可持续生计方法及其对中国扶贫开发实践的启示

可持续生计方法(SLA)是一种观察和分析贫困、生计的视角,它提供给人们一套研究和实践的思路。对SLA的系统理解,有助于我国在扶贫实践活动中借鉴该方法进行项目的设计、实施、监控和评价。首先从生计、可持续生计和SLA等三个层次阐述SLA的丰富内涵,其次梳理SLA的渊源、演化和现状,最后比较不同机构对SLA的认识,澄清其异同点。在此基础上,讨论SLA对我国扶贫开发实践的设计和行动,以及监控和评价两个方面的启示。

可持续性VS政治经济学:西方农村生计方法研究进展与启示

生计概念因消除农村贫困和促进农村发展而产生,农村生计始终伴随着生计研究并始终是生计研究的中心。农村生计思想和实践起源于西方并经历了多个发展阶段,最典型的是以国家干预为导向的农村援助性生计、以市场为导向的农户能动性生计以及基于权利的可持续性生计。西方农村生计思想的不断发展推动了农村生计的概念化和生计方法的兴起,强调行动者能动性的可持续生计方法增强了人们对农村生计的理解和实践;而另一方面,可持续生计方法因过度物质化、层次化和忽视社会结构而饱受批评,从结构、时间和空间对其进行修正已成为农村生计研究的重要方向。政治经济学的生计方法有效规避了可持续生计方法的缺陷,融合了结构和行动双重属性而为构建包容性的农村生计提供了可能。政治经济学的生计方法为我国农村生计研究提供了新的分析视角,对我国当前迈向全面乡村振兴阶段的乡村发展具有重要的现实价值和理论指导意义。

城乡二元差异视角下横断山区县域尺度居民生计水平测度

城市化导致城乡居民生计差异凸显,区域尺度的居民生计研究需充分考虑该差异。采用可持续生计方法(SLA),基于县域尺度建立城乡差异化的居民生计测度体系,引入城乡差异因子测度了横断山区县域的居民生计水平。结果表明:(1)引入城乡差异因子能一定程度消除居民生计水平测度研究中城镇居民生计优势对区域整体生计水平的放大作用;(2)2000—2015年横断山区城乡二元性结构特征显著,期间城乡居民生计关键驱动因子差异明显,乡村居民生计发展逐步由自然资本驱动转变为物质资本驱动,城镇规模超过产业发展状况成为影响城镇居民生计发展的关键影响因子,城乡统筹来看,投资规模和信息获取能力开始愈发的显现其对于居民生计发展的积极作用;(3)横断山区县域居民生计水平总体偏低,发展动能总体不足,两极化发展趋势日益明显;(4)区域居民生计水平总体呈南高北低的空间分布格局,同海拔、坡度呈显著的负相关关系,区域内越是生计脆弱的县域,其居民生计发展越易受到自然环境的制约,同时县域居民生计水平同区域劳动力数量、经济规模显著正相关,劳动力充足、经济发展水平较高的县域其居民生计对自然环境扰动具有更强的韧性。总体来看引入城乡差异因子的可持续生计方法能较好的适用于区域尺度的居民生计水平测度研究,能一定程度消除城乡二元结构差异对居民生计整体水平产生的影响。

Environmental Regulation,Pollution Treatment Productivity,and Industrial Environmental TFP in China

Amidst growing environmental protection intensity by the Chinese government, this paper investigates the effects of environmental regulation on China＇s industrial pollution treatment productivity and environmental TFP. By estimating China＇s pollution treatment productivity between 2001 and 2008 and analyzing environmental regulation intensity and the effects of the relevant factors and pollution treatment productivity using panel data, this paper discovers that （1） pollution treatment productivity contributed a significant share of about 40% to industrial environmental TFP during the investigation period; （2） environmental regulation may not necessarily cause adverse impacts on pollution treatment efficiency and productivity but demonstrates a U-shaped relationship： when the share of pollution treatment cost in industrial value-added is above the range of 3.8%-5.1%, environmental regulation is likely to promote pollution treatment productivity and thus environmental TFP Judging by the estimation result, enhancing environmental protection and expediting the development of ecological civilization are conducive to China ＂s economic transition towards an intensive, efficient, circular, and sustainable development pattern. China＇s current industrial development has the capacity to tolerate a rather demanding level of pollution treatment and management and China needs to further rely on energy conservation and the environmental production industries to promote the progress of pollution treatment technologies.

An accelerated scheme with high quality mesh based on Lloyd iteration

High quality mesh plays an important role for finite element methods in science computation and numerical simulation.Whether the mesh quality is good or not,to some extent,it determines the calculation results of the accuracy and efficiency.Different from classic Lloyd iteration algorithm which is convergent slowly,a novel accelerated scheme was presented,which consists of two core parts:mesh points replacement and local edges Delaunay swapping.By using it,almost all the equilateral triangular meshes can be generated based on centroidal Voronoi tessellation(CVT).Numerical tests show that it is significantly effective with time consuming decreasing by 40%.Compared with other two types of regular mesh generation methods,CVT mesh demonstrates that higher geometric average quality increases over 0.99.

