生计资本、生计指数与农户的生计策略——基于CLDS家户数据的实证分析

文章以可持续生计为理论框架,基于中国劳动力动态调查数据（CLDS）,采用专家打分和层次分析法相结合的方式测算了农户的生计资本综合指数,并以农业生产和外出务工为标准将农户的生计策略划分为纯粹农业型、外出务工型、农工兼顾型和其他非农型四类,进一步分析了不同生计资本组合下的农户生计策略.研究结果表明,农户的生计资本整体偏低,在人力资本、物质资本和自然资本方面存在明显的内部分化;耕地面积缺乏但人力资本丰富的农户偏向于选择外出务工型生计策略;家庭人力资本不足且耕地严重缺乏的农户偏向于选择当地其他非农型生计策略;家庭人力资本充足的农户多选择农工兼顾型生计策略.在农户生计资本类型中,人力资本及其配置是影响农户生计策略选择的决定性因素;自然资本对农户农业生产策略的黏性作用主要体现在耕地面积方面,且其黏性作用正在逐步减弱;物质资本对农户农业生产策略产生的黏性作用较强,主要通过家庭物质资料和社区基础设施指标发挥;农业贷款从政策导向层面扶持农户从事农业生产但农户的自发存款多用于非农生产,农业生产的自发投资效应还未形成.

生计资本、生计指数与农户的生计策略——基于CLDS家户数据的实证分析

本文以可持续生计为理论框架,基于中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS),采用专家打分和层次分析法相结合的方式测算了农户的生计资本综合指数,并以农业生产和外出务工为标准将农户的生计策略划分为纯粹农业型、外出务工型、农工兼顾型和当地非农型四类,进一步分析了不同生计资本组合下的农户生计策略。研究结果表明,农户的生计资本整体偏低,在人力资本、物质资本和自然资本方面存在明显的内部分化;耕地面积缺乏但人力资本丰富的农户偏向于选择外出务工型生计策略;家庭人力资本不足且耕地严重缺乏的农户偏向于选择当地非农型生计策略;家庭人力资本充足的农户多选择农工兼顾型生计策略。在农户生计资本类型中,人力资本及其配置是影响农户生计策略选择的决定性因素;自然资本对农户农业生产策略的黏性作用主要体现在耕地面积方面,且其黏性作用正在逐步减弱;物质资本对农户农业生策略产的黏性作用较强,主要通过家庭物质资料和社区公共设施指标发挥作用;虽然农业贷款从政策导向层面扶持农户从事农业生产,但农户的自发存款多用于非农生产,农业生产的自发投资效应还未形成。

黑河中游不同生计方式农户的水足迹分析

水资源紧缺问题是21世纪人类面临的最严峻生态环境问题之一,当前急需探寻影响水资源利用的关键因素,建立低水消费模式。生计方式作为影响家庭水资源消费的关键要素已得到关注。本文基于农户调查数据,利用水足迹估算模型,核算黑河流域中游不同生计方式农户的水足迹,并采用最小二乘法分析了生计方式对水足迹的影响。结果表明:①黑河中游农户的人均水足迹为145.87 m3,随着非农化水平的提高,农户的人均水足迹下降,其中,纯农户、兼业户和非农户的人均水足迹分别为151.61 m3、148.08 m3和137.91 m3;②随着非农化水平的提高,黑河中游纯农户、兼业户、非农户的人均粮食消费占用水足迹比例依次降低,农户人均果蔬、清洁消费占用水足迹比例依次增高,兼业户的人均畜产品消费占用水足迹比例高于非农户和纯农户;③提高非农化水平和劳动力受教育水平可以减少水足迹,扩大家庭规模和农户人均纯收入会增加农户的水足迹,但水足迹的增加速度低于家庭规模和人均纯收入自身的增加速度。基于上述研究结果,提出了对黑河中游地区农村建立低水模式,提高水资源利用效率的对策建议。

