形成性评价在基础教育教学中的应用研究

教育评价作为衡量教育优劣的手段,是随着教育的产生而发展的,随着基础教育新课改的进行,教育评价越来越引起人们的关注,重视形成性评价是现代教育评价的发展趋势。本文首先介绍了教育评价中的形成性评价的概念、类型以及作用,然后通过具体实例,详细阐述其在教学中的具体应用。

小学语文低学段习作评价的思考

习作评价应成为低年段作文教学的重要组成部分,教师在评改低学段学生习作时,要认真听听习作语言背后的声音,辨辨语言的色彩,掂掂语言的分量,摸摸语言的"体温",然后传递给孩子关于自身阅读后的感受,让习作评价成为师生间心灵互动的魅力桥梁。

将课程评价理念贯彻到小学语文课堂教学中

落后的评价行为制约着语文教学质量的提高,教师要关注学生语文基本技能的发展过程,关注自主学习、合作探究习惯的养成,强化学习兴趣、态度与习惯的培养,以促进学生全面健康、主动活泼地发展。

多元评价让学生课堂认知向深处漫溯——以《一颗小桃树》为例

课程评价对课程的实施起着重要的导向和质量监控作用。课堂上,教师采用积极、多样的评价方式,从多角度、多层次对学生进行实是求事的评价,调动学生学习积极性、引导学生思维走向;同时课堂上,学生与学生之间的评价、学生的自我评价对于刺激学生的元认知也具有重要的作用。

课堂有“你”更精彩

课堂的组成元素有很多——老师、学生、教材、多媒体等等,其中有一样元素有着画龙点睛、锦上添花之妙用,有了"她",课堂就会变得更加精彩,那就是"课堂评价"。课堂教学评价是一种及时性评价,属于"即兴创作"。无论是传授文化知识、培养能力技巧,还是启迪学生的心灵、陶冶学生情操,都离不开教师富有激励性的语言评价。尤其是在新课程这一改革浪潮的推动下,更需要我们有丰富、有效的课堂评价。本文就此谈谈自己的一些体会。

Changes in Grassland Ecosystem Service Values in the Three-River Headwaters Region,China

[Method] This study aimed to assess the changes in grassland ecosystem Service values in the Three-River Headwaters Region of China, the source of the Yangtze, Yellow （Huang He） and Lantsang （Mekong） rivers. [Method] Biophysical values of four services were monetized within the region, including water regulation, air quality regulation, climate regulation and soil conservation. [Result] The total ESVs were 884.97×10^8 Yuan, 1 302.06×10^8 Yuan and 1 299.49×10^8 Yuan in 2000, 2005 and 2008, respectively. The amount of value per unit area experienced a steep increase from 2000 to 2005（18.10×10^4 Yuan/km2）, and then remained almost unchanged from 2005 to 2008 （-0.31×10^4 Yuan/km2）. The ESV tended to decline from the southeastern to the northwestern. ESV in the eastern and central part increased faster than that in the south-central and western part of the TRHR from 2000 to 2008. It could be seen that the ecosystem condition of grassland in the TRHR improved signifi- cantly over the study period of 2000-2008. [Conelusion] The results provided good information to assess the effectiveness of current ecological protection measures in the TRHR and support regional sustainable management policies.

Assessment of landscape ecology of agricultural protection forest system at Beizang Town, Daxing County, Beijing

Based on theories of protective forests and landscape ecology, the reasonableness of structures and patterns of shelterbelt system at Beizang Town, Daxing County, Beijing were analyzed and assessed from the two scales of forest belts and networks, by integrating uses of field investigation, GIS and RS techniques. Results showed that the existent main belt (3-12 m in width) was too narrow, while the assistant belt (3-27.1 m in width) was too wide; the species composition of the existent shelterbelts was single, and the structures and patterns of the shelterbelt system were unreasonable. It is suggested that the structure of the main and the assistant belts should be changed, such as increasing the width of main belts, decreasing the width of assistant belt, and planting more mixed species, and the pattern with arbores in the middle and shrubs in the sides of belts could be taken into account. For the landscape structure of forest network after regenerating or reconstruction, the grid number of closed network should be 13 per km2 and the minimum number of belts should be 34 per km2. This study also testified that integrating GIS and remote technique with landscape ecology could provide an effective method for reasonable reconstruction of the structures and patterns of shelterbelts system.