Calculation of Ecological Footprint Based on Modified Method and Quantitative Analysis of Its Impact Factors——A Case Study of Shanghai

Ecological footprint （EF） has attracted much attention internationally as a potential indicator for sustainable development. In China, EF has also gained recognition in related fields and disciplines. Moreover, some scholars in these fields have proposed alternative methods to calculate EF and have made some progress. This paper, therefore, begins with the introduction and development of EF in China. However, the established methods of EF calculation hold some limitations, such as indicator variance and result abnormality. In order to resolve those problems, the authors make a further modification considering the demand of EF as a comprehensive indicator： 1） More accurate analysis has been done to divide EF into several parts： imported EF, exported EF, and producible EF, which is the solution to the problem of abnormality in original EF results and can explain abnormal phenomena reasonably. 2） Considering the actual situa- tion of Shanghai, emended equivalence factor is brought forward and a matrix is formed with equivalence factors. The measure can reduce the deviation between the fact and the results. 3） The calculation compares local yield with global average yield to analyze the effects of yields. And based on local yields in different years, the results are more accurate. Finally, the calculation method is applied to calculating EF of Shanghai from 1980 to 2003, and the subsequent detailed analysis is presented. Available data and results suggest a statistically significant correlation coefficient between EF and GDP, population density and urbaniTation level. Through analyzing the process of calculating EF and its results, it can be seen that EF, as a macro-indicator, can not exactly indicate whether development within a region can meet the re- quests of sustainable development, which can be explained by the fact that the result of EF is impacted greatly by sub- jective factors including national policy,available technology, population, etc. Nevertheless, EF can demonstrate, at least to some degree, the regional status in terms of resources and energy consumption, as well as developmental potential. The calculation of EF, therefore, deserves further research to achieve more far-reaching significance in application.

Comparison of six statistical approaches in the selection of appropriate fish growth models

The performance of six statistical approaches,which can be used for selection of the best model to describe the growth of individual fish,was analyzed using simulated and real length-at-age data.The six approaches include coefficient of determination(R2),adjusted coefficient of determination(adj.-R2),root mean squared error(RMSE),Akaike's information criterion(AIC),bias correction of AIC(AICc) and Bayesian information criterion(BIC).The simulation data were generated by five growth models with different numbers of parameters.Four sets of real data were taken from the literature.The parameters in each of the five growth models were estimated using the maximum likelihood method under the assumption of the additive error structure for the data.The best supported model by the data was identified using each of the six approaches.The results show that R2 and RMSE have the same properties and perform worst.The sample size has an effect on the performance of adj.-R2,AIC,AICc and BIC.Adj.-R2 does better in small samples than in large samples.AIC is not suitable to use in small samples and tends to select more complex model when the sample size becomes large.AICc and BIC have best performance in small and large sample cases,respectively.Use of AICc or BIC is recommended for selection of fish growth model according to the size of the length-at-age data.

A Genetic Algorithm-based Approach to Scheduling of Batch Production with Maximum Profit

The optimal scheduling of multi-product batch process is studied and a new mathematics model targeting the maximum profit is proposed, which can be solved by the modified genetic algorithm (MGA) with mixed coding (sequence coding and decimal coding) developed by us. In which, the partially matched cross over (PMX) and reverse mutation are used for the sequence coding, whereas the arithmetic crossover and heteropic mutation are used for the decimal coding. In addition, the relationship between production scale and production cost is analyzed and the maximum profit is always a trade-off of the production scale and production cost. Two examples are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

On the Teaching of Interior Design for Commercial Buildings in the Age of Experience Economy

The coming of the experience economy time not only brings huge challenge to traditional commercial space design, but also makes new demand on university commercial building intenor design- course teaching. Expenencmg construction is considered, as an important content in the teaching process to obtain better teaching objectives by means of design thought of ＂theme setting-physical manifestation- emotional experience＂, and assist students to set up design approach adjust to the new market demand.

An automatic grid generation approach over free-form surface for architectural design

An essential step for the realization of free-form surface structures is to create an efficient structural gird that satisfies not only the architectural aesthetics,but also the structural performance.Employing the main stress trajectories as the representation of force flows on a free-form surface,an automatic grid generation approach is proposed for the architectural design.The algorithm automatically plots the main stress trajectories on a 3D free-form surface,and adopts a modified advancing front meshing technique to generate the structural grid.Based on the proposed algorithm,an automatic grid generator named "St-Surmesh" is developed for the practical architectural design of free-form surface structure.The surface geometry of one of the Sun Valleys in Expo Axis for the Expo Shanghai 2010 is selected as a numerical example for validating the proposed approach.Comparative studies are performed to demonstrate how different structural grids affect the design of a free-form surface structure.

