人食物中毒、屠宰及市售禽肉样品中沙门菌毒力基因结果分析

目的了解石家庄地区不同来源沙门菌毒力基因携带状况,为进一步开展沙门菌风险评估提供基础数据。方法收集石家庄地区2011年至2016年食物中毒、屠宰场鸡肉及市售鸡肉的沙门菌分离株186株,进行血清分型,对8种毒力基因(invA、sopE、agfA、spvR、hilA、stn、pefA、shdA)进行PCR检测。结果石家庄地区不同来源沙门菌中,共检出13种血清型,以肠炎沙门菌为显著优势群,上述8种毒力基因均有检出,其中携带率较高的毒力基因为hilA、stn、invA,分别是90.3%(168/186)、86.6%(161/186)和82.8%(154/186)。结论不同来源沙门菌的毒力基因携带状况不同。生禽食品的终端销售环节出现了较严重的污染,应采取措施加强对石家庄地区各早市流动生禽摊点储存和销售环节的食品卫生监督与防控。

ALV-J和REV诱导雏鸡胸腺细胞凋亡

应用原位末端标记法和HE染色法对人工感染J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)和禽网状内皮增生症病毒(REV)的SPF雏鸡胸腺细胞的凋亡情况进行了检测,同时辅以电镜超薄切片观察。结果表明,ALV-J和REV均可诱导雏鸡胸腺细胞发生凋亡,混合感染诱导的细胞凋亡更加严重;切片中可出现局灶状凋亡,凋亡细胞多于坏死细胞。研究结果表明,细胞凋亡是导致感染鸡胸腺萎缩的主要原因。

Designing Primers for H5 and H7 Subtypes of Avian Influenza Virus and Multiplex RT-PCR Amplification

[Objective] The research aimed to design primers that are suitable for detecting H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza virus （AIV） ; [Method] DNAStar was used to analyze the homology of the sequences of H5 and H7 subtypes of AIV accessed in GenBank, and design primers（ by Primer Premier 5.0） on high homologous region of these sequences, and then amplified by RT-PCR. [Result] The multiplex RT-PCR amplification, agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing results showed that the self-designed primers are successful for detecting AIV. [Conclusion] It is feasible to rapidly diagnose AIV through this method.

Growth and Feed Efficiency of Juvenile Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Formulated Diets Containing Different Levels of Poultry by-Product Meal

This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a protein source in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to near to commercial diet with about 40% protein and 7.5% lipid. Fish meal was replaced by 0, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 100% of PBM (diets 1-7). The diet with 100% fish meal was used as a control (diet 1). Post-larvae were reared in an indoor semi-closed re-circulating system. Each dietary treatment was tested in 4 replicate tanks (260 L) of 40 shrimp, arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimps were hand-fed for three times a day to near-satiation (0700, 1200 and 1800) for 60 d. Percentage weight gain, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body composition of shrimps were measured. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimps fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). However, shrimps fed diet 7 (100% fish meal replacement) had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). Shrimp fed diets 2-4 (30%-50% fish meal replacement) showed significantly higher growth than those fed diets 6 and 7 (70% and 100% fish meal replacement, respectively). Survival ranged from 94.7% to 100.0% and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among different experimental diets. No differences in body composition were found among shrimps fed different diets. These results showed that up to 70% of fish meal protein can be replaced by PBM without adversely affecting the growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei.

The role of wild goose(Anser) populations of Russia and theTibet Plateau in the spread of the avian influenza virus

Wild birds of the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes represent a natural reservoir of low pathogenic avian influenza(LPAI) viruses(family Orthomyxoviridae).Wild geese(order Anseriformes)relating to waterfowls undertake extensive migration flights reaching thousands of kilometers.Isolation of the avian influenza virus(AIV) from wild geese is quite low or absent.The aims of this study are to monitor the AIV in different wild goose species,nesting on Russian territory and the Tibet Plateau and to analyze the derived data for the purpose of determining the role of these wild bird species in spreading pathogens.In our study 3245 samples from nine wild goose species in nine regions of Russia and on the territory of the Tibet Plateau(the Xizang Autonomous Region) were tested and no AIV were detected.Our study shows the non-essential role of wild geese in the spread of the AIV over long distances and reaches theconclusion that geese are probably not natural reservoirs for the primary viruses.However,further inquiry of AIV in wild goose populations is required.Studies of wild geese and AIV ecology will allow us to obtainmore information about pathogen-host relationships and to make arrangements for the maintenance ofwild goose populations.