野生动物肇事对武夷山国家公园农户生计影响研究

以武夷山国家公园为例,参考可持续生计框架,构建野生动物肇事下农户生计损失的评估框架,基于449户问卷调查数据并运用多元回归模型探讨生计损失影响因素。结果表明:(1)野生动物肇事造成的农户生计损失主要体现在自然资本维度,其后依次为社会资本、物质资本和金融资本,人力资本损失最小;(2)性别、年龄、家庭劳动力数量、家庭收入、耕地面积、养殖牲畜规模、生计多样化、应对策略多样化、是否获得政府扶贫救助以及与国家公园的距离对于各维度生计资本损失都有一定影响;(3)农户采用改变种植结构与生计类型、搬迁、减少外出等方式进行适应,倾向于采取夜晚结队轮流敲打、使用喇叭、制作“汗衣”等传统方式进行防范。在此基础上,提出协同维护农户生计安全与保护野生动物的对策,希望能够为缓解国家公园人与野生动物冲突、实现人与野生动物共存提供科学参考。

集体建设用地入市对农户生计资本的影响评价

以遵义市湄潭县集体建设用地入市试点村为研究对象,运用可持续生计框架构建生计资本的评价指标体系,通过入户问卷访谈和熵值法对农户生计资本进行分析,结果表明,不同案例村的农户生计资本差异较大,农户生计资本受到入市方式、村干部能力、外部资本介入的显著影响。

贫困户脱贫可持续性的政策效应分析

2020年脱贫工作进入攻坚阶段(从决定性成就到全面胜利)。区域现行扶贫政策中哪些扶贫政策有效地提升了脱贫农户的生计可持续性,哪些扶贫政策的有效性相对不足,应该从哪些方面来调整改进是调整扶贫政策,保障脱贫质量、阻止返贫的重要命题。脱贫农户生计资本是衡量脱贫成果是否具有可持续性的重要指标。以2020年摘帽的深度贫困县丹凤县为研究对象,通过抽样调查,测量丹凤县近三年脱贫农户的生计资本指数;在此基础上建立模型,评价不同扶贫政策对贫困户生计资本指数的影响,从而评价扶贫政策对脱贫可持续性的影响效应,为新时期脱贫工作提供政策建议。

长江禁捕补偿政策对渔户生计的影响——以长江中下游为例

长江流域禁捕补偿政策的实施使数十万捕捞渔民失去原有生计手段,有效识别渔户受到禁捕政策的外部冲击时生计能力的变化是帮助退捕渔户改善生计的前提。以安徽、江苏、湖北三省份退捕渔户为研究对象,构建适用于退捕渔户生计资本评价指标体系,从生计资本的总量、结构和流动性3个方面分析长江禁捕补偿政策对渔户生计的影响。结果表明:(1)退捕渔户生计资本总指数显著提升,人力资本、物质资本、金融资本和社会资本指数均得到显著增长。(2)退捕渔户生计资本耦合协调度指数得到显著增长,生计资本结构总体由失调向协调转变。(3)退捕渔户生计资本表现出较高流动性,渔户群体贫富差距缩小。(4)不同地区间政策对生计资本产生的影响存在异质性。安徽省渔户各项生计资本指数及生计资本耦合协调度指数均得到显著提升,生计资本的流动性最高;江苏、湖北省渔户心理资本指数显著下降,退捕前后金融资本指数、生计资本总指数及生计资本耦合协调度指数无显著性差异。根据研究结果,禁捕补偿政策的实施对退捕渔户生计的可持续产生了积极影响,但渔户生计发展停滞,退捕地区的社会和谐稳定及渔户生计资本阶层的重新固化仍是十年禁渔需要持续关注的问题。

Research on the Definition and Influence of New Production of Ship Industry Index of Energy Efficiency on the Ship Design Process

In this paper, we conduct research on the definition and influence of new production of ship industry index of energy efficiency on the ship design process. Ship energy saving is the key to energy saving ship form optimization design. In the ship under the conditions of use, and to optimize the design of the hull lines with boat, minimize the ship resistance, with the final choice of ship host fuel-sipping. Our research combine the characteristics of the energy efficiency with the shipbuilding industry with the novel and innovative design pattern which will be meaningful.