Enhanced Production of Hybrid Extracellular β-Glucanase by Re-combinant Escherichia coli Using Experimental Design Method

A genetically engineered Escherichia coli JM109 harboring pLF3 was used to produce a hybrid ex-tracellular β-glucanase. Starting with enzyme production medium, glycerol and yeast extract combined with NaNO3 were screened to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. Analysis of six components of the enzyme production medium by employing statistical optimization methods such as Plackett-Burman design and steepest ascent showed that yeast extract was the only significant variable and its best concentration for enzyme production was 12g·L-1. After optimization of the medium, 297.71U·ml-1 of β-glucanase activity in the medium and 352350U·g-1 of β-glucanase selectivity could be obtained, which were 14 and 72 folds higher than those ob-tained from original medium, respectively. Even higher enzyme activities were achieved by batch cultivations in a conventional stirred bioreactor on the optimized medium.

Model and Design of Cogeneration System for Different Demands of Desalination Water, Heat and Power Production

In order to improve the energy efficiency, reduce the CO2 emission and decrease the cost, a cogenera- tion system for desalination water, heat and power production was studied in this paper. The superstructure of the cogeneration system consisted of a coal-based thermal power plant （TPP）, a multi-stage flash desalination （MSF） module and reverse osmosis desalination （RO） module. For different demands of water, heat and power production, the corresponding optimal production structure was different. After reasonable simplification, the process model ot each unit was built. The economical model, including the unit investment, and operation and maintenance cost, was presented. By solving this non-linear programming （NLP） model, whose objective is to minimize the annual cost, an optimal cogeneration system can be obtained. Compared to separate production systems, the optimal system can reduce 16.1%-21.7% of the total annual cost. showing this design method was effective.

A Screening Program for Overweight Status Among Schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia： A Proposed Co-design Project to Tackle the Problem

The paper realizes the importance of communicating with schools to conduct nutritional screening, assessment and intervention programs for obesity and related risk factors to tackle the problem at earlier stage. The screening program was conducted by dietetics＇ students ＂under supervision＂ as part of their practice and community services to apply some assessment method for mritional status. Two intermediate schools for girls in Jeddah city were involved in the screening stage, followed by a full nutritional assessment and implementation of a designed intervention program at one of the schools. At screening stage, interview questionnaires for diet histories and anthropometric measurements used to screen overweight status and related food patterns. National and international references data used for assessment and comparison. Following screening approach, a designed comprehensive nutritional assessment and intervention program was piloted at one of the screened schools for overweight status. For screening stage： the overall prevalence of overweight girls is 61% （n = 81 out of 133） of the population, 73% （n = 91） of girls were centrally obese. Almost 3/4 of all students reported no participations in any type of physical activities/exercises. Dietary behaviors included non-consumption of breakfast （83%） and low intake of fruit and vegetables （38%）. For intervention stage, the present report concentrates on data concerning post intervention changes in Body Mass Index （BMI） and Waist Circumference （WC）. By the 30 days of intervention there were significant changes in values for BMI according to Saudi growth chart （p value = 0.009） with no changes among the control group. No statistically significant difference in the mean WC of the group. Study＇s results suggest that approaching young girls through schools to screen, assess and intervene overweight status and risk factors is vital. Although the non-random selection of only two schools for screening the prevalence of overweight status among school girls prevent the geralizability of the study findings to wider population, previous studies used random selection of schools and large sample sizes showed a high prevalence of overweight status among Saudi students Therefore, designing and piloting of an intervention program for implementation at a national level is useful to tackle theproblem.

The Research for Sustainble Poverty Reduction in Khmer Ethnic Community

The research for sustainable poverty reduction for Khmer ethnic people in Tra Vinh province was conducted by the use of statistic approach, the current situation of poor households of Khmer ethnic people in Tra Vinh province, the interview with 300 Khmer households living in seven districts and cities of Tra Vinh province. Research findings show that there are a number of factors affecting the income of Khmer households, including the career of householders, the level of education, the ratio of dependants, living experience of the householders, the land square area, people＇s participation in different festivals; the number of household members, the number of activities for income and the gender of the householders. Of all the factors, occupation, level of education, and the ratio of dependants are considered to have the biggest influence on the income of Khmer ethnic people in Tra Vinh province.

Literature Views on Second Language Acquisition The Ways of Incorporating Interaction and Participation

Most current theories of second language acquisition and current views on methods and approaches to teaching English as a second language place a high value on student participation and interaction in the language classroom. This interaction may be between teacher and student and/or student and student. Despite this, in many English classrooms around the world, students have very few opportunities to interact in the second language. In this paper, using the literature on second language acquisition research and methodology to prepare a case which highlights why teachers and course designers should find ways to incorporate second language interaction and student participation in their language classes despite the practical difficulties they may face.

