四川省桤木种源单株生物质产量的遗传变异和选择初探

对6年生四川省桤木15个种源51个家系在湖北、江西、福建3个试验点试验林的单株生物质产量进行了研究,结果表明:桤木种源3个地点6年生的平均单株生物质产量为6.15kg。单株生物质产量种源间、种源内家系间差异显著。单株生物质产量具有极显著的地点效应,单株生物质产量种源×地点、家系×地点交互作用显著。3个地点单株生物质产量种源遗传力为0.27～0.75,家系遗传力为0.17～0.83,表明单株生物质产量受到中度到强度的遗传控制。材积(直接通径系数0.791)对单株生物质产量控制作用最大,其次为树高(直接通径系数0.396)和木材基本密度(直接通径系数0.256)。树高、胸径和冠幅通过材积对单株生物质产量的间接通径系数较大。四川省金堂盐井、盐亭、金堂淮口、沐川和邛崃5个桤木种源初选为工业用材林优良种源。

盐碱地不同柳枝稷品种生物质产量及氮素吸收利用特性研究

为寻求适合宁夏银北盐碱地区种植的柳枝稷品种,通过田间试验,分析比较了11个不同来源柳枝稷品种的生物质产量及氮素吸收利用规律。结果表明:在11个柳枝稷品种中,Alamo生物产量最高,为20.47 t/hm^2,显著高于其他品种生物产量(P<0.05),在整个生育期内氮素吸收效率均呈现先下降然后上升最后再下降的总趋势,而且Cave-in-Rock氮素吸收效率在开花期和灌浆期均较高,显著高于其他品种的吸收速率(P<0.05),Black Well氮素利用效率最高,达69.26 kg/kg,由聚类结果可知,分为四类。其中第2类中Alamo品种柳枝稷生物产量最高,氮素利用效率仅次于Black Well,为67.66 kg/kg,二者之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。综合分析得出:在该地区种植Alamo品种柳枝稷既能获得较高的生物产量,又能避免因施用过量的氮肥而带来一系列环境污染问题,为其在盐碱地栽培管理提供一定的理论依据。

水氮耦合对盐碱地柳枝稷生物质产量、品质及水肥利用的影响

在宁夏银北盐碱地区,以‘Cave-in-rock’柳枝稷为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了水氮耦合对柳枝稷生物质产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,利用模糊相似优先比法分析了不同水氮处理下柳枝稷产量、品质及水肥利用效率的变化特征。结果表明,在盐碱地条件下,充足的灌水和适量的氮肥投入是柳枝稷高产和水肥高效利用的保证。在相同灌水条件下,中氮处理显著提高了柳枝稷的产量、纤维素、半纤维素含量、水分利用效率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用效率;在同一施氮量条件下,随着灌水量的提高,柳枝稷产量有所增加,纤维素、半纤维素、灰分含量先降低后升高。中氮处理在不同水分条件下均能维持较低的灰分,且在充足水分条件下能获得最高产量、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用效率和水分利用效率。高水中氮(3000 m3·hm^(-2)、N 120 kg·hm^(-2))处理有利于柳枝稷高产优质,且水肥利用效率高,是宁夏银北盐碱地区柳枝稷生物质生产的最适水氮管理措施。

收获时间对黄土高原柳枝稷生物质产量与燃料品质的影响

为探明黄土高原半干旱地区柳枝稷生物质产量和燃料品质随收获时间的变化规律,确定适宜的收获时间,在甘肃省庆阳市进行田间试验,研究收获时间对柳枝稷生物质产量与燃料品质的影响。结果表明:1)随收获时间的推迟,柳枝稷生物质产量呈下降趋势,且叶片所占比例逐渐降低,说明产量损失主要是叶片脱落。2)柳枝稷生物质热值总体上呈降低趋势,开花期热值显著高于其他时期;延迟收获显著降低了柳枝稷生物质含水量和灰分含量;随收获时间推迟,柳枝稷茎叶纤维素、木质素含量提高,半纤维素含量降低;枯亡期之后柳枝稷生物质中K、Mg、Na、Cl等不利于燃烧的矿质元素含量显著降低,生物质的燃料品质提高。3)在柳枝稷能源生产模式下,生育季节末期柳枝稷地上部衰亡后收获生物质燃料品质较好。