Study on Piezoelectric Immunosensor for the Detection of H9-subtype Avian Influenza Virus

[Objective] The aim is to develop the piezoelectric immunosensor to detect H9-subtype avian influenza virus（AIV）.[Method] The immunosensor chip was constructed by self-assembling mercaptopmpionic acid（MPA） to be monolayer on the silver-coated electrode of quartz crystal and coupling the monoclonal antibody to H9 subtype AIV with N-ethy-N＇-（3-dimethyl aminopropyl）carbodiimide hydrochloride（EDC） and N-hydroxysuccinimide（NHS）.The immunosensor to detect H9 subtype AIV was established.[Result] The results showed that the immunosensor displayed better specificity to H9 AIV and had no response to H5AIV and NDV when it was used for detection.The sensitivity test indicated the detection sensitivity for the H9 subtype AIV could reach 20-100 EID50.[Conclusion] The research provided a foundation for further research on the immunosensor for detecting AIV and it could be a new approach to detect other related viruses.

Poultry Manure Compost Alleviates the Phytotoxicity of Soil Cadmium: Influence on Growth of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.)

The growth performance of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.） in relation to soil cadmium （Cd） fractionations was investigated to evaluate the remediating effect of poultry manure compost on Cd-contaminated soil. A yellow-brown soil （Alfisol） treated with various levels of Cd （0 50 mg Cd kg^-1 soil） was amended with increasing amounts of compost from 0 to 120 g kg^-1. Compost application transformed 47.8%-69.8% of soluble/exchangeable Cd to the organic-bound fraction, and consequently decreased Cd uptake of pakchoi by 56.2%-62.5% as compared with unamended soil. Alleviation of Cd bioavailability by compost was attributed primarily to the increase of soil pH and complexation of Cd by organic matter including dissolved organic matter. In general, the improvement of pakchoi performance was more pronounced in higher Cd-contaminated soil. Addition of large amount of compost also favored the anti-oxidative capability of pakchoi against Cd toxicity. This low cost remediation method seems to be very effective in the restoration of Cd-eontaminated soils.

Changes in Profitability of Chicken Broiler Production in 2008-2013

The profitability of broiler chicken production depends on many interrelated factors, such as the size of the farm, farming system, the genetic potential, feed price and the quality of chicken meat obtained as a final product, e.g., meat, and a strategy of their sales on the domestic and foreign market. Economic analysis were conducted in randomly selected farms growing commercial broilers, from April 2008 to March 2013 （28 cycles all together）, at the same time in three buildings, with 46 thousands to 54 thousands one-day chickens. In the analyzed period, broilers were reared for 35-50 d. The average slaughter body mass ranged from 2.36 kg to 2.99 kg with feed conversion ratio （FCR） 1.68 kg of feed/kg of body weight gain to 1.78 kg of feed/kg of body weight gain. Stock mortality at that time ranged from 3.5% to 6.4%. On the basis of macroeconomic data, a clear relationship between the increase in the period particularly from 2004 onwards, prices of feed 33.6% and the purchase price of livestock 22.5% in the case of the evaluated farms were found. These values were 27.9% and 31.7%, respectively. From the analysis of the relationship between different types of broiler production costs, it was concluded that the main determinant of the profitability of live poultry production was the cost of feed and first of all was the prices of feed. This means that the boom in live poultry production is variable, resulting in consequences for production and income.

Features and New Trends in Turkish Poultry Industry

In this review, features and new trends on Turkish poultry industry are evaluated. Turkish poultry industry has rapidly developed in last years in especially broiler meat and egg production. As a result of these developments, The Turkish poultry sector is recognized as an industry. The industry has advantages such as modem facilities and production methods, thanks to international standards and international markets in close proximity, making it able to compete with the whole world. However, industry has some problems such as the high costs of the production and dependence on extemal inputs for raw materials in feed and breeders. Fortunately, Turkey is an interesting country that can adapt very quickly to emergencies. Turkish poultry industry is trying to adapt to new and difficult conditions and often succeeded. The policies being followed by the elimination of dependence in foreign, measures taken to reduce costs and the growth of the industry are supported in an increasingly manner to increase production and consumption. Thus, it is aimed that the Turkish poultry industry became much more useful industry on reduction in unemployment and finding a solution to the immigration problem by healthier, faster and planned development.

