生计资本和生计环境对西藏农户生计的影响——以林芝市为例

农户当前所拥有的资本和农户当前所处的环境直接反映了农户当前的生计水平也决定着农户的经济水平。因此,农户生计资本和生计环境对农户生计研究具有重大意义。本文以西藏林芝市各县区农户为研究对象,采用实地调研法、多元线性回归法等,完成生计资本和生计环境对西藏农户生计的影响分析,得到研究结论:(1)农户整体文化程度偏低;(2)不同地理位置的农户生计资本存量也不同,农户生计水平也参差不齐;(3)农户选择不同的生计策略取决于不同的生计资本和生计环境;(4)农户生计受耕地质量和粮食产量的影响。基于研究结论提出相关建议:加大教育投入;鼓励农户更多的参与决策;加大对环境保护力度;鼓励农户增加养殖和种植;增加农户金融资本,促进生计资本的多样化;农村剩余劳动力向非农产业转移;完善基础设施和公共服务;发挥区域优势,发展非农产业。以促进生计资本和生计环境的改善,实现农户生计的可持续发展。

农户生计韧性驱动机理及其生计环境效应

农户生计发展面临诸多风险,增强其抵御内外部风险的韧性对于稳定扶贫成果,促进乡村振兴有着重要的现实意义。基于联合国粮农组织提出的韧性评估框架,从生计资产、农业交流和学习、适应能力、社会安全网、基本服务可及性5个维度构建农户生计韧性测度指标体系。在此基础上,以湖北大别山区七里坪镇开展实证研究,以302份农户调研数据为研究样本探索农户生计韧性的驱动机理及其生态环境效应。结果表明:(1)农户生计韧性整体处于中高水平,与各维度存在共生关系,呈梯度渐进增长态势,其中适应能力是农户生计韧性的短板。(2)健康状况、劳动力数量、信息获取渠道、地方性社团或组织、农户与村民关系、集体事务参与程度、村干部工作满意度和规章制度运行情况是影响农户生计韧性的关键因素。(3)农户生计行为的环境负外部性随农户生计韧性增加而增大。对此,应提高农户适应能力,从多维度增强生计韧性并降低农户生计的生态环境成本,以有效促进农户生计和生态可持续发展。

中国反贫困成效可持续性的隐忧与长效机制构建——基于可持续生计框架的考察

基于可持续性生计框架的考察表明:随着精准扶贫战略的实施,中国反贫困虽取得重大进展,但仍存在可持续性不足的诸多隐忧,主要表现在生计环境有效改善,但仍潜藏着致贫返贫风险;生计资本大幅增加,但仍存在结构性失衡;生计选择有效拓展,但仍受多重因素限制。中国反贫困成效持续性不足的主要成因,一是在帮扶内容上,重物质帮扶轻内生动能;二是在推进方式上,重行政手段轻市场机制;三是在制度构建上,重当期脱贫轻长远发展;四是在主体协同上,重政府主导轻贫困户参与。构建反贫困长效机制必须重视扶贫干预的环节前置,围绕生计环境、生计资本、组织机构和程序规则、生计选择、生计后续扶持等方面,加强贫困农户的能力培育和扶贫政策体系的顶层优化。

On Ecological Design of Indoor Environment Based on Energy-conservation and Gas Emission-reduction

With the rapid development of economy, requirements on indoor environment design are getting higher and higher, but its prosperity brings ecological environment serious destruction and over consumption of resources. Under the global environment of the sustainable development, the principles of indoor environment design were analyzed ecologically and corresponding implementation methods were proposed to provide reference for energy-conservation and gas emission-reduction in the ecological system of indoor environment.

Life cycle assessment in the environmental impact evaluation of urbandevelopment--a case study of land readjustment project,Hyogo District, Japan

In this paper, the Life Cycle of Urban Development was firstly analyzed, and the phases of Life Cycle Assessment applied to Urban Development (ULCA) were described. As a case study, ULCA was applied in the environmental impact assessment of the land readjustment project of Hyogo District of Saga, Japan. In addition, mitigation proposals for reducing CO2 were also presented and the relevant environmental ef-fects were simulated.

