肉鸡腹水症的生理学管理和环境性诱因

肉鸡为保持快速生长而对氧的高需要量是导致肉鸡肺高压从而引起腹水症的主要原因。还有多种比较次要的原因也会增高腹水症的发生率或诱发腹水症，比如寒冷、炎热、某些营养成分、化学物质等。这些因素可增高鸡的代谢率从而增大血流量；或者可增高血液的粘稠度，或增高红血...

Vascular Calcification:Where is the Cure?

With the progress of aging,the incidence of vascular calcification(VC)gradually increases,which is correlated with cardiovascular events and all-cause death,aggravating global clinical burden.Over the past several decades,accumulating approaches targeting the underlying pathogenesis of VC have provided some possibilities for the treatment of VC.Unfortunately,none of the current interventions have achieved clinical effectiveness on reversing or curing VC.The purpose of this review is to make a summary of novel perspectives on the interventions of VC and provide reference for clinical decision-making.

Hemorrhoids:From basic pathophysiology to clinical management

This review discusses the pathophysiology,epidemiology,risk factors,classification,clinical evaluation,and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids.Hemorrhoids are defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions.The most common symptom of hemorrhoids is rectal bleeding associated with bowel movement.The abnormal dilatation and distortion of the vascular channel,together with destructive changes in the supporting connective tissue within the anal cushion,is a paramount finding of hemorrhoids.It appears that the dysregulation of the vascular tone and vascular hyperplasia might play an important role in hemorrhoidal development,and could be a potential target for medical treatment.In most instances,hemorrhoids are treated conservatively,using many methods such as lifestyle modification,fiber supplement,suppositorydelivered anti-inflammatory drugs,and administration of venotonic drugs.Non-operative approaches include sclerotherapy and,preferably,rubber band ligation.An operation is indicated when non-operative approaches have failed or complications have occurred.Several surgical approaches for treating hemorrhoids have been introduced including hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy,but postoperative pain is invariable.Some of the surgical treatments potentially cause appreciable morbidity such as anal stricture and incontinence.The applications and outcomes of each treatment are thoroughly discussed.

Estrogens and the pathophysiology of the biliary tree

The scientific framework concerning estrogen effects on different tissues has expanded enormously during the last decades, when estrogen receptor （ER） subtypes were identified. Estrogens are not only essential for the female reproductive system, but they also control fundamental functions in other tissues including the cardiovascular system, bone, brain and liver. Recently, estrogens have been shown to target the biliary tree, where they modulate the proliferative and secretory activities of cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining bile ducts. By acting on both estrogen receptors （ER-α） and （ER-β） subtypes, and by activating either genomic or non-genomic pathways, estrogens play a key role in the complex loop of growth factors and cytokines, which modulates the proliferative response of cholangiocytes to damage. Specifically, estrogens activate intracellular signalling cascades JERK1/2 （extracellular regulated kinases 1/2, PI3-kinase/AKT （phosphatidylinositol-3＇ kinase/AKT）] typical of growth factors such as insulin like growth factor （IGF1）, nerve growth factor （NGF） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, thus potentiating their action. In addition, estrogens stimulate the secretion of different growth factors in proliferating cholangiocytes. This review specifically deals with the recent advances related to the role and mechanisms by which estrogens modulate cholangiocyte functions in normal and pathological conditions.

Subtypes of functional dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia is a common clinical condition characterised by chronic or recurrent upper abdominal pain or discomfort commonly associated with a variety of associated gastrointestinal symptoms and a normal endoscopy. To standardise research-based approaches, an initial categorisation of into sub groups was agreed to, based on clusters of symptoms. However the early expectation that these subgroups would be associated with distinct pathophysiologies amenable to specific therapy has not been realised. A classification based on the most troublesome symptom has been suggested but the utility of this is also unclear. More recent data suggest that some of the pathophysiologic dysfunctions may be associated with specific symptoms and so provide a better tool for grouping patients. But this approach remains incomplete as current insights into the pathogenesis are still too limited for this to be satisfactory. In conclusion, no classification provides for an adequate treatment-based approach to the syndrome of functional dyspepsia. As a consequence treatment remains largely empiric.

Androgen actions on endothelium functions and cardiovascular diseases

The roles of androgens on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology are controversial as both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. Although the reasons for this discrepancy are unclear, multiple factors such as genetic and epigenetic variation, sex-specificity, hormone interactions, drug preparation and route of administration may contribute. Recently, growing evidence suggests that androgens exhibit beneficial effects on cardiovascular function though the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Endothelial cells （ECs） which line the interior surface of blood vessels are distributed throughout the circulatory system, and play a crucial role in cardiovascular function. Endothelial progenitor cells （EPCs） are considered an indispensable element for the reconstitution and maintenance of an intact endothelial layer. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an initiating step in development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The modulation of endothelial functions by androgens through either genornic or nongenomic signal pathways is one possible mechanism by which androgens act on the cardiovascular system. Obtaining insight into the mechanisms by which androgens affect EC and EPC functions will allow us to determine whether androgens possess beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. This in turn may be critical in the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. This article seeks to review recent progress in androgen regulation of endothelial function, the sex-specificity of androgen actions, and its clinical applications in the cardiovascular system.

