生物质型焦的生产工艺及性能研究

研究了用生物质作粘结剂并采用干法冷压成型工艺将烟煤和无烟煤冷压成型 ,然后炭化制取生物质型焦的工艺 .分析了生物质添加量、烟煤种类和配入量以及成型压强对型焦的抗压强度、光学组织、气孔结构、微观强度和反应性的影响 .结果表明 ,随着生物质添加量的增大 ,型煤的抗压强度随之增大 ,但型焦的抗压强度降低 ;配入肥煤和焦煤所产型焦的光学各向异性强、大气孔少、孔隙率低、反应性低、反应后强度高 ;烟煤与无烟煤之间成焦后为非熔融粘结 ,导致型焦反应后强度明显降低 ;生物质、烟煤、无烟煤三者的配比以 1 8∶ 55∶ 2

生物质型煤的发展与展望

随着能源的过度消耗和浪费,生物质型煤将有效地改变能源浪费,改善空气污染。生物质型煤是废弃农作物、原煤等添加剂按一定比例混合的混合物,是在一定压力下混合成型的材料。生物质煤的推广可以减少煤炭资源的消耗,在废物利用的基础上,也能创造良好的经济效益。生物质型煤的推广还存在一些问题。技术不成熟,技术产业的研发成本过高,企业看不到经济效益。要解决这些问题,必须加强对生物质煤的宣传,加强研究力度,发挥生物质煤的优势,深入研究其不足,加大对清洁能源企业的支持,以保证企业的长远发展。生物质煤的长期发展。

利用农作物秸秆生产生物质型块作压缩饲料

农作物秸秆经粉碎后高压成型，密度可达1g/cm3以上，体积大大减少，便于储存和长途运输。在到达目的地后，使用前只需用水喷洒即可将其离散为牲畜饲料。在120MPa高压下成型，纤维素结构发生变化，牲畜的口感更好，更利于消化吸收．作为冬储饲料，可以有效解决牧阻：牲畜过冬时饲料短缺的问题，因此，

利用农作物秸秆生产生物质型块作压缩饲料

农作物秸秆经粉碎后高压成型,密度可达1g/cm3以上,体积大大减少,便于储存和长途运输。在到达目的地后,使用前只需用水喷洒即可将其离散为牲畜饲料。在120MPa高压下成型,纤维素结构发生变化,牲畜的口感更好,更利于消化吸收,作为冬储饲料,可以有效解决牧区牲畜过冬时饲料短缺的问题,因此,深受广大牧区牧民的欢迎,每吨压缩饲料的售价可达400元左右,具有良好的市场推广潜力。

秸秆型生物质还原剂用于赤铁矿磁化焙烧的试验研究

磁化焙烧—磁选工艺是实现铁矿富集的有效手段,生物质作为一种低污染、分布广泛、储量丰富的资源可以进行热化学转化制取磁化焙烧过程中所需的还原剂。本研究采用秸秆型生物质对赤铁矿进行磁化焙烧,通过试验,确定了焙烧温度750℃、焙烧时间7.5 min、生物质质量配比20%、气体流量300 mL/min的最佳焙烧工艺参数,取得了铁精矿TFe品位超过71.0%、回收率超过99.5%的优良指标。XRD、VSM、SEM检测结果显示:赤铁矿特征衍射峰转化为磁铁矿特征衍射峰,单位质量磁矩超过1500 A·m^(2)/g,最大比磁化系数达到0.26×10^(-3)m^(3)/kg,实现了由赤铁矿到磁铁矿的物相转变。研究验证了秸秆型生物质作为赤铁矿磁化焙烧还原剂的可行性,为我国秸秆资源和铁矿石资源的利用提供了一种有效途径。