自然盐碱胁迫对柳枝稷生物质生产和燃料品质的影响

在自然盐碱地条件下,研究了不同程度盐碱胁迫对柳枝稷生物质产量和品质的影响。结果表明:随着盐碱胁迫程度加重,柳枝稷成活率、株高、单株分蘖数和生物质产量、品质显著降低,盐碱胁迫程度对柳枝稷越冬率无显著影响。柳枝稷可在盐碱地环境下生长,成活率达85%以上,越冬率达96%以上,轻度和中度盐碱地柳枝稷的生长状况较好,产量最高达到14.3 t/hm2。盐碱胁迫增加了柳枝稷生物质中的灰分与木质素含量,降低了生物质热值、纤维素和半纤维素含量,在一定程度上降低了柳枝稷生物质的品质。

利用市政污水培养Chlorella vulgaris生产生物柴油

为了考察利用南昌市政污水规模化培养富油微藻生产生物柴油,同时达到净化污水的目的,取南昌市青山湖污水处理厂未经任何处理的市政污水作为普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的培养液。监测了C.vulgaris在市政污水中连续培养10 d的特定生长率、生物质产量以及与之相关的市政污水中氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、总悬浮固体(TSS)和挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的清除情况。实验表明:营养物质的水平显著地影响了C.vulgaris的生长。C.vulgaris的生长率在培养8 d后达到最大,OD680为2.856,总的生物质产量日均最大积累速率为0.01 g/L,油脂含量为干质量的18%,油脂的平均日产量为0.001 g/L。培养10 d内NH4+-N、TP和COD的去除率分别为50.0%、32.1%和26.0%,TSS和VSS的日平均去除速率分别为0.01 g/L和0.006 1 g/L。

论能源植物的定义及其评价指标体系的建立

本文探讨并总结了能源植物的定义,认为能源植物是指具有较高合成能源或替代能源产品能力的植物,并根据用途分为4类:1.富含类似石油成分的能源植物;2.富含高糖、高淀粉和纤维素等碳水化合物或者碳氢化合物的能源植物;3.富含油脂和挥发油的能源植物;4.速生丰产薪炭植物。根据不同能源植物的类型建立了3个评价指标体系,分别是:1.富含油、淀粉、糖、橡胶等类能源植物评价指标体系;2.木质纤维素能源植物评价指标体系;3.薪炭能源植物评价指标体系,筛选出3个一级指标:能源含量、生物质产量和生态适应性。通过数据实践检验,表明建立的评价指标体系可基本满足能源植物筛选工作的需要。

Effects of Microbial Fertilizer and Compound Feritlizer Mixed Application on Yield and Fruit Quality and Flowering and Fruit Setting of Following Year of Apple

In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.

Effects of Seaweed Bio-organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of seaweed bio-or- ganic fertilizer on yield and quality of winter wheat. [Method] Seaweed bio-organic fertilizer was applied to leaves of winter wheat according to the dose of 45 kg/hm^2 from jointing stage to maturing stage, and plant height, dry matter accumulation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat were investigated. [Result] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer showed little effect on plant height of winter wheat, thickened stems, promoted dry matter accumulation, in- creased flag leaf photosynthetic rate by 3.16%, and increased yield of winter wheat by 6.85%. [Conclusion] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the intelligent growth, thickened the stems, improved the lodging resistance, significantly increased the panicle weight per plant, and increased the bulk density of winter wheat, as well as improving the physical quality of wheat grain. In addition, foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll and mitigated the decomposition of chlorophyll in winter wheat. Under the background of fertilizer-pesticide double reduction, the test results and data of this study can be promoted in the wheat-growing areas of Shandong Province and even whole China.

Review on Effects of Application of Exogenous Growth Regulating Substance on Fruits Weight of Peach

The effects of exogenous growth regulating substance on the fruit weight of peach were reviewed. Paclobutrazol could increase the single fruit weight in dif- ferent degree, and cytokinins could also increase the single fruit weight. GA3 and B9 had no effect on fruit size or on reducing single fruit weight. Chlorflurenol-methy, ABT and salicylic acid had no effect on fruit size. Suggestions on the future re- search were put forward.

Growth Responses of Wheat Cultivars to Rock Phosphate in Hydroponics

Screening cultivars to grow under conditions of low phosphorus (P) availability and utilize P efficiently from compounds of low solubility in soils may be beneficial to overcome poor plant growth in P-deficient soils. The growth behavior and P utilization efficiency of seven wheat cultivars grown in hydroponics were studied, using rock phosphate as P source. The wheat cultivars grown for 30 days were significantly different in biomass accumulation, P uptake and P utilization efficiency. The dry matter production of all the cultivars was significantly correlated with P uptake, which in turn correlated to the drop in the root medium pH. The ranking of wheat cultivars on the basis of dry matter yield, P uptake and P utilization efficiency was Zamindar 80 > Yecora > C 271 > WL 711 > Barani 83 > PARI 73 > Rohtas. The cultivar Zamindar 80 appeared to possess the best growth potential in P-deficient soils.