Study on the Impact of ＂Health Qigong. WuQinxi＂ on the Physical Health of the University Students

This study based on documents and materials, interview, experiment and data statistical analysis, as well as by the means of ＂Health Qigong.WuQinxi＂, and carries on a 4-month exercise intervention aiming at the university students, furthermore to have a comparison of their level scores on physical shape, physiological indicator, before and after the experiment. And we come to a conclusion through this 4-month exercise, when concerns to physical shape and physiological indicator： we can see a significant difference on WHR body mass index and vital capacity （p≤ 0.01）; as well as waist circumference, pulse, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, sit and reach, grip strength （p ≤ 0.05）. So we note that long-term ＂Health Qignng .WuQinxi＂ practice can improve the physical health of the university students, and assess the students who failed to meet health standards physically, and fmally realize our hope promoting the comprehensive development of university students.

H5N1 influenza viruses： outbreaks and biological properties

All known subtypes of influenza A viruses are maintained in wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of these viruses. Influenza A viruses are isolated from a variety of animal species with varying morbidity and mortality rates. More importantly, influenza A viruses cause respiratory disease in humans with potentially fatal outcome. Local or global outbreaks in humans are typically characterized by excess hospitalizations and deaths. In 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype emerged in Hong Kong that transmitted to humans, resulting in the first documented cases of human death by avian influenza virus infection. A new outbreak started in July 2003 in poultry in Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand, and highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses have since spread throughout Asia and into Europe and Africa. These viruses continue to infect humans with a high mortality rate and cause worldwide concern of a looming pandemic. Moreover, H5N1 virus outbreaks have had devastating effects on the poultry industries throughout Asia. Since H5N1 virus outbreaks appear to originate from Southern China, we here examine H5N1 influenza viruses in China, with an emphasis on their biological properties.

The global diversification of songbirds (Oscines) and the build-up of the Sino-Himalayan diversity hotspot

Over the last decade, molecular phylogenetic studies have provided the foundation for a comprehensive analysis of the global diversification of songbirds (Oscines), which comprise nearly half of all the birds of the world. By comparing the spatial distribution of species representing basal and terminal root-path groups, this paper provides graphical illustrations of the global pattern of diversification for the major songbird clades. The worldwide expansion of songbirds started as an island radiation in the area where New Guinea is now located, but the mountains of southern China represent a principal center for more recent diversification. The paper suggests priorities and perspectives for further research aiming to understand what determines the variation in biodiversity on different spatial scales.

Biotransformation of Ternary Mixture of Organic Industrial Waste into Poultry Feed

The objective of present study was to produce poultry feed with a best quality using ternary mixture of industrial wastes： fish industry waste, sugar industry waste （molasses） and yeast waste after 15 d biotransformation using response surface methodology to design and analyze the experiment data. Changes in the nutritional quality and biochemical properties viz., pH, dry matter, conductivity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, trimethylamine, protein, fat, carbohydrate, histamine, aflatoxins and minerals were evaluated during a biotransformation period of 15 d. The experimental findings revealed that the formulation including 50% of fish waste, 12.5% of molasses and 37.50% of yeast waste were found to be best quality poultry waste. It was characterized as odorless, with a stable pH, rich in protein, fat and carbohydrate as well as no alterations of bacteria and absence aflatoxins from the fifth day on ward. The nutritional value of the developed poultry fees was studied on a population of broiler chickens by incorporating with barley flour and eggshell. The product possesses a better nutritional quality comparable to commercially feed.

A Survey on Poultry Helminth Infection in Golestan Province （North of Iran）

Poultry breeding in a traditional and open environment will carry a great potential of causing parasitic infections in poultry At the present study, 110 domestic poultry were gathered randomly from wet areas （Gorgan, Minoodasht, Azadshahr, Ali Abad Katool, Kalaleh, Galikesh） and dry areas （Gonbad Kavoos, Agh Ghala） of Golestan province in 1388s. After dissecting, their bronchial tube and digestive system were examined for presenting of parasitic helminthes. Consequently, the rate of parasitic infection in domestic poultry was 92.73% which comprised： Heterakis gallinarum （18.18%）, Subulura brumpti （7.27%）, Acuaria spiralis （15.45%）, Capillaria sp （1.81%）, Ascaridia galli （48.18%）, Syngamus trachea （15.45%）, Syngamus trachea sp （2.73%）, Choanotaenia infundibulum （11.81%）, Raillietina tetragona （53.63%）, Raillietina cesticyllus （14.45%）, Raillietina echinobothrida （25.45%） Drepanidotaenia lanceolata （1.81%）. It is also necessary to cite that there is no relevance between helminth infection and age （P = 0.178）, species （P = 0.278） and geographical zone （P = 0.504）. Therefore, in order to reduce the parasitic infection, performing a directorial system beside the efforts for reducing its potentiality is extremely necessary.

