预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺优化

为提高冷冻生胚馒头的品质,该文探究预醒发时间、解冻方式和蒸制方式对馒头比容、感官评分和质构特性的影响,结合单因素和Box-Behnken响应面法,优化预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺。通过差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜和面包图像分析仪,分析对照生胚面团与最优工艺条件下预醒发冷冻生胚馒头面团可冻结水含量、微观结构以及馒头孔隙分布的变化。结果表明,最佳预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺为预醒发时间22 min,醒发箱解冻时间58 min,蒸箱蒸制时间18 min,该条件下馒头具有最优的感官品质,且不发生起泡收缩现象,馒头品质得到明显改善。

冷冻生胚油条的关键工艺研究

以不同湿面筋含量的面粉为原料制备生胚油条。以油条的比容和感官评分为评价指标,通过对影响生胚油条品质的原料配比、复配膨松剂添加量及速冻条件的差异进行单因素试验,优化其最佳关键工艺条件。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为高低筋粉配比7∶3,膨松剂添加量4%,松弛时间4 h,冷藏松弛16 h,速冻温度-35℃。在此条件下制备的生胚油条冻藏30 d后仍具有良好的膨胀性。

预焙阳极生胚常见质量问题探讨

铝用预焙阳极生块质量是把控预焙阳极质量的关键,本文结合某公司预焙阳极生产实践,重点从生阳极制造工艺参数调整方面对生胚裂纹,体积密度,耐压强度等进行分析,通过采取一系列措施,以上问题得到有效解决。预焙阳极被称为铝电解的心脏,预焙阳极质量的好坏对电解有直接作用,而优质的预焙阳极生胚质量是保障预焙阳极最终质量的关键。某公司2019年新建生产线,采用单工位洛阳振动机械厂生产的非抽真空成型机,山东华鹏精机股份有限公司生产的HP—DIK5000双层预热混捏机,百色矿山机械厂生产的ZP6N660.0双辊破碎机与桂林桂冶股份有限公司生产的5R4124R型摆式磨粉机等生产设备。自2019年投产到2021年年底一直面临生胚体积密度低,生胚体积密度波动大,生胚表面裂纹多,耐压强度偏低等问题。通过一段时间对生产流程与设备的观察分析后,采取多项措施解决了以上问题,下面结合某公司第四成型车间对预焙阳极生胚质量问题的分析及处理过程,就造成预焙阳极生胚常见质量问题的原因供大家一起讨论交流。

真空爆裂大豆生胚细胞壁技术的研究

在生产分离蛋白过程中,由于细胞壁的阻遏作用,使得蛋白的提取率受到很大的限制。本试验对真空爆裂大豆生胚细胞壁的方法进行了试验研究。将75℃的大豆生胚置于真空罐内,在瞬态真空作用下,借助于大豆生胚细胞内水分产生的闪蒸蒸汽压力,达到爆裂细胞壁的目的。通过电镜观察,处理后的大豆生胚细胞壁大部分被破坏,细胞质结构明显发生变化。通过检测结果对比发现,处理后的生胚NSI(氮溶解指数)降低1.3%,脂肪提取率提高2.25%,蛋白质提取率提高3.91%。

速冻油条生胚配方及生产工艺

从面粉选择、膨松剂及食盐等使用方面概述了速冻油条胚制作要点,论述了速冻油条特点、生产配方、制作方法、工艺流程和制作要求,为速冻油条的工业化制作和改善油条加工条件提供参考。

生胚刮板输送机的自动定量加水装置

生胚蒸炒是油脂制取的一道必然工序，它是将生胚经过加水湿润、加热蒸胚、干燥炒胚等处理使之成为熟胚的工艺过程。蒸炒时，在水分和温度的作用下，油体原生质大量地吸收水分而膨胀，这时内部的胶束网状边道受到挤压，迫使分散于其中的游离态油脂被挤压出来，胶束网状的蛋...