Fluorescent Proteins as a Visible Molecular Signal for Rapid Quantification of Bioprocesses： Potential and Challenges

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants /homolog proteins are generally called as GFP-like fluorescent proteins (FPs), which are widely used as visible molecular tools for monitoring a wide range of biological processes due to their capability of simple, accurate and real time quantification. The FPs-based molecular and visible quantification tools are giving more impact on bioprocess engineering, enabling the biomolecule-level dynamic information to be linked with the process-level events. In this review, different applications of FPs in biological engineering with emphasis on rapid molecular bioprocess quantification, such as quantification of the transcription efficiency, the protein production, the protein folding efficiency, the cell concentration, the intracellular microenvironments and so on, would be first introduced. The challenges of using FPs with respect to actual bioprocess applications for the precise quantification including the interaction of FPs and the fused partner proteins, the maturation of FPs, the inner filter effect and sensing technology were then discussed. Finally, the future development for the FPs used in molecular bioprocess quantification would be proposed.

Research Progress of Selenium-enriched Agricultural Crops and Horticultural Crops in China

Selenium（Se） is one of the essential trace elements required by humans and animals. It will cause diseases for humans and animals when Se is excessive or lack in the environment.The research status of selenium-enriched agricultural crops and selenium-enriched horticultural crops, functional mechanism and application status of selenium, and the latest progress in the study of selenium enrichment were summarized in this paper.

Influence of salinity and nitrogen content on production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP)and dimethylsulfide(DMS)by Skeletonema costatum

The effects of changing salinity and nitrogen limitation on dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dimethylsulfide(DMS) concentrations were investigated in batch cultures of coastal diatom Skeletonema costatum,an ecologically important species.Changes in salinity from 20-32 caused no measurable variation in cell growth or culture yield,but increased intracellular DMSP per cell by 30%.Nitrogen limitation caused up to a two-fold increase in total DMSP per cell and up to a three-fold increase in DMS per cell.These changes in DMSP and DMS per cell in the Skeletonema costatum cultures with nitrogen limitation and changing salinity were primarily attributed to the physiological functions of DMSP as an osmolyte and an antioxidant.The data obtained in this study indicated that nitrogen limitation and salinity may play an important role in climate feedback mechanisms involving biologically derived DMS.

Madagascar High Lands Dry Season Forages： Lofium multiflorum （Italian Ray Grass） and Avena sativa （Oat）

Italian ray grass and oat are two grass species characterized by their ability to adjust tropical climate conditions. This study proposed to assess forage productivities to allow an appropriate mowing period determination in their use as dairy female feed in Madagascar. A test on small plots has been set up in the southern part of the capital city Antananarivo during one dry period （4 months）. Live observations followed by laboratory proximate analyses have been performed for forage productivity and feeding value determination. Cultivated on tanety （hill）, irrigated in counter season, results show that： （I） oat higher height （H = 96.7 cm） than Italian ray grass （H= 69.4 cm） at 99 days of age; （2） similar biomass productivity; （3） dry matter yields significantly different （p = 0.05）; （4） certain similarity between dry matter yields and FMU （fodder milk unit） score evolution; （5） leafy stage of Italian ray grasses at 99 days of age; （6） mid-flowering stage for oats during the same period. Cell wall content, crude fiber and dry matter contents increased with age （p = 0.05）. Crude proteins and minerals evolved in opposite directions. Gross energy content did not present precise variation with age. This study allowed that for an acceptable quantitative and qualitative production during dry seasons, good mowing period for Italian ray grass could start at 76 days age, while oat could start being harvested at 68 days.

Macauba as Promising Substrate for Crude Oil and Biodiesel Production

The preparation of macauba fruits （Acrocomia aculeate （Jacq.） Lodd. ex Martius） both for oil extraction by continuous pressing and biodiesel production were investigated. The fruits and its pulp and kernel were characterized for their resulting oils. Experimental design was carried out to study the transesterification of each oil to obtain the concentrations of ethanol and catalyst that would provide the best biodiesel yield. A higher amount of biodiesel was produced from the best conditions to evaluate some characteristics as specified by ANP （National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels）. The results showed a variation in the fruits composition and different characteristics presented by the pulp and kernel oil. It was possible to define technological steps to obtain oil from the fruits of macauba and find the optimal conditions to biodiesel production, concentration of catalyst 4.42% and 5% and 13.3：1 and 9：1 ethanol：oil molar ratio to kernel oil and pulp oil, respectively.