Interaction of activity involvement and recreational location selection behavior in Lowland City:A case study of public parks in Saga City,Japan

Public parks provide many benefits to the community as the representatives of green area. The allocation of public places plays an extremely important role in the daily lives of inhabitants especially for recreational use that could enhance the quality of life of residents in the vicinity. To understand park users’ behavior is one of the most important prerequisites for as-sessing the participation in public service from the park users’ point of view. The pattern of park utilization on location and activity selection are important elements in behavioral study, while the public parks topograph may also influence the typical user’s be-havior. Questionnaire survey on park utilization was used to investigate the interaction between activity involvement and recrea-tional location with the use of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model. The study found that public park users’ behavior is influenced not only by social characteristics but also by the recreational activities and their specific location characteristics. We found that about 45 percent of park visitors are local residents living within a radius of 3 km preferred travel to parks near their residential area. This implies that location selection behavior is correlated with travel distance, travel time and travel cost. Visit frequencies and on site expenditures reflect the recreation behavior for different type of activities. The overall information can be usefully applied by decision makers to launch appropriate public policy in consistence with the useful results of this study.

The shape character and development stage of nebkha

Based on statistical analysis on morphological data of nebkhas surveyed in the Hotan River Basin,Xinjiang, the changing regularity and characters of nebkhas’ morphology in different development stageshave been discussed. Results indicate that there exist better correlation among length, width and altitudeof all kinds of nebkhas, but there are certain various shape characters in different nebkhas and the sametype of nebkhas in differential development stages. On account of analysis on mathematical imitation ofnebkhas’ shape characters, regional ecological environmental and aeolian characters, the development ofthe nebkha can be divided into a growing stage, a stabilizing stage and a declining stage.

＂Universal Design＂ Approach for the Participation of the Disabled in Urban Life

Disability can occur to anyone and anyone can have difficulties in fulfilling daily activities in a certain part of their lives. Accessibility is a crucial matter and a basic human right for the disabled people in order to join the urban life. For this reason, the physical environment must be set, starting with the planning and design stage, in a form that can satisfy the utility and accessibility requirements of disabled people. One of the most important recent concepts to enable accessible and useful spaces for the disabled is the ＂universal design＂. Nowadays, even though there is an increase in the number of scientific publications, meetings and decisions taken, the regulatory process on our current living environment is developing slowly regarding the physical accessibility. At this point, the most important role regarding the handling of social and political paradigms of disability, addressing different users, application of the principals of universal design and creating knowledge in order to increase social awareness belongs to the departments of universities that offer design courses. The subject of the study in this context is to determine the contents and the proportion of the courses （compulsory and elective） related to ＂universal design and ＂disability design＂, which will ensure our living environment to be accessible and independently utilized for everyone, in the course plan of the architecture, interior architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture departments in Turkey.

Life Cycle Assessment of Motor Bike and Electric Bike in Urban Areas of China

Motor bikes (m-bike) and electric bikes (e-bike) are widely used in urban areas of China. Life cycle assessment of m-bike and e-bike are presented to compare their energy use and environmental emission in a life cycle span. An m-bike and an e-bike are disassembled to collect material composition data for the life cycle assessment. The results show that e-bike consumes less energy and has less global warming potential (GWP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), dissolved solids (DS), hydrocarbons (HC) than m-bike during life cycle. But e-bike generates more solid wastes, and more acidification potential (AP), heavy metal (HM) than m-bike. Advanced batteries and clean coal fired power plant technologies are recommended to promote e-bike use in urban area.

Teaching Today＇s Students to Build Tomorrow＇s Universally Designed Society

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines the term universal design as the design of products, environments, programs and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. This paper attempts to highlight the importance of universal design as a core element in the training of architects and engineers. It emphasizes the need for students to take an interdisciplinary, comprehensive, and analytic approach to universal design through degree courses in these fields. An interdisciplinary teaching program for universal design as part of an introductory course for first-year students at Bergen University College in Norway, illustrates one possible strategy for raising awareness of universal design and for improving interaction across disciplines. In this context, the paper discusses the relevance of the seven principles of universal design as guidelines for the built environment. It also emphasizes why universal design should be an integral part of established subjects rather than be classified as a separate subject in a bachelor＇s or master＇s degree program.