变与不变的取舍——历史与社会学科学友互助式课堂模式的几点感悟

在＂依标施教,以学定教,先学后导,问题评价＂的教学理念下,我校的历史与社会学科改变了传统的教学模式,倡导以导学稿型学友互助教学模式为主,改变教学环节,重视学生的自主学习、自我发现、自我提炼。转变评价方式,重点突出生生间的互动评价,充分发挥学生的主体性,综合性地培养了学生的学科素养和学习能力。

EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES OF JILIN PROVINCE, NORTHEAST CHINA

The main purpose of this study is to give evaluation of ecological services of Jilin Province, Northeast China. To take this value into decision-making and GDP accounting system is considered to be one of the economic solutions for ecological problems. The evaluation is based on the methods proposed by COSTANZA et al., and some modifications about unit value of forest and cropland system were made according to the real characters of ecosystem, climate, natural conditions etc., in Jilin Province. Total value of ecosystem services is about 554.404x10(9) yuan(RMB)/a, which is about 4.9 times of GDP of the corresponding period. The results of this study could be used as a fundamental work for the construction of ecological province, which was carried out from 2001, and could provide ecological information for decision-making. Furthermore, the necessities for the further studies on the evaluation of ecological services and natural capital were discussed.

Concept and Evaluation of Ecosystem Intrinsic Value

Ecosystem valuation can serve as a basis of scientific support for decision-making. So far, the most popular methods for ecosystem valuation are ecosystem service valuation （ESV）, which is based on the utility of ecosystem to human beings rather than on the objective value of the ecosystem. After more than 10 years＇ application, it has been found that all losses of ESV were about 10% of the benefits of human activities. In this paper, the ecosystem intrinsic value （EIV） is defined. EIV is an objective value that emerges from the existence, structures, functions and processes of ecosystem, but independent with man, man＇s will and preferences. The valuating approach and methods used for EIV were developed by using energy approach and the methods of emergy analysis and eco-exergy analysis. The EIV calculated by emergy from the substance, energy and information of ecosystem and by eco-exergy from the structure and function of ecosystem represents the existent value and the externally working capacity of ecosystem, respectively. The approach and methods of EIV evaluation were applied to Xiamen Bay, China. The results showed that the marine EIV in Xiamen Bay was 209 billion RMB, including 116 billion RMB of emergy and 92.4 billion RMB of eco-exergy in 2010, nearly 30 times of ESV and 8.5 times of the GDP of Xiamen marine industry in 2010. The EIV in unit area of Xiarnen Bay is more than 10 times higher than the average global ESV in estuaries. It implied a potential undervaluation to ecosystem value by ESV calculation, which may mislead decisions-making processes.

APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS TO ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS IN THE JIANGHAN PLAIN

Wetlands in the Jianghan Plain are important components of wetland types in lake area in the middle and lower reaches the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and they fulfill many uses and functions related to hydrology, waste assimilation, ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. Owing to natural factors and human activities, especially excessive reclamation from lakes, the shrinking process of the lakes has been accelerated. Wetland ecosystem has shown the characteristics of vulnerability. According to the analysis of wetland ecological function in the Jianghan Plain, this paper presented an index system related to productivity, stability and environmental capacity. By using the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process, we computed the values of the relative weights of the indexes, and evaluated the vulnerability level of the wetland ecosystem by the method of multi-indexes. The case study showed that the fragile extent of wetland ecosystem in the Jianghan Plain is 5.6. This means that the wetland ecosystem in the Jianghan Plain is laid to the state of middle vulnerability. Therefore, the wetland conservation and eco-rehabilitation in the Jianghan Plain should be paid attention to.

