID-induced gastric epithelial cell degeneration and oxidative stress and NO levels in the rats. Wheat peptides significantly increased the superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activities and decreased i NOS activity in stomach. The m RNA expression level of μ-opioid receptor was significantly decreased in wheat peptides-treated rats than that in in the control rats. The results suggest that NSAID drugs induced stomach damage in rats, wchih can be prevented by wheat peptides. The mechanisms for the protective effects were most likely through reducing NSAID-induced oxidative stress.

A new ursane-type triterpenoid saponin from the aerial parts of Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides

A new ursane-type triterpenoid saponin, 2a,3a,24-trihydroxyurs-12,20（30）-dien-28-oic acid fl-D-glucopyranosyl ester （1）, together with six known triterpenoid saponins, was isolated and characterized from the aerial parts of Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides.

Siderochelins with anti-mycobacterial activity from Amycolatopsis sp. LZ149

Three new compounds, namely siderochelins D （2）, E （3）, and F （4）, together with one known siderochelin A （1）, were isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. LZ149 and elucidated by spectroscopic analyses includinglD- and 2D-NMR and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compounds 1-3 showed antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Review:Global nutrient profiling by Phenotype MicroArrays:a tool complementing genomic and proteomic studies in conidial fungi

Conidial fungi or molds and mildews are widely used in modern biotechnology as producers of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites,industrially important enzymes,chemicals and food.They are also important pathogens of animals including humans and agricultural crops.These various applications and extremely versatile natural phenotypes have led to the constantly growing list of complete genomes which are now available.Functional genomics and proteomics widely exploit the genomic information to study the cell-wide impact of altered genes on the phenotype of an organism and its function.This allows for global analysis of the information flow from DNA to RNA to protein,but it is usually not sufficient for the description of the global phenotype of an organism.More recently,Phenotype MicroArray (PM) technology has been introduced as a tool to characterize the metabolism of a (wild) fungal strain or a mutant.In this article,we review the background of PM applications for fungi and the methodic requirements to obtain reliable results.We also report examples of the versatility of this tool.

The negative effects of soil microorganisms on plant growth only extend to the first weeks

Soil biotic communities can strongly impact plant performance.In this paper,we ask the question:how longlasting the effect of the soil microbial community on plant growth is.We examined the plant growth rates at three stages:early,mid and late growth.We performed two growth experiments with Jacobaea vulgaris,which lasted 49 and 63 days in sterilized soil or live soil.In a third experiment,we examined the effect of the timing of soil inoculation prior to planting on the relative growth rate of J.vulgaris with four different timing treatments.In all experiments,differences in biomass of plants grown in sterilized soil and live soil increased throughout the experiment.Also,the relative growth rate of plants in the sterilized soil was only significantly higher than that of plants in the live soil in the first two to three weeks.In the third experiment,plant biomass decreased with increasing time between inoculation and planting.Overall,our results showed that plants of J.vulgaris grew less well in live soil than in sterilized soil.The negative effects of soil inoculation on plant mass appeared to extend over the whole growth period but arise from the negative effects on relative growth rates that occurred in the first weeks.

Multiplexing technology for in vitro diagnosis of pathogens： the key contribution of phosphorus dendrimers

After the microbiology based on Pasteur's method and polymerase chain reaction(PCR), the diagnosis company named Dendris has proposed a third-generation of diagnosis enabling the search of a broad range of pathogens with strong sensitivity and specificity. This extraordinary profile was possible thanks to the use of phosphorus dendrimers for which various techniques of deposition on a given support were investigated and described and analyzed in this report.

Decoding early myelopoiesis from dynamics of core endogenous network

A decade ago mainstream molecular biologists regarded it impossible or biologically ill-motivated to understand the dynamics of complex biological phenomena, such as cancer genesis and progression, from a network perspective. Indeed, there are numerical difficulties even for those who were determined to explore along this direction. Undeterred, seven years ago a group of Chinese scientists started a program aiming to obtain quantitative connections between tumors and network dynamics. Many interesting results have been obtained. In this paper we wish to test such idea from a different angle: the connection between a normal biological process and the network dynamics. We have taken early myelopoiesis as our biological model. A standard roadmap for the cell-fate diversification during hematopoiesis has already been well established experimentally, yet little was known for its underpinning dynamical mechanisms. Compounding this difficulty there were additional experimental challenges, such as the seemingly conflicting hematopoietic roadmaps and the cell-fate inter-conversion events. With early myeloid cell-fate determination in mind, we constructed a core molecular endogenous network from well-documented gene regulation and signal transduction knowledge. Turning the network into a set of dynamical equations, we found computationally several structurally robust states. Those states nicely correspond to known cell phenotypes. We also found the states connecting those stable states.They reveal the developmental routes—how one stable state would most likely turn into another stable state. Such interconnected network among stable states enabled a natural organization of cell-fates into a multi-stable state landscape. Accordingly, both the myeloid cell phenotypes and the standard roadmap were explained mechanistically in a straightforward manner. Furthermore,recent challenging observations were also explained naturally. Moreover, the landscape visually enables a prediction of a pool of additional cell states and developmental routes, including the non-sequential and cross-branch transitions, which are testable by future experiments. In summary, the endogenous network dynamics provide an integrated quantitative framework to understand the heterogeneity and lineage commitment in myeloid progenitors.