生胚刮板输送机的自动定量加水装置

介绍了自行设计的油料生胚刮板输送机的自动定量加水装置，经过一年多的生产运行。

浙江楠多胚现象及其多胚苗生长发育初步研究

通过对浙江楠(Phoebe chekiangensis C.B.Shang)种子的解剖,观察分析了多胚的形态和着生位置及多胚率;将种子播种获得幼苗,观察幼苗的生长发育状况,测量苗高、根长,并进行根系分析。结果表明:浙江楠存在多胚现象,但暂未发现四胚及以上胚型;浙江楠种子的单胚率为71.14%,多胚率为28.86%(双胚率为27.43%,三胚率为1.43%)。浙江楠单胚苗的生长发育状况最佳,单胚苗和多胚大苗与多胚小苗在苗高上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。对幼苗根系进行分析发现,单胚苗的根系长度、直径、表面积和体积比多胚苗大,其中单胚苗和多胚大苗与多胚小苗在根长上存在显著差异(P<0.05),单胚苗在体积上与多胚苗存在显著差异(P<0.05),多胚苗的根系节点数和根尖数比单胚苗多,其中多胚大苗的根系节点数和根尖数最多。

水稻“双－3”多胚发生的研究

水稻ＭＩＶ（双－３、籼稻）传粉后可以有多个花粉管同时进入胚囊．大多数胚囊的合子发育为一个正常的胚，但是有少数合子胚发生裂生并分化形成双胚芽和一胚根．有些胚囊的助细胞和卵细胞同时受精后，分别发育为助细胞胚和合子胚；有些胚囊中的反足细胞团可直接发育为胚．可见“双－３”水稻除有正常合子胚外还存在助细胞胚和反足细胞匹的多胚现象．

多胚水稻多胚类型的研究

在显微镜下观察了多胚水稻的4个品系所发生的多胚类型及其发生频率。结果表明,多胚苗的可能来源有:①合子胚一助细胞胚;②合子胚一不定胚;③不定胚一合子胚一助细胞胚;④裂生多胚。在4个品系中不定胚的发生频率以双3最高,可达10.3%,其次为陆52;双13和阿里思斯尼都较低。

粉末冶金材料成分对成型件生坯密度的影响

采用合适的粉末配比方案,配备不同成分的粉末材料,研究了粉末颗粒中各种成分对生胚密度的影响。结果表明,通过设计在基体材料中填入颗粒尺寸更小的微细粉或者合金元素以及纳米粉末等,可以达到粉末颗粒空隙的最佳填充效果。使粉末颗粒之间紧密堆积,从而提高了粉末件密度。

利用一年生甜菜快速选育保持系技术的研究

该研究以多胚1年生基因型不育系(BBMM,Sxxzz)为鉴定系,鉴定选育2年生单胚或多胚基因型保持系(bbmm,Nxxzz或bbMM,Nxxzz),利用该方法进行选择仅需13～16个月时间,较我国传统方法缩短4～6年。此外,该研究首次将F1育性分离进行了类型划分,对快速准确选出保持系(bbmm,Nxxzz或bbMM,Nxxzz)及恢复系(NXXZZ)具有重要意义。

Embryological Studies on Facultative Apomixis in Apluda mutica (Gramineae)

A cytological study on Apluda mutica L. revealed that this species was a facultative apomict with 60.74% of apomictic embryo sac formation. Its sexual reproduction exhibited the characteristics of polygonum_type embryo sac formation. After the 3 megaspores at the micropylar end had degenerated, leaving only the chalazal megaspore in the nucellus, a nucellar cell adjacent to the megaspore differentiated into an aposporous initial, which later developed into a panicum_type embryo sac. It was an aposporous 4_nucleate embryo sac without chromosome reduction and composed of an egg, a single synergid and a central cell with 2 polar nuclei. The chalazal megaspore degenerated before the onset of the division in the aposporous initial cell.

Histological Study on Soybean Somatic Embryogenesis

Soybean somatic cell could induce the development of embryoid which was similar to embryo morphologically and structurally. Somatic embryogenesis system of soybean was used to conduct genetic transformation of soybean because of its several advantages such as higher transformational efficiency, beetter synchronism and fewer plant chimeras among transgenic plants. After infected with agrobacterium tumefaciens,the initiation, differentiation and development of young cotyledon embryogenic cell of soybean which was cultured on selective culture medium with kanamycin were investigated through histological study. The result showed that somatic embryo was differentiated in non-bud differentiation way. The embryogenic cells were differentiated from epidermis of explant or cells in 1 layer or 2 layers, with the division of embryogenic cells and degradation and disorganization of surrounding cells, the embryogenic cells would form embryoid with analogous suspensor structure. Later, globular embryoid would extrude from epidermis then developed into heart-shape embryo. The experiment was expected to provide theoretical reference for the construction of high transformational system of using plant somatic embryogenesis induced by young cotyledon of soybean.