生物质炭复合钙铝型层状氧化物同步除磷除氟

将预先制备的钙铝型层状双氢氧化物(Ca-Al-LDH)与生物质炭按质量比1:1混合均匀,并通过管式炉煅烧改性生成一种新型生物质炭复合钙铝型层状氧化物(Ca-Al-LDO-BC500)的吸附剂并用于处理高磷高氟工业废水。当初始磷浓度为100 mg/L,初始氟浓度60 mg/L,固液比2 g/L,pH值为5的条件下Ca-Al-LDO-BC500对磷酸盐的去除率为100%,氟化物去除率在92%以上。且有纯生物质炭材料对照实验可知,其除磷除氟效果有明显增强。反应机理分析可知,Ca-Al-LDO-BC500除磷为物理吸附,除氟以化学吸附为主。

铁矿石生物质流态化焙烧过程中物料临界流化特性研究

生物质流态化焙烧是一种处理难选铁矿石的清洁高效技术。然而,由于生物质与矿石密度差异较大,气固流化特性是生物质流态化焙烧的核心。针对生物质流态化焙烧的临界流化特性进行了研究,结果表明:颗粒临界流化风速随着秸秆颗粒粒度与矿石颗粒粒度的增大而增大,随着生物质质量分数增大而减小,而床层高度与床层面积对临界流化风速影响较小,建立了临界流化风速预测模型。研究结果对生物质流态化焙烧过程调控和新装备研发具有指导意义。

第一代生物质压块反烧炉的研发与应用

分析了RF-3型生物质压块反烧炉的主要特点、试验情况,指出存在的问题,提出了改进建议和下一步努力方向,并为今后的推广应用提供理论依据。

Numerical Analysis of Steady Smoldering of Biomass Rods

Understanding the steady mechanism of biomass smoldering plays a great role in the utilization of smoldering technology.In this study numerical analysis of steady smoldering of biomass rods was performed.A two-dimensional(2D)steady model taking into account both char oxidation and pyrolysis was developed on the basis of a calculated propagation velocity according to empirical correlation.The model was validated against the smoldering experiment of biomass rods under natural conditions,and the maximum error was smaller than 31%.Parameter sensitivity analysis found that propagation velocity decreases significantly while oxidation area and pyrolysis zone increase significantly with the increasing diameter of rod fuel.

A Simplified Model with Soil Water Limitation on Spring Wheat Growth

The authors constructed a simplified model of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) carbon assimilation and dry matter accumulation (DMA) process which consisted of two independent variables, day length (L) and total daily radiation (TDR). Leaf water potential (Ψ) was incorporated into the simplified growth model based on the assumption that both light use efficiency (α) and CO 2 conductance of assimilation (g c) were depressed by water limitation. Finally,Ψ was estimated from a regression equation in which the independent variables were relative soil water content in the upper 80 cm (θ R,80 ), ambient temperature (T a), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the cumulative leaf water potential below thresholds of -1.5 MPa (Ψ c,1.5 ). Some applications in research program of field experiment of atmosphere_land surface processes in Heihe River region were tested. The simulated data agreed well with the data observed at Linze oasis in 1989 for various levels of water supply and at Zhangye oasis in 1992 in the field. The analysis and simulation using the model demonstrated that the simplified growth model could describe very well the DMA process of spring wheat with and without water limitation in the region of HEIFE (Heihe field experiment).

Research Progress of Biomass Fuel Composite Molding Technology

At present, the technology of biomass fuel composite molding technique is relatively lagging in China, which brings several negative influences, such as high energy consumption, short service life of the equipment. The current situation of the biomass pellet fuel molding technology at home and abroad was introduced, and the development direction in China was put forward, which was of great significance for enhancing the level of pellet fuel molding technology in China.

沼液循环间接加热沼气系统的设计

设计了沼液循环间接加热沼气系统,该系统采用热管型生物质燃烧炉间接加热循环沼液。运行试验结果表明,该系统池容平均产气率达到0.73 m3/(m3·d),发酵液SS去除率为87.99%,BOD去除率为81.82%,COD去除率为81.94%,沼气热值24.68 MJ/m3。该系统既促进了农村大量秸秆等废弃物的资源化利用,又解决了北方地区冬春季沼气池发酵温度低、产气率低等问题,且成本低,效益高。

Physical properties of solid fuel briquettes from bituminous coal waste and biomass

Biomass and bituminous coal fines from four different coalfields were used to produce fuel briquettes. Two physical properties of briquettes, water resistance index and compressive strength were analyzed. The influence of type and quantity of biomass on physical properties was also studied. The results reveal that depending on the mineral content of the coal, the physical properties of the briquettes differ noticeably. The comparison of briquettes with and without biomass showed that the presence of the beet pulp increased CS in all types of coal samples. Samples containing beet pulp had better physical properties than sawdust. Mezino II coal briquettes had highest CS and WRI than the other ones. Calorific value of biomass/Mezino lI coal briquettes was lessened in comparison with raw coal, but it remained in an acceptable range.