2018年北京市房山区弯曲菌监测结果及耐药性分析

目的了解2018年北京市房山区哨点医院腹泻患者和生禽鸡的弯曲菌感染情况及药物敏感情况,为弯曲菌防治工作提供依据。方法2018年1-12月在北京市房山区2家哨点医院收集未用抗生素的腹泻患者粪便标本进行弯曲菌、沙门菌、副溶血弧菌、志贺菌、5种致泻性大肠埃希菌及轮状病毒和诺如病毒的分离培养和鉴定;对生禽鸡进行弯曲菌、沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的分离、培养、鉴定;对分离到的空肠弯曲菌开展药物敏感试验。结果收集395例腹泻患者的粪便标本,男性212例,女性183例,其中16~45岁患者占66.08%。其中病原菌阳性的患者160例,阳性率为40.51%,检出病原菌共176株。弯曲菌检出53株,阳性率为13.41%;致泻大肠菌检出34株,阳性率为8.61%;沙门菌检出20株,阳性率为5.06%;副溶血性弧菌检出20株,阳性率为5.06%;志贺菌检出0株,阳性率为0%;轮状病毒检出26株,阳性率为6.58%;诺如病毒检出23株,阳性率为5.82%。人粪便标本检出弯曲菌的病例中37名男性和16名女性感染比较,差异有统计学意义(17.45%vs8.74%,χ^2=6.413,P<0.05)。40只生禽鸡中,共31只检出病原菌(77.5%),检出病原菌36株,其中沙门菌13株,弯曲菌23株。人粪便标本和生禽鸡检出的空肠弯曲菌对萘啶酸、环丙沙星、四环素的耐药率均大于80%,生禽鸡中的空肠弯曲菌对氟苯尼考的耐药率为90%,而人粪便标本中的空肠弯曲菌对氟苯尼考的耐药率为53.33%;红霉素、阿奇霉素、泰利霉素、克林霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素的敏感性大于80%。结论北京市房山区腹泻患者弯曲菌感染率高,空肠弯曲菌对萘啶酸、环丙沙星和四环素耐药严重;腹泻患者病原菌种类多,在继续加强监测的同时开展宣传教育。

不同来源肠炎沙门菌毒力基因特征分析

目的研究石家庄地区不同来源的肠炎沙门菌毒力基因携带情况的差异及特点。方法收集石家庄地区早市生禽销售点、生禽屠宰场及食物中毒标本中分离出的肠炎沙门菌124株,对其中8种毒力基因(invA、sopE、agfA、spvR、hilA、stn、pefA、shdA)进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测。结果肠炎沙门菌具有不同的毒力基因谱型,8种毒力基因在不同来源的肠炎沙门菌中均有检出,其中毒力基因invA、sopE、stn、hilA、spvR、pefA在食物中毒分离株中的携带率高,均在94%以上。食物中毒分离株与早市生禽销售点分离株的8种毒力基因携带率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而生禽屠宰场分离株与食物中毒和早市生禽销售点分离株之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论石家庄地区早市生禽销售点检出的肠炎沙门菌中易致病的高风险株较多,应加强对生禽的卫生监督与防控。

Effect of feeding Lactobacillus plantarum P-8 on the faecal microbiota of broiler chickens exposed to lincomycin