Suitability Evaluation of Rural Settlements Based on Accessibility of Production and Living： A Case Study of Tingzu Town in Hubei Prov- ince of China

Rural settlements are the main carriers of agriculture, rural areas and farmers; thus, optimizing the production and living space of rural settlements is highly significant to rural development. Taking the effective allocation of resources as the starting point, a suitability evaluation system of rural settlements, based on accessibility of production and living, was proposed in this study to provide scientific basis for the optimization of production and living space. The accessibility of production and living was measured by an im- proved two-step floating catchment area method, which considered proximity and availability based on the inclination of rural residents. The suitability evaluation system consisted of traditional suitability evaluation and newly proposed limiting factor identification based on the loss score proportion of suitability. Tingzu Town of Hubei Province, China, was chosen as the case study area. Based on the re- suits of the suitability evaluation system, corresponding suggestions on rural land consolidation, industry division, as well as the layout of health care and education facilities were proposed to optimize the production and living space of rural settlements in Tingzu Town. It is found that the suitability evaluation based on accessibility of production and living is more scientific and accurate than the traditional ones which significantly overestimate production and living convenience. Moreover, the limiting factor identification can help us put forward suggestions according to local conditions and bring about the highly targeted optimization of production and living space of rural settlements.

Evaluation of Environmental Impacts of Traction Motor Production and Disposal

By the application of life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology, this paper estimates the environmental impacts of production and disposal of traction motors used in electric vehicles in China. The results show that the total energy use, the criteria emissions and the greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions of a traction motor production and disposal are about 2,899,MJ, 4.5,kg and 259.5,kg per motor, respectively. Among the regulated emissions, the SOxemission ranks first by total mass, followed by CO, PM10, NOx, PM2.5, and volatile organic compound(VOC). The motor material production stage accounts for most of the energy consumption and emissions, followed by the assembly stage and the end-of-life disposal stage. In this study, the environmental performance analysis is extended to the comparison between the use of secondary material and primary material for the material production stage. It is found that using 100% secondary material results in a 52.9% reduction in energy consumption, a 49.8% reduction in regulated emissions, and a 49.3% reduction in GHG emissions compared with the use of 100% primary material.

Performance evaluation methods and instrumentation for mine ventilation fans

Ventilation fans are one of the most important pieces of equipment in coal mines. Their performance plays an important role in the safety of staff and production. Given the actual requirements of coal mine production,we instituted a research project on the measurement methods of key performance parameters such as wind pressure,amount of ventilation and power. At the end a virtual instrument for mine ventilation fans performance evaluation was developed using a USB interface. The practical performance and analytical results of our experiments show that it is feasible,reliable and effective to use the proposed instrumentation for mine ventilation performance evaluation.

Evaluation on Cultivated Land Resource Ecological Service Value in Wuhan Metropolitan Area

The land ecosystem service function value contains the gas regulating function value, air purification function value, water conservation value, land conser-vation value, soil nutrient conservation value and maintain biodiversity value. Based on the method of market value and the data of Hubei Statistical yearbook, cultivat-ed land resources of ecosystem service function value is 730 038.69Mil ion in 2007-2009, and 714 774.99 Mil ion in 2010-2012 in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. After three years of development, Wuhan Metropolitan Area of ecological value of cultivated land has increased by about 3.97%. From the point of each composition, the im-portance of gas regulating function of cultivated land resources and water conserva-tion function is the forefront. From the point of spatial distribution, the highest of annual average value of the cultivated land ecological was Huanggang （1.725 bil ion yuan）, the lowest was Ezhou （217.868 6 mil ion yuan） in 2010-2012. From the point of space changes, the land ecological value increased only in Qianjiang city, while farmland ecological value in other cities was fal ing The conclusion is of direc-tive significance to the regional land protection policy and the farmland reasonable distribution, for Wuhan Metropolitan Area and other areas.