Biomass gasification and Polish coal-fired boilers for process of reburning in small boilers

Reburning was applied to Polish automatic coal-fired retort boiler (25 kW).The use of bio-syngas reduced NOx emissions from the boiler by over 25%,below the significant level of 200 mg/m3 .Reburning was carried out using an integrated system consisting of the boiler and a fixed-bed 60 kW (GazEla) gasification reactor.The process gas was continuously introduced above the coal burner of the boiler.The process parameters of the boiler and the gasifier were also measured and compared with the other units.Characteristic NOx emissions from automatic and manually operated boilers were also presented.

Coupling of an Individual-Based Model of Anchovy with Lower Trophic Level and Hydrodynamic Models

Anchovy （Engraulis aponicus）, a small pelagic fish and food of other economic fishes, is a key species in the Yellow Sea ecosystem. Understanding the mechanisms of its recruitment and biomass variation is important for the prediction and management of fishery resources. Coupled with a hydrodynamic model （POM） and a lower trophic level ecosystem model （NEMURO）, an individual-based model of anchovy is developed to study the influence of physical environment on anchovy＇s biomass variation, Seasonal variations of circulation, water temperature and mix-layer depth from POM are used as external forcing for NEMURO and the anchovy model. Biomasses of large zooplankton and predatory zooplankton which anchovy feeds on are output from NEMURO and are controlled by the consumption of anchovy on them. Survival fitness theory related to temperature and food is used to determine the swimming action of anchovy in the model. The simulation results agree well with observations and elucidate the influence of temperature in over-wintering migration and food in feeding migration.

Purification of full-length human Pregnane and Xenobiotic Receptor:polyclonal antibody preparation for immunological characterization

Pregnane and Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR; or Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor, SXR), a new member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is thought to modulate a network of genes that are involved in xenobiotic metabolism and elimination. To further explore the role of PXR in body’s homeostatic mechanisms, we for the first time, report successful prokary- otic expression and purification of full-length PXR and preparation of polyclonal antibody against the whole protein. The full-length cDNA encoding a 434 amino acids protein was sub-cloned into prokaryotic expression vector, pET-30b and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells for efficient over expression. The inclusion body fraction, containing the expressed recombinant protein, was purified first by solubilizing in sarcosine extraction buffer and then by affinity column chromatography using Ni-NTA His-Bind matrix. The efficacy of anti-PXR antibody was confirmed by immunocytology, Western blot analysis, EMSA and immunohistochemistry. The antibody obtained was capable of detecting human and mouse PXR with high specificity and sensitivity. Immunofluorescence staining of COS-1 cells transfected with human or mouse PXR showed a clear nuclear localization. Results from immunohistochemistry showed that level of PXR in liver sections is immunologically detectable in the nuclei. Similar to exogenously transfected PXR, Western blot analysis of cell extract from HepG2 and COLO320DM cells revealed a major protein band for endogenous PXR having the expected molecular weight of 50 kDa. Relevance of other immunodetectable bands with reference to PXR isoforms and current testimony are evaluated. Advantages of antibody raised against full-length PXR protein for functional characterization of receptor is discussed and its application for clinical purposes is envisaged.