基于生计资本路径的贫困地区生计策略研究——广西凤山县四个可持续生计项目村的调查

可持续生计方法是社会组织解决贫困问题的一种方法。文章以香港PCD投资扶持广西凤山县可持续生计发展项目为例,运用极差标准化、多元logistic回归分析等方法,以生计资本为基础单元,对农户的生计资本状况进行定量与定性分析,揭示了农户生计资本与生计策略之间的关系。结果表明:(1)项目村整体生计资本状况不充裕,由于有PCD项目农村小额信贷资金等方面的扶持,人力资本、金融资本相对富裕;(2)人力资本、金融资本更丰富的农户倾向于选择非务农的生计活动,而自然资本丰富的农户更多地愿意从事农业生产;(3)PCD项目推行以集约化、扩大化、移民、可持续发展等生计策略来推进项目村可持续扶贫的进程。

Multi-objectives and Simulation Models for Develop Production Line in Automobiles Manufacturing System

Automotive manufacturing is complex and includes the coordination of design in the manufacturing system. The manufacturing approaches over the past few years, disassembly have been a key issue, and it seems that simulation models are usually tailored to address a narrow set of industrial issues. This paper describes the development of the production line in the automobile manufacturing system through design, operation, and maintenance, based on multi-objectives of Algorithm and Simulation Model called MOA-SM. The both models are being developed at three different levels： the production line in the body and assembly shop, supply chain, and the production plan. The optimization tries to involve more objectives to solve the issues in manufacturing system. A solution that may optimize one performance measure may deteriorate since other performance solutions are difficult. The resulting algorithms are comparable to the simulation and multi-object in terms of success rate, assembly times, peak forces, moments, and have assembly times superior to those of a benchmark blind search algorithm.

A marked enhancement in production of amylase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in flask fermentation using statistical methods

A total of 126 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Among them, 11 isolates were found positive for amylase production. Strain YL produced the largest zone of clearance on plate assay. The isolate YL was identified as Bacillus sp. based on morphological and physiochemical characterization. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, the closest phylogenetic neighbor of strain YL was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens （99.54%）. After that, an optimization of culture conditions was carried out for the improvement of a-amylase production. Response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to evaluate the effect of medium components including wheat bran, cottonseed extract, yeast extract, starch, NaC1 and CaCl2. Three variables （wheat bran, cottonseed extract, and starch）, which were identified to significantly affect amylase production by Plackett-Burman design were further optimized using response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design （BBD）. The optimal concentrations estimated for each variable related to the maximum of amylase activity （86 kU/mL） were 10.80 g/L wheat bran, 9.90 g/L cottonseed extract, 0.5 g/L starch, 2.0 g/L yeast extract, 5.00 g/L NaCl and 2.00 g/L CaC12. The fermentation using optimized culture medium allowed a significant increase in amylase production （by 3-fold）. The improvement in the a-amylase production after optimization process can be considered adequate for large-scale applications.

Study on Traditional Furniture Design Using Emotionalism Theory

In face to the phenomenon of program, indifference and lack of emotion in furniture design. In this paper, through the analysis of various factors that trigger users＇ emotional experience, research the specific point of the emotional design classification. According to the furniture design propose the traditional furniture design creative model and design method for the modem life. From the perspective of the specific case, gives the detailed process of modem furniture design and implementation methods, for obtain the results of outstanding design put forward specific ways.

Method of Biogeochemical Diagnostics of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Mollusks （Unionidae） and Estimation of Their Ecological Condition （The Case of the Amur River, Russia）

The present study gives a detailed analysis of HM （heavy metals） accumulation in mollusks Nodularia （Bivalvia, Unionidae） from the transboundary part of the Amur River （Russia-China）. This river basin experiences different levels of toxic pollution. Differences in the rate of HM bioaccumulation in mollusks are identified depending on their size, sex （male and female）, content of HM in environment, and ratio of accumulating macro- and micro-components in tissue. Mollusks＇ response to the change of HM content in the environment is expressed in the different intensities of their accumulation in tissue. The possibility of estimating toxic danger for mollusk according to the index of HM bioaccumulation with consideration of frequency of pathologies is shown. These indexes permitted estimation of the ecotoxicological condition of the mollusks population in the parts of the Amur, upstream and downstream of the inflow of the Sungari River and before and after the accidental pollution, respectively. It is found out that mollusks are able for bioremediation when pollution of the aquatic environment decreases. Quantitative correlation of HM bioaccumulation index in mollusks to HM content in the environment makes it possible to forecast the population condition, and to substantiate the necessity of ecological control of anthropogenic load on the ecosystem.