A Pioneering Low Carbon Material Database for Building Industry

Considering that buildings represent 40% of greenhouse gases and approximately 10% of global gross domestic product, the target the building industry has to accomplish is to get to a high quality and low carbon living, by reducing carbon emission by 2050, as said by Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. Considering these needs, designers, manufacturers and construction companies should be able to make use of web and design tools for collecting and inventorying a large variety of environmentally friendly materials, through a specific database that encloses low carbon certified products and eco-labeled ones. The eco-labels are internationally identified as the best tools to encourage the spread of green products and low carbon notions, even if in Europe, there is no specific tool to be used. The project called LoCaMat （Low Carbon Material Database） will act as the first Italian and European database that encompasses multiple data on certified green materials to be used for the construction sector, making buildings climate change resilient, ensuring an efficient use of energy and resources, getting to a complete life cycle assessment for buildings materials and components, encompassing, for the first time, green data and every kind of environmental specs for sustainable design and green practice.

Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from and the Economic Efficiency of the ＂Hita City Biomass Recycle Center＂

Many biomass recycling facilities have been established in Japan, but its environmental efficiencies have been studied little. MIC has stated that these facilities do not work as well as expected. The environmental and economic efficiencies ofa biomass recycling center （representative of other recycling facilities） in Hita city are assessed here. The center was built to decrease the amount of waste needing to be disposed of, and is unusual in that it generates electricity using the methane produced. Electricity produced from biomass sells at a higher price than electricity sold by electricity companies in Japan, and this strongly affects the recycling center operation. The environmental efficiency of the recycling center was assessed using a lifecycle assessment method, and the economic efficiency was assessed from the amounts of greenhouse gases emitted and the running costs. As the result, it was clear that the recycling center emits about 20% of the greenhouse gases that were previously emitted. Treating biomass at the recycling center costs 1,356 yen per ton of biomass throughout the year. In conclusion, the recycling center decreases the environmental footprint of Hita city. The cost of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions is about 1,400 yen per ton of biomass.

Evaluation of Biological Characteristics of Bacteria Contributing to Biofilm Formation

Biofilm-associated microorganisms play crucial roles in terrestrial and aquatic nutrient cycling and in the biodegradation of environmental pollutants. Biofilm formation was determined for a total of 18 bacterial isolates obtained from the biofilms of wastewater treatment systems and of little carpolite in soil. Among these isolates, seven showed strong biofilm-forming capacity. The phylogenetic affiliation of the isolates showing high biofilm formation capacity was determined through 16S rDNA sequencing and the isolates were grouped into 7 bacterial species including Pseudornonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Aeromonas caviae, Bacillus cereus, Pseudornonas plecoglossicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Comamonas testosteroni. The biofilm-forming capacity was closely related with flagella, exopolysaccharide, and extracellular protein. According to the coefficient of determination, the relative importance of the five biological characteristics to biofilm formation was, in order from greatest to least, exopolysaccharide 〉 flagella 〉 N-acyl-homoserine lactones （AHLs） signaling molecules 〉 extracellular protein 〉 swarming motility.

Analysis of Sustainability Based on Life Cycle Assessment： An Empirical Study of Wine Production

The environmental planning and the current policy initiatives in European Union are aimed at continuous improvement of the productive fabric, heading toward a system in which the ＂quality＂ of products will no longer regardless of their environmental impacts. In this context, the methodology of LCA （life cycle assessment） is certainly one of the most innovative methods in the field of environmental protection as it allows evaluating the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying material and energy consumption and environmental emissions. The objectives focus on finding the main impacts of the wine life cycle, as well as identifying crucial activities/stages in the wine production which establish the largest impacts. This paper＇s objective is to expose the advantages resulting from the use of the LCA method in the wine production sector, with a specific application to wine production in the Tuscany region.