Selection of Superior Breeding Infraspecies Gaharu of Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke

Research on selection of superior breeding infraspecies Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke aims to select an infraspecies of G. versteegii having internal factors that affect the quality and quantity of production aromatic resin or agarwood. The internal factors are variations in wood anatomy, phytochemicals and agarwood of infraspecies G. versteegii. Of five local populations taken from West Lombok Island in Indonesia, the research areas are geographically located at coordinates： 8°15′-8°40′ South Latitude and 116°00′-116°20′East Longitude. Quality and quantity of agarwood production is influenced by internal factors of eaglewood trees, such as high starch production and the size of the cells making up the larger wood tissue. Infraspecies G. versteegii that have quality and quantity production of aromatic resin （the best agarwood） is Beringin group and the highest quantity of agarwood production （agarwood formation on the whole organ） is Soyun group.

Effect of Weed Control on Establishment and Herbage Production in Dwarf Napiergrass

Weed control is a crucial factor for maintaining establishment and herbage production in dwarf variety of late-heading type （DL） napiergrass （Pennisetum purpureum Schumach） in southern Kyushu, Japan. This study was aimed to verify the weeding-effect on dry matter （DM） production in the farm level and to examine the effect of several weed control, i.e. mixed sowing of annual setaria （abbreviated as S）, which has no regrowth ability after stem-elongation, paper-mulching （as P） and hand-weeding （as ＋W）, compared with no-weeding （as -W） on DM yield and quality of DL napiergrass in two years. Weed control practices significantly （P 〈 0.05） promoted several plant growth attributes in DL napiergrass, compared with no-weeding both in the farm and experimental levels. Paper-mulchidng （P-W or P＋S-W） had highest yields among several practices in both years. Setaria-sowing ha a partially mitigating effect of weed damage on DM production of DL napiergrass, while additive DM gain from setaria could compensate the yield decrease in DL napiergrass and reduce herbicide cost. Neither digestibility nor crude protein was affected by any weed control in either year. Thus, paper-mulching and annual setaria-sowing could be effective alternative practices for weed control of this species.

Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha curcas L.Oil with Trace Acid Catalyst

Biodiesel produced from crude Jatropha curcas L.oil with trace sulfuric acid catalyst(0.02%-0.08% oil) was investigated at 135-184 ℃.Both esterification and transesterification can be well carried out simultane-ously.Factors affecting the process were investigated,which included the reaction temperature,reaction time,the molar ratio of alcohol to oil,catalyst amount,water content,free fatty acid(FFA) and fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) content.Under the conditions at 165 ℃,0.06%(by mass) H2SO4 of the oil mass,1.6 MPa and 20:1 methanol/oil ratio,the yield of glycerol reached 84.8% in 2 hours.FFA and FAME showed positive effect on the transesterification in certain extent.The water mass content below 1.0% did not show a noticeable effect on trans-esterification.Reaction kinetics in the range of 155 ℃ to 175 ℃ was also measured.

Effect of Raw Material for Distillers Grains Production on Protein Quality for Ruminants

The present experiment was focused on quality of dry distillers＇ grains with solubles （DDGS） produced from corn （DDGSc）, wheat （DDGSw）, triticale （DDGSt）, and wet distillers grains from corn （WDGc） for ruminants. The products were tested for dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF） acid detergent insoluble nitrogen （NIAD）, amino acid （AA） profile, CP degradability and intestinal digestibility （ID） of rumen undegraded protein （RUP）. The average content of CP （g/kg DM） ranged from 289.9 （DDGSc） to 356.9 （DDGSw）. The highest content of essential AA was in WDGc （440.1 g/160g N） followed with DDGSc. The most variable was the content of Lys in DDGSw （from 13.69 to 22.79 g/160 g N）. The NIAD was found the highest for DDGSw （from 16.8% to 36.2%）, effective CP degradability was only 50.2% and ID of RUP 82.2%, total essential AA 81.2%, Lys 77.69% and Met 81.4%. Lys was generally the least digestible AA. The ruminally degradable CP fraction was in the range from 52.6% to 70.2% for DDGSc. ID of total and essential by-pass AA was very high 96.2% and 96.1%, Lysine 90.9% and Methionine 96.7%. From these data it can be concluded that DDGS from grains are a good source of protein for ruminants.