Transforming Strijp S： From Philips＇ Industrial Site to New Residential and Creative Area

In the contemporary city, the transformation of abandoned industrial landscapes offers great potential for experimentation and in creating new urban environments. Industrial heritage plays an essential role in this respect and it goes beyond its strong cultural and symbolic value. In fact, industrial-cultural heritage is able to re-enact people＇s capability to maintain the culture of the past while looking forward with appropriate and innovative design solutions. This paper focuses on the design of regeneration of the former Philips＇ electronic industrial area named Strijp S in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The master plan is pioneer in experimental rules on development areas due to the Crisis and Recovery Act （2010）, a new Dutch law in response to development and economical crisis. The authors identify four criteria of analysis in order to show the complexity of this urban transformation and assess the results of this work-in-progress transformation. Moreover, it will discuss the challenges for industrial architecture/heritage when incorporating different objectives of redevelopment and to which extent the local dynamics are linked to the design of reuse. As conclusion, the paper will debate on the comprehensive urban framework, which puts forward sustainable design criteria, sets out principles in temporary and long-term reuse of the old buildings, and on their implication in terms of urban quality of indoor and outdoor spaces.

Design With Nature： The Practice and Theory of Two Chinese Intellectual Architects of the Eighth Century

An old tradition of designing with nature had existed for thousands of years in ancient China. In order to achieve ideal living environment, people believed that they should use, repair, and improve the nature in an active but abstemious way, and a complete system of design theories and techniques gradually developed. The intellectual architects, in particular, pioneered the practical and theoretical developments, especially those in Tang dynasty made extraordinary contributions. Among them, Yuan lie （元结） and Liu Zongyuan （柳宗元） were particularly outstanding. They had different experiences but similar achievements in Yongzhou area, which was a remote, less-developed region but with beautiful landscapes. In this paper, the planning and design practices of these two intellectual architects were examined and compared. Their principles and methods of Design With Nature were summarized. Also, the historical influence of their works and its contemporary value were briefly discussed at last.

The Impact of Green Accounting for Reducing the Environmental Cost in Production Companies

Green accounting and their impact for reducing cost as a profession is the duty to improve the internal viewpoint of any economic unit and develop information that clarify its role within their environment and their contribution to providing appropriate information for decision-making which leads to the optimal exploitation of resources and the preservation of the environment and averting the threat. Thus, taking into account the environmental accounts especially environmental costs would enable the accounting profession to provide more relevant information and appropriate administrative decision makers, productivity, in particular where the problem lies in the lack of such information, resulting in the adoption of sound decisions which have contributed to the deterioration of the environment rather than addressed. In total, 180 questionnaires were distributed and 155 returned. Through analysis, the study came to the most important results that there were no statistically significant differences between the arithmetic average of the possibility of measuring the environment cost of disclosure, and the study also recommends the allocation of the budget to preserve and protect the environment and the budget of social cost, the development of accounting methods in order to provide environmental information to make sound decisions to exploit these resources.

From the Current Industrial Stage to the Industry 4.0： Transformation Processes and Case Analysis of the FESTO Company

Despite of the acceleration of investments and the expansion of countries towards the Industry 4.0, companies have difficulties in planning the transition processes and implementation of the scenarios of Industry 4.0. To benefit from the Industry Approach 4.0, it is necessary to take technological and organizational transition processes into account, since the phenomenon involves interoperability between humans; between humans and machines; and between machines and production. This paper proposes to examine the transformation processes of the current industrial model to the Industry 4.0 model of FESTO AG, in addition to the framework proposition for the analysis of transformation processes for Industry 4.0. Through the face-to-face interviews and the institutional materials of FESTO, it was observed that the company inserted in its strategy of products and innovation the concept of Industry 4.0. To do so, FESTO planned and built a new production plant based on connectivity, sustainability, and collaborative environment, especially between man and machine. To support this orientation, FESTO has strengthened its technological base, culture, training of its productive, commercial, and management teams.

Research on the Design and Energy Saving of New Rural Residential in the Southwest Area

The paper use advantage of local natural resources, greening and sufficient water resources, combine natural ecological environment design with rural architecture, and fully consider local economic base and material technical conditions, and takes site selection and planning, architectural design technology as the two core aspects to study rural residential energy conservation, improving thermal environment of indoor residential that use of nature building energy saving technique, efforts to reduce the use of mechanical equipment system, thereby reducing the rural residential building energy consumption.

The Flexible Housing： Criteria and Strategies for Implementation of the Flexibility

The design of housing systems is today challenged by a highly uncertain context, dominated by the rapid development of functional and technological obsolescence in inherited housing models. If flexibility is the ability of a system to be easily modified and to respond to changes in the environment timely and conveniently, it can be considered as the antidote to obsolescence or the characteristic of the system that guarantees slippage over time. Our paper focuses on the concept of flexibility as a fundamental prerequisite for residential building in order to extend its life cycle design, through strategies and constructive solutions that ensure both the convertibility of the space in response to changing usage and the use of building materials that encourage the reversibility and the long-term easy maintenance of the technological choices that have been implemented. Flexibility is examined both from a conceptual point of view, so as to obtain a clear and logical definition that is distinct from related terms, as well as from a practical point of view, by finding ways to incorporate this requirement into the designing of housing.