Research on the Definition and Influence of New Production of Ship Industry Index of Energy Efficiency on the Ship Design Process

In this paper, we conduct research on the definition and influence of new production of ship industry index of energy efficiency on the ship design process. Ship energy saving is the key to energy saving ship form optimization design. In the ship under the conditions of use, and to optimize the design of the hull lines with boat, minimize the ship resistance, with the final choice of ship host fuel-sipping. Our research combine the characteristics of the energy efficiency with the shipbuilding industry with the novel and innovative design pattern which will be meaningful.

Trends in Glaucoma Disability in Ukraine

The article represents the glaucoma disability rates in Ukraine and touches upon medical and social aspects of the problem We have screened a data from source medical documents and analyzed the MSEK （Physical Disability Board of Review） statistical reporting data, further used as a basis for calculation of live indices of general and primary disabilities caused by eye diseases, including the ones caused by primary open-angle glaucoma （7.05% and 9.99%, respectively）, the extensive distribution indices of disability by gender （75.74% male）, age （59.29% of II maturity patients）, and a disability group （56% of patients recognized disabled persons of groups I and II）. Our findings indicate a lack of modern science-based approaches to diagnosis, rehabilitation, and socio-medical examination of patients with ophthalmologic pathologies, thus requiring deeper study of this problem.

Estimating the Three-Stage Cost Malmquist Productivity Index in the Taiwan Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Industry

This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical （B＆BP） industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estimations proceed in three stages. Following the methodology of Yang and Huang （2009） with the assumption of variable return to scale （VRS） in the first stage, the original cost Malmquist productivity index （CM） is decomposed into five sources of productivity change： pure technical efficiency change, technical change, allocative efficiency change （AEC）, input-price effect, and cost scale efficiency change. The method of Yang and Huang （2009） is an excellent contribution, but it did not deal with the exogenous environmental variables and noises. In the second stage, the original input variables are adjusted by the exogenous environmental variables. Finally, adjusted input variables produced by the second stage are reused for obtaining the reality of CM in the third stage.

黄土高原农户可持续生计评估及未来生计策略——基于陕西延安市和宁夏固原市1076户农户调查

农户可持续生计问题是黄土高原自实施生态退耕政策以来备受关注的关键科学问题之一。通过构建可持续生计效益评价模型,对农户可持续生计效益进行了分级评价,并分析了不同类型农户的可持续生计效益差异。结果表明:①具有较高可持续生计效益指数的农户生计收入构成趋向于多元化,不同生计策略收入所占比重也趋向平均化,而生计效益指数较低的农户主要依赖于外出打工、卖粮菜等个别生计策略;②各类型农户的人均生计效益指数和人均年收入排序呈现出:发展果园型>做小生意型>外出打工型>大棚种植型>舍饲养殖型。基于可持续生计效益评价并结合主体功能区战略,提出4种黄土高原未来生计策略:①推进人口城镇化,有序引导生态脆弱地区人口外迁;②促进农地流转,扩大农业生产规模;③拓展生计策略,增强收入来源多样性;④加强技术培训,提高农户非农生计可持续性。

Responses of Soil Nematode Abundance and Diversity to Long-Term Crop Rotations in Tropical China

