农村居民生育意愿及影响因素探析——以河北省定州市为例

为了解农村居民的生育意愿及影响因素,以河北省定州市为调查区域,通过巧合抽样的方式对506名调查对象进行结构性访谈。研究发现:八成农村居民意愿生育两个子女,在生育子女性别的意愿上呈现出女孩偏好;年龄与意愿生育数量呈现正相关关系;学历越高,意愿生育数量越低;已婚调查对象的意愿生育数量高于未婚者;仅有女儿的调查对象比仅有儿子的调查对象的意愿生育数量高。另外,对农村居民的生育原因进行研究,养儿防老是生育子女的主要原因,传宗接代观念已经淡化;为了子女更好地成长是农村居民生育一两个子女的原因。

Molecular phylogeny of oligotrich genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium(Protozoa,Ciliophora) for the systematical relationships within Family Strombidiidae

The phylogeny of the oligotrich ciliates is currently a hot debate despite the availability of both morphological and molecular data.In the present paper,further small subunit rRNA(SS rRNA) genes were analyzed from the Genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium,as well as from Strombidium,and combined with three new SS rRNA sequences from Strombidium basimorphum,S.sulcatum population QD-1,and Novistrombidium testaceum population GD.The phylogenetic positions of these organisms were inferred using Bayesian inference,Maximum Likelihood,and Maximum Parsimony methods.The main results are:(1) the SS rRNA gene sequence analyses match the recent findings about the molecular evolution of oligotrichs,indicating that the family Strombidiidae is paraphyletic;(2) the Genus Omegastrombidium is separated from the Genus Strombidium,as shown in recent cladistic analyses;(3) morphospecies in Genus Novistrombidium,based on similarity of somatic ciliature,are separated from each other in all topological trees,indicating that this genus could be a paraphyletic group;(4) the molecular data indicate a possibility of paraphyly for the genus Strombidium;and(5) the similarities of the SS rRNA gene of specimens identified as S.sulcatum and S.inclinatum are 99.8%-100%.However,present knowledge on the oligotrichs sensu stricto is still insufficient and further studies based on both molecular and other technologies are required.

Do Engineering Diploma Students Drop out Due to Reasons Other Than Academic Performance

The aim of this paper is to highlight the fact that students enter their higher education careers underprepared and fail their engineering studies due to the lack of various life skills. The South African Government is attempting to redress the social inequalities which prevailed in the education sector during the apartheid era. However, many students attempting their higher education studies are in many respects still under-prepared. This is mainly due to insufficient life skills, communication skills, numeric skills, and literacy skills. In the current study it was established, by means of a self-administered questionnaire, that students＇ lacking time of management skills, and study skills, are conditioned by their schooling not to value or use prescribed text books. These results re-emphasise the fact that students drop out of the programme for reasons other than academic performance and underline the need for effective measures toward student support and effective student learning.

Macedonia Demographic Aging

In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained independence in 1991, in the course of transition from planned to market economy, many socio-economic parameters changed： Demography become evident that fertility rate dropped significantly. In the previous 20 years, number of infants born decreased somewhat 5-6 times compared to 1980. Number of divorce grew rapidly. Also, in the Republic of Macedonia, there followed a parallel process of immigration to western countries, especially western Europe, USA and Australia as well as other countries from the developed world. This migration happened as a result of mainly economic reasons, i.e., countries in which Macedonians migrate have much higher real incomes when compared with Macedonia, and comparatively much higher living standard. One also can find reason for migration in political reasons also, and family reunification. Low fertility is associated with low income and unemployment. People in Macedonia had suffered greatly in transition times with high unemployment, low wages, and corruption, which largely derogated their chances of better future and career and contributed to the demographic aging and low fertility rates.

Molecular Phylogenetic Lineage of Plagiopogon and Askenasia(Protozoa, Ciliophora) Revealed by Their Gene Sequences

Prostomates and haptorians are two basal groups of ciliates with limited morphological characteristics available for tax- onomy. Morphologically, the structures used to identify prostomates and haptorians are similar or even identical, which generate heavy taxonomic and phylogenetic confusion. In present work, phylogenetic positions lineage of two rare genera, Plagiopogon and Askenasia, were investigated. Three genes including small subunit ribosomal RNA gene （hereafter SSU rDNA）, internal transcribed spacer region （ITS region）, and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene （LSU rDNA） were analyzed, 10 new sequences five species each. Our findings included 1） class Prostomatea and order Haptorida are multiphyletic; 2） it may not be appropriate to place order Cyclotriehiida in subclass Haptoria, and the systematic lineage of order Cyclotrichiida needs to be verified further; 3） genus Plagio- pogon branches consistently within a clade covering most prostomes and is basal of clade Colepidae, implying its close lineage to Prostomatea; and 4） Askenasia is phylogenetically distant from the subclass Haptoria but close to classes Prostomatea, Plagiopylea and Oligohymenophorea. We supposed that the toxicyst of Askenasia may be close to taxa of prostomes instead of haptorians, and the dorsal brush is a more typical morphological characteristics of haptorians than toxicysts.