In Vitro Development of Tobacco Primary Endosperm Cells in Microculture

用酶解_研磨法分离出烟草 (NicotianatabacumL .)受精后胚囊和初生胚乳细胞进行微室饲养培养。培养基为Km8p附加各种其他成分 ,饲养细胞为分裂旺盛的烟草叶肉原生质体 ,在 2 5℃下静止暗培养。培养 3d后 ,初生胚乳细胞开始第一次分裂 ,继续分裂至 14d时形成大的细胞团。首次报道了双子叶植物初生胚乳细胞的离体发育。

The Structure of Oryza Embryos and Their Dimorphic Cotyledons

It has been generally held in botany that Oryza sativa L. is a monocotyledon. Based on studies of rice embryo development we confirmed that rice embryo has two dimorphic cotyledons rather than just one cotyledon. In the present study we attempt to know if the morphology of embryos in other species of Oryza differs from O. sativa and if these embryos have dimorphic cotyledon. Two types of embryo structures were observed in 22 species and/or subspecies of genus Oryza under the scanning electron microscope. Type 1, the O.sativa type, which is characterized by ventral scale and lateral scales, was found in 16 species. Type 2, the O. meyeriana (Zoll. et Mor. ex Steud.) Baill. ssp. tuberculata W. C. Wu et Y. G. Lu, G. C. Wang type, with no ventral scale and lateral scales, was found in 6 species and subspecies. The embryogenic process of O.sativa and O.meyeriana sub. tuberculata showed that the scutellum primordium, coleorhiza primordium, coleoptile primordium and shoot apical meristem directly differentiate from proembryo. The former two later develop into the embryo envelope, which is the outside cotyledon; the coleoptile primordium develops into the coleoptile with the shape of inverted empty cone surrounding and covering the growth cone, which is the apical cotyledon. Both types of rice embryos have dimorphic cotyledons. The structural difference between them is that the scutellum primordium of the young embryo in type 2 does not differentiate ventral scale and lateral scales while the embryo of type 1 does. The dimorphic cotyledons of embryo of Oryza plants originate from the dorsiventrality of proembryo.

Stress Treatments and DNA Methylation Affected the Somatic Embryogenesis of Citrus Callus

The evaluation on the callus embryogenesis capacity of 15 genotypes of citrus showed that stress treatments were conducive to somatic embryogenesis and could enhance the recovery of the missed capacity of embryogenesis for some genotypes. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis indicated that there existed significant differences in DNA methylation status between the callus capable of producing somatic embryoids and that which missed the embryogenesis capacity of the same genotype Newhall navel orange ( Citrus sinensis Osb. cv. Newhall). The DNA methylation level of the former was lower than that of the latter. However, RAPD profiles did not show any difference between these two kinds of callus.

Effects of Proliferation of CEF with Ginsenoside and Its Derivatives

Objective The research aimed to provide theoretical basis for studying anti-MDV mechanism of ginsenoside and its derivatives in vitro. Method Effects of ginsenoside and its derivatives on proliferation activity of chick embryo fibroblast （CEF） in vitro were determined by using neutral red dye absorption method. Result The results showed the proliferation effects of different drugs are not completely same, and are more obvious with low toxic drugs. Detected at different action times, the differences of OD values was biggest at 72 h when compared with normal control group, while there was no significant difference at 24 h. Conclusion Ginsenoside and its derivatives could promote the proliferation of CEF cells in medium as low concentrations, which have time-dependent characteristic.