A field experiment was carried out from 2003 to 2013 in the Wanzhong Farm of the Hainan Island, China, to determine the effects of two long-term banana rotations on the abundance and trophic groups of soil nematode communities in the island. The experiment was set out as a randomized complete block design with three replications of three treatments： banana-pineapple rotation （AB）, banana-papaya rotation （BB） and banana monoculture （CK） in a conventional tillage system. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm, and nematodes were extracted by a modified cotton-wool filter method and identified to the genus level. Nematode ecological indices of Shannon-Weaver diversity （Ht）, dominance index （A）, maturity index （MI）, plant parasite index （PPI）, structure index （SI）, enrichment index （EI）, and channel index （CI） were calculated. A total of 28 nematode genera with relative abundance over 0.1% were identified, among which Tylenchus and Paratylenchus in the AB, Thonus in the BB, Tylenchus and Helicotylenchus in the CK were the dominant genera. The rotation soils favored bacterivores, fungivores and omnivores-predators with high colonizer-persister （c-p） values. Soil food web in the rotation systems was highly structured, mature and enriched as indicated by SI, MI and EI values, respectively. Higher abundance of bacterivores and lower values of CI suggested that the soil food web was dominated by a bacterial decomposition pathway in rotation soils. Nematode diversity was much higher after a decade of rotation. Soil depth had significant effects on the abundance of soil nematodes, but only on two nematode ecological indices （λ and MI）.

Assessment and analysis of microwave emissivity and transmissivity of a deciduous forest towards the estimate of vegetation biomass

Forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle and have a potential impact on global climatic change.Monitoring forest biomass is of considerable importance in understanding the hydrological cycle.Because of the problem of dense forest cover,no reliable method with which to retrieve soil moisture in forest areas from the microwave emission signature has been established.All of these issues relate to the microwave emissivity and transmissivity characteristics of a forest.The microwave emission contribution received by a sensor above a forest canopy comes from both the soil surface and the vegetation layer.To analyze the relationship of forest biomass and forest emission and transmissivity,a high-order emission model,the matrix-doubling model,which consists of both soil and vegetation models,was developed and then validated for a young deciduous forest stand in a field experiment.To simulate the emissivity and transmissivity of a deciduous forest in the L and X bands using the matrix-doubling model,the parameters of components of deciduous trees when the leaf area index varies from 1 to10 were generated by an L-system and a forest growth model.The emissivity and transmissivity of a forest and the relationships of these parameters to forest biomass are presented and analyzed in this paper.Emissivity in the L band when the leaf area index is less than 6 and at viewing angles less than 40°,and transmissivity in the L band are the most sensitive parameters in deciduous forest biomass estimation.

Statistical study of magnetotail flux ropes near the lunar orbit

Flux-rope/TCR events near the magnetotail lunar orbit （-67RE 〈 GSM X＊ 〈 -39RE） were studied using magnetic-field and plasma data measured by THEMIS B and C between January 2011 and March 2012. The aberrant coordinate GSM＊, where the X＊ axis is rotated 4° relative to GSM-X, was used to count the occurrence rate. The number ratio of earthward to tailward events was about 3：5. Moreover, the event occurrence rate distribution showed a clear dawn-dusk asymmetry distribution, with dusk-side events accounting for 57.98%. A superposed epoch analysis of the flux-rope events showed that earthward events had a shorter duration in the leading than in the trailing part. Earthward events also displayed a lower temperature and a lower flow speed than tailward events. We studied the relationship between the event occurrence rate and geomagnetic activity level even further. The occurrence rate of tailward flux-rope/TCR events increases with increasing AE-index, whereas earthward events occur mainly in the relatively quiet period of geomagnetic activity （AE - 100-300 nT）. Flux-rope/TCR events identi- fied within a 10 mm time frame were treated as belonging to a single reconnection event. By comparing the occurrence rates of earthward and tailward events along X＊, we estimated the most likely location of the near-Earth reconnection site as X＊ = -36RE.

Speeding Up Corporate Cost Cuts

According to recent figures from the National Bureau of Statistics,in October,the consumer price index,which gauges the overall cost of living,grew 2.1 percent in China,which was 0.2 percentage points higher than that in September.Furthermore,the producer price index,