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）： Economic Importance, Biology, Biogeography and Integrated Pest Management

The Red Palm Weevil （RPW）, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）, （Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae）, is an invasive species that is originated from Southeast Asia. It has.invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades where it attacks palm trees. During the last three decades, multiple introductions of RPW to the Middle East, Europe and Caribbean （Island of Curacao, Netherland Antilles）, Lebanon and United States of America （Laguna Beach, Orange County, California） （USA） have occurred and the RPW is now a serious pest of many palm species. Duration of all life parameters varies significantly where the entire life cycle takes about 45 to 298 days. Different artificial diets were developed and were tested for mass rearing of RPW. Control of RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the life cycle of the pest. Integrated Pest Management （IPM） strategy has been applied successfully to deal with RPW problem. The IPM strategy consists of various preventive and curative methods; those methods were categorized in nine categories in this review. The main objective of this work was to review the existing knowledge on RPW＇s different aspects, with an ultimate aim of revealing the actual situation of the research on RPW.

Concepts perception of strategy and strategic management： University case study

Aiming to reveal the university students＇ understanding in management as for the strategy and strategic management phenomena, this study accomplishes a phenomenographic research to assess the future managers＇ market perception. It was chosen university students in Management of a Portuguese University. We conclude that the strategy definitions obtained are an assembly of the diverse existing concepts. Concerning to strategic management it was perceived an approach with one of the main existing concepts. The findings raise interesting issues with respect to the difficulties felt by new managers in translating their theoretical definitions in real examples in the organizations.

Studies of the management work on the college students in colleges and universities

In the stage of education, the college management is the indispensable part in the college education and teaching, but the management of colleges and universities is clearly different from the management of the junior and senior high schools, which is decided by the educational ages, and is also determined by the educational targets. In the management of the colleges and universities, how can we carry out the management of high quality？ To solve this problem, the author of this paper will carry out the analysis and elaboration from the three levels of the comparison between the management work on the college students in China and America, the transformation factors that the management work on the university students in our country is facing, and the relevant recommendations on the management work on the college students, in order to improve the quality of the management on the colleges and universities, and promote the sound development of the higher education.

Applied research of human resource management theory in college student management

Human resource management is the active procedure of planned control and coordination that an organization trains, selects and evaluates human resource in the organization in order to achieve their goals and improve efficiency, through psychology, management, sociology and other related knowledge. Human resource management focuses on the cultivation and development of personnel. College student management also needs selection and cultivation of personnel and improve the level of student management. This paper mainly bases on our own working practices to discuss about the application of human resource management theory in the management of the college students.

Discussion of the mode of the management in the college students from the perspective of the counselors - the psychological contract

In the colleges and universities, the relationship between the instructors and the students is very close. The counselors carry out the scientific and reasonable management on the life and learning of the students, and the students meet with the problems in their life and learning and exchange and communicate timely with the counselors, which is the process to realize the functions of the counselors. Then the management of the instructors built on the psychological contract is the more perfect, comprehensive, and scientific management mode. This kind of the management mode is not only very conducive to the development of the students, but also conducive to the interaction and communication between the counselors and the students. In a relaxed and harmonious atmosphere, the student＇s development will be more healthy and positive. This paper elaborates and analyzes several aspects in view of the management of the psychological contract of the university counselors.

Statistical Analytical Study of the Impact of Consumer Awareness Among the Students of the Faculty of Business Administration at the University of Kuwait in Consumer Protection and Its Relationship to Some Economic and Social Characteristics

Kuwaiti youth is an importam element in the field of development in the Kuwaiti society, especially in the field of self- consciousness and social consciousness incident. As always said, that young Gulf inherently consumerist element of first degree because of abundant liquidity and reasonable level of income compared to others of non - Gulf societies. Therefore, this research aims to study and analyze the impact of consumer awareness among the students of the Faculty of Business Administration in consumer protection in terms of the current role and hoped to guide consumption and its relationship to some economic and social characteristics of the consumers. In particular it has been studying the impact of some of the qualifications for heads of Kuwaiti families, their total monthly income and their place of residency inhabited by the expressive factors of consumer awareness in college students as well as their impact on the degree of preference for quality of consumer goods in being a low-price, median-price or expensive-price. In addition, it has been studying the relationship of these social variables noted with the role of government and consumer protection associations through what they are doing to develop laws and policies directed to develop and educate consumers. To achieve these goals, a special questionnaire has been prepared especially for this purpose has been met from a random sample of students from the University of Kuwait. I have been using the appropriate statistical analysis to study these goals. Thus, some of the appropriate suggestions and recommendations are obtained to achieve the objectives of this research.