Enzyme Solutions and H_2O_2 on Somatic Embryogenesis of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. (Oleaceae)

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of treatments with three types of exogenous oxidase solutions and H2O2.solution on the somatic embryogenesis of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. （Oleaceae）. [Method] The immature zygotic cotyledons were treated with PPQ （polyphenol oxidase） solution, GQD （glucose oxidase） solution, SOD （superoxide dismutase） solution and H202 （hydrogen peroxide） at different concentrations to explore the effects on the growth, browning and somatic embryogenesis on cotyledon explants in the somatic embryogenesis of F. mandshurica. Through comparative analysis on the effects of different treatments on somatic embryogenesis of F. mandshurica, the relationship between explants browning and somatic embryogenesis was uncovered during the somatic embryogenesis of F. mandshurica. [Result] H2O2 treatment not only advanced the explants browning, but also inhibited the growth and somatic embryogenesis of explants; different concentrations of PPQ promoted the growth and browning of explants, as well as improving the incidence of somatic embryogenesis; both GOD and SOD treatment could raise the explants browning rate; when somatic embryogenesis of explants treated with enzyme solutions advanced, the incidence of somatic embryogenesis was low; however, when the disparity of the incidence of somatic embryogenesis between 30 and 60 d treatments reached its peak, the incidence of somatic embryogenesis was also high. [Conclusion] The results of this study provide basis for raising the incidence and improving the status of somatic embryogenesis of F. mandshurica, as well as optimizing the somatic embryogenesis system of F. mandshurica.

Embryogenesis of Polyembryonic Rice ApⅢ: Structural and Histochemical Studies of Egg Apparatus Around Fertilization

The structural and histochemical changes of the egg apparatus in the polyembryonic rice ( Oryza sativa L.), ApⅢ with the highest frequence of additional embryos among the polyembryonic rice investigated, before and after fertilization were studied and compared with those of normal and other polyembryonic rices in a similar developmental period. A total of 2 932 ovules were observed and each of them contained only a single embryo sac with a set of egg apparatus. Among 1 655 embryo sacs, there were 1 643 embryo sacs (99.27%) with one normal egg apparatus in each embryo sac, and only 12 embryo sacs (0.73%) from the remainder with 4_celled egg apparatus, i.e. two eggs and two synergids. Neither the numerous poly_egg apparatus and egg_like cells, nor the double set of embryo sacs each containing one egg apparatus and other abnormal egg apparatus in single ovary, which were reported by earlier investigators to have high frequency of embryo production in SB_1 and ApⅣ, were observed. The egg cell was located at the subterminal site of the micropylar end of embryo sac. The cytoplasm of egg cell was rich in protein materials and polysaccharide grains, which did not disappear until the division of zygote. The prominent nucleus was closely surrounded by protein and polysaccharide grains, which did not disappear until the division of zygote. No cytological difference was found between egg cells from the normal and abnormal egg apparatus. The two synergids were fully developed and situated at the upper most part of the micropylar end of the mature embryo sac. In most embryo sacs, the synergids were flask_shaped with longer necks, and a widened cap_shaped top, in close contact with the micropyle. The synergids had a well developed filiform apparatus. The characteristic appearance of the filiform apparatus as well as the cap_neck region of synergids before and after pollen tube penetration were easily distinguishable from the egg cell. The structure, the stainability with Coomassie Brilliant Blue and PAS reaction, the process of accumulation, distribution and disapperance of the cytoplasmic protein materials and polysaccharide grains of the two synergids, the persistent and rarely the receptive synergids before and after pollen tube penetration, were closely similar to those of egg cell of the same developmental stage. In comparison with normal and other polyembryonic rice reported, the size of nucleus and nucleolus and their stainability also strongly resembled those of egg cell. Based on the results observed, the main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) the additional embryos very frequently developed in the young and mature seed of polyembryonic rice ApⅢ were produced by one or two synergids of normal egg apparatus, rarely by 4_celled egg apparatus; (2) during fertilization, the synergids, in addition to the natural specific function of introducing pollen tube and transferring sperms to egg cell and central cell, could be closely associated with the potentiality to breed one or two additional embryos; and (3) as compared with that of normal or other polyembryonic rice it is firstly disclosed that in a few embryo sacs of ApⅢ, the cytoplasmic and nuclear structure, the active anabolism and catabolism of protein and polysaccharide materials and the delayed disorganization at the mid_basal region of the receptive and persistent synergid still remained unchanged before the division of zygote. Such salient features could be the predisposition for the origin of additional embryos in ApⅢ.