Poultry and eggs are nutritious and healthy foods that contain high-quality proteins and low levels of fat compared with other meats. Recent studies have shown that poultry performance is closely associated with colonic health. Antibiotics are commonly used in the poultry industry to control diseases and enhance survival rates. However, antibiotic use can also result in host gut dysbiosis and immune dysregulation. Such imbalances compromise poultry health and growth performance. Thus, our study investigated the effect of Lactobacillus(L.) plantarum P-8 on the gut microbiome of chickens co-inoculated with the antibiotic lincomycin. Principal coordinate analysis showed that L. plantarum P-8 treatment shifted the faecal bacterial population structure. At the metagenomic level, the Clusters of Orthologous Groups(COGs) functional categories of P, C, N and A were overrepresented in the probiotic group. Additionally, the relative gene abundances of metabolic pathways involved in flagellar assembly,bacterial chemotaxis, nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, cofactor and vitamin biosynthesis were also higher in the probiotic group than the control; in contrast genes related to galactose degradation,carbon fixation, multiple sugar transport systems and ribosomes were underrepresented in the probiotic group. Our data suggest that feeding L. plantarum P-8 has the potential to improve metabolic activity and nutrient utilization of poultry. Furthermore, the faecal antibiotic resistomes of the two groups could be separated using principal components analysis, indicating that the probiotic treatment may modulate the intestinal antibiotic resistance gene pool by changing the population structure of the gut microbiota.This study has provided interesting insights into the application of probiotics in the poultry industry.

Behavioral conditions： and life history responses to extreme climatic Studies on a migratory songbird

Behavioral responses to environmental change are the mechanisms that allow for rapid phenotypic change preventing temporary or permanent damage and hence preventing reductions in fitness. Extreme climatic events are by definition rare, although they are predicted to increase in amplitude and frequency in the coming years. However, our current knowledge about behavioral responses to such extreme events is scarce. Here I analyze two examples of the effects of extreme weather events on behavior and life history： （1） A comparison of behavior and life history during extremely warm and extremely cold years relative to normal years; and （2） a comparison of behavior before and after the extremely early snowfall in fall 1974 when numerous birds died in the Alps during September-October. Behavioral and life history responses of barn swallows Hirundo rustica to extremely cold and extremely warm years were positively correlated, with particularly large effect sizes in cold years. Extreme mortality in barn swallows during fall migration 1974 in the Alps eliminated more than 40% of the breeding population across large areas in Central and Northern Europe, and this affected first arrival date, changes in timing and extent of reproduction and changes in degree of breeding sociality supposedly as a consequence of correlated responses to selection. Finally, I provide directions for research that will allow us to better understand behavior and life history changes in response to extreme climate change [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 351-362, 2011].

Short- and long-term effects of developmental corticosterone exposure on avian physiology, behavioral phenotype, cognition, and fitness： A review

A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, there is some, though limited, evidence that similar early exposure can also negatively impact cognitive ability. Following pioneering mammalian studies, several avian studies have revealed that the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis as an adult can be explained by levels of corticosterone, the avian glucocorticoid, the individual experienced as a nestling or even as an embryo via yolk exposure. Studies also suggest that perinatal exposure to corticosterone can have effects upon avian ＇personalities＇ or coping styles, and findings from mammalian studies suggest that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although a consistent pattern across-species has yet to emerge, recent work in Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens found that baseline corticosterone levels in ll-day-old nestlings explained 84% of the varia- tion in ＇personality＇ （bold vs. timid） when those individuals were tested approximately seven months later. Nestlings with elevated corticosterone levels were more timid than those individuals that as nestlings experienced relatively low corticosterone levels. Some researchers have suggested that parents might use such mechanisms to ＇program＇ their offsprings＇ phenotype to best fit prevailing environmental conditions. This review will visit what is known about the links between stressful developmental conditions that result in exposure to elevated corticosterone and the short- and long-term effects of this steroid hormone upon central nervous system function and whether alterations thereof are beneficial, deleterious, or neutral. It will concentrate on examples from birds, although critical supporting studies from the mammalian literature will be included as appropriate [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 514-530, 2011].

Toward a neurobiology of auditory object perception： What can we learn from the songbird forebrain？

In the acoustic world, no sounds occur entirely in isolation; they always reach the ears in combination with other sounds. How any given sound is discriminated and perceived as an independent auditory object is a challenging question in neu- roscience. Although our knowledge of neural processing in the auditory pathway has expanded over the years, no good theory ex- ists to explain how perception of auditory objects is achieved. A growing body of evidence suggests that the selectivity of neurons in the auditory forebrain is under dynamic modulation, and this plasticity may contribute to auditory object perception. We propose that stimulus-specific adaptation in the auditory forebrain of the songbird （and perhaps in other systems） may play an important role in modulating sensitivity in a way that aids discrimination, and thus can potentially contribute to auditory object perception.