Nature and Operation of Kost Private Rental Housing in Urban Settlement Development of Jakarta, Indonesia

As one type of the highly sought after housing facilities in Indonesia, Kosts have formed unique heterogeneous living environment while also been a part of fast growing urban settlement developments in Indonesia＇s capital, Jakarta. This paper investigates the nature and operation of Kost private rental housing developed with various conditions and arrangements, as well as its position among other dwelling types, based on on-site investigations, literature reviews and statistical analyses. It is necessary to understand the development of Kost as it shows potentials to overcome the lack of affordable and adequate housing in the country. An accurate checking process during the application of building permit may early identify Kosts. Undefined standard of operation and arrangement may hinder improvement opportunities to its quality of services. Efforts to educate the community and easy access to related regulations are necessary for improvement and compliance awareness. Moreover, increased collaborative design and public education may improve the knowledge of self-builders on building design, planning and construction. Associations of self-organized housing and platforms offering affordable design services that meet the guidelines and standards are promising ootions.

Ambient Robotics for Meaningful Life of the Elderly

It is innovative if people can be free from aged body and continue their career with assistance of robotics. It is supposed to see the change soon as smart phone changed life style. This research aims to figure out the direction of this change, development in technique for elders. It also studies various theories to justify various methods for ambient assistance robotic design for elders. In the long life expectancy world, this design will enhance the life quality of elders and encourage young people get pride in their own job, because their career will continue and it deserves to invest all their energy and sincerity in a specific area. As ambient robotics are a design for elders＇ adjacent assistive design and part of everyday, it is related with quality of elders＇ life. Some theories are cited for the importance of meaningful life. Meaningfulness is regarded as the fundamental goal of design purpose, because meaning stands upon the concept of human being and its consciousness activity. Phenomenological background of this research is introduced. It can be suggested in field observation to get real stories containing meanings and essence of life of elders. In conclusion, this study is a beginning of long process to prepare aging society with technique as well as perspective to see elders as valuable work force.

Environmental Strategies for Design of Sustainable Buildings in Technique of Green Eco-Architecture

Architecture is defined as a symbiosis of function, aesthetics, technology and economics. This paper introduces the concept of development of technology in architecture for a sustainable society. The concept is based on a systemic link building-climate-energy. The scientific analysis of this link allows us to define three technical levels of modern architecture. The lowest level is represented by low energy architecture that gives priority to the element of energy. Climate is defined only by physical parameters here. It is characterized by the production of emissions that deplete the Biocapacity of the Earth. Higher level of architecture is represented by green architecture which gives equal priority to both energy and ecology. Climate is defined by physical and chemical parameters here. It is characterized by the tendency of reduction of emissions production and move towards environmentally clean energy, material and water sources. Sustainable architecture represents the target program of development of human settlements in the interaction of society-energy-ecology. It is characterized by the balance of categories nature-man-technology and by minimizing the emissions production to the extent of their coverage by the Earth＇s ecosystems. This paper introduces design strategy for green building. The basic structure of the strategy defines, and internal structure of the strategy emphasizes, principles and concepts of green buildings. In this strategy, the vital role is played by renewable energy sources as a production technology of the capital provided to man by nature.

彝族聚居区农户生计调查与应对研究——以四川省喜德县EJ村为例

脱贫攻坚是全面建成小康社会最艰巨的任务,彝族聚居区农户受其特殊地理区位、文化场域、社会结构等因素的影响,生存状况、生活条件、发展前景备受关注,然而政府与社会投入多但效果不佳。如何改善该地区生计境遇,提高农户可持续生计能力,成为至关重要的问题。本文以国家扶贫工作重点县喜德EJ村为调研对象,从农户生计的客观环境入手,通过系统地分析农户生产、生活、消费等基本活动以求反映农户生计状况;以生计资本为切入点探析农户生计困境及影响因素,在此基础上,提出了思想为根、设施为先、产业为要、教育为本、金融为核、政策为基"六位一体"的生计策略,初步勾勒了彝区脱贫奔康可行的生计模式。