An analytical model for pyrolysis of a single biomass particle

Decreasing in emissions of greenhouse gases to confront the global warming needs to replace fossil fuels as the main doer of the world climate changes by renewable and clean fuels produced from biomass like wood waste which is neutral on the amount of CO2. An analytical and engineering model for pyrolysis process of a single biomass particle has been presented. Using a two-stage semi global kinetic model which includes both primary and secondary reactions, the effects of parameters like shape and size of particle as well as porosity on the particle temperature profile and product yields have been investigated. Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data shows that our results are in a reasonable agreement with previous researchers' works. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is done to determine the importance of each parameter on pyrolysis of a single biomass particle which is affected by many constant parameters.

Responses of Dodonaea viscosa growth and soil biological properties to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Yuanmou dry-hot valley

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are limited nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, and their limitation patterns are being changed by the increase in N deposition. However, little information concerns the plant growth and the soil biological responses to N and P additions among different soils simultaneously, and these responses may contribute to understand plant-soil interaction and predict plant performance under global change. Thus, this study aimed to explore how N and P limitation changes in different soil types, and reveal the relationship between plant and soil biological responses to nutrient additions. We planted Dodonaea viscosa, a globally distributed species in three soil types(Lixisols, Regosols and Luvisols) in Yuanmou dry-hot valley in Southwest China and fertilized them factorially with N and P. The growth and biomass characters of D. viscosa, soil organic matter, available N, P contents and soil carbon(C), N, P-related enzyme activities were quantified. N addition promoted the growth and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa in Lixisols; N limitation in Lixisols was demonstrated by lower soil available N with higher urease activity. P addition promoted the growth and leaf P concentration of D. viscosa in Luvisols; severe P limitation in Luvisols was demonstrated by a higher soil available N: P ratio with higher phosphatase activity. Urease activity was negatively correlated with soil available N in Nlimited Lixisols, and phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil available P in P-limited Luvisols. Besides, the aboveground biomass and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa were positively correlated with soil available N in Lixisols, but the aboveground biomass was negatively correlated with soil available P. Our results show similar nutrient limitation patterns between plant and soil microorganism in the condition of enough C, and the nutrient limitations differ across soil types. With the continued N deposition, N limitation of the Lixisols in dry hot valleys is expected to be alleviated, while P limitation of the Luvisols in the mountaintop may be worse in the future, which should be considered when restoring vegetation.

Analytical Model for Predicting the Heat Loss Effect on the Pyrolysis of Biomass Particles

This paper presents the combined influence of heat-loss and radiation on the pyrolysis of biomass particles by considering the structure of one-dimensional, laminar and steady state flame propagation in uniformly premixed wood particles. The assumed flame structure consists of a broad preheat-vaporization zone where the rate of gas-phase chemical reaction is small, a thin reaction zone composed of three regions: gas, tar and char combustion where convection and the vaporization rate of the fuel particles are small, and a broad convection zone. The analysis is performed in the asymptotic limit, where the value of the characteristic Zeldovich number is large and the equivalence ratio is larger than unity(i.e.u≥1). The principal attention is made on the determination of a non-linear burning velocity correlation. Consequently, the impacts of radiation, heat loss and particle size as the determining factors on the flame temperature and burning velocity of biomass particles are declared in this research.

Simulation Model for Photosynthetic Production in Oilseed Rape

Photosynthetic production is a major determinant of final yield in crop plants. A simulation model was developed for canopy photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) based on the ecophysiological processes and using a three-layer radiation balance scheme for calculating the radiation interception and absorption by the layers of flowers, pods, and leaves within the canopy. Gaussian integration method was used to calculate photosynthesis of the pod and leaf layers, and the daily total canopy photosynthesis was determined by the sum of photosynthesis from the two layers of green organs. The effects of physiological age, temperature, nitrogen, and water deficit on maximum photosynthetic rate were quantified. Maintenance and growth respiration were estimated to determine net photosynthetic production. Partition index of the shoot in relation to physiological development time was used to calculate shoot dry matter from plant biomass and shoot biomass loss because of freezing was quantified by temperature effectiveness. Testing of the model for dynamic dry matter accumulation through field experiments of different genotypes, sowing dates, and nitrogen levels showed good fit between the observed and simulated data, with an average root mean square error of 10.9% for shoot dry matter. Thus, the present model appears to be reliable for the prediction of photosynthetic production in oilseed rape.