秦始皇生身问题初探

秦始皇的生身之谜历来颇受争议.根据《史记》,《资治通鉴》等的记载吕不韦是嬴政生身之父,此观点作为主流对后世影响深远.本文援引汤聘尹《史稗》,王世贞《读书后辨》及郭沫若的相关论述提出了质疑,认为吕不韦是嬴政生身之父的可能性不大,

重身贵生:道家生命观及其当代价值

在中华民族悠久而深远的传统伦理思想体系中,道家伦理是一个相当重要的组成部分。其中,道家的生命伦理思想以"重身贵生"为核心,形成了一系列世界观和方法论。在积极倡导社会主义核心价值观、致力于实现"中国梦"的今天,道家生命伦理思想具有极其重要的意义和价值,为当今人类的伦理思想建设成果提供了重要的参考依据和智慧启迪。

变身与重生：北京人民剧场改造项目解读

通过对人民剧场改造项目，展现具有文化价值的老建筑重获新生，运用新技术修旧如初和更新其文化气质的生命力，创造新的价值。

佛典生命形态在人道的内涵考析

佛教提出了六道众生的轮回实质和解脱方向,但是,佛典的内容多是面对人道展开。其中,佛教大小乘果位修证的生命形态在人间的内涵、意境,以及人间生命形态与诸天天身、与意生身、与佛三身等之间关系的演绎诠释,是本土化佛教研究的重要组成。

学习空间支持下的学习范式转型:建立主体责任

对于学习目标及其价值理解的一致性,是实现高质量教育目标的基础。学习个体的个人特质与认知习惯等方面存在的差异,容易导致理解的不一致性,并通过学习的结果商数体现出来。从学习的视角理解数字化转型,就是要构建有利于促进个体发挥主体性的学习生态,建立具有相同学习价值追求的共同体,以高品质发展作为共同理想,建立相互信任与尊重,推动个体形成主体责任。学习空间设计需要尊重学习个体的身体、生理与心理等特质,具备调整功能,让学习个体能够具身参与学习、具生参与学习、具心参与学习,推动学习从形式向范式转型。范式的形成是因为实践中出现了新的问题,并且范式具有一定的共性特征。实践的条件发生了变化,范式就可能会转型。学习范式的转型依赖于研究与实践领域形成关于学习的共同认识,并有助于促进认识的发生,但外部支持条件的变化才可以让转型的理念转化为实践。重构的新型学习范式,应当能够唤醒学习个体的主体意识,主动发挥学习的主体决策责任。

论当代高效课堂改革的理论架构

当代高效课堂改革的最大短板是先天理论思维发育滞后,理清这场课堂改革的整体性改革理念、目标思路,廓清整个课堂改革的理论框架是当务之急。当代高效课堂改革的整体性改革理念是"瘦身+生本",其微观目标是创建一种适应时代要求的"新课堂"。"新课堂"的三种基本形态是简约课堂、绿色课堂、生本课堂。重置课改目标、创建"三优课堂"是我国高效课堂改革的基本蓝图。高效课堂改革的实践思路是重构"教—学"关系,努力建构以"共存、互促、和谐、有序"精神为主调的新型"教—学"组合样式。

莲花譬喻与出世间的佛陀

在古代的印度文学中,莲花常用来譬喻超越性的品质,佛教徒自古以来都用莲花譬喻佛陀。本文首先考察了契经中的两处莲花譬喻的用例,以及这两处契经中所讨论的问题。第一处是《花经》,经中讨论了"五蕴"的无常性,第二处是《世界经》,经中讨论了获得解脱的要素"无漏五蕴"的神圣性,前者被认为是佛陀的"生身",后者被认为是佛的"法身"。后续部派佛教接续了这个讨论,总的来说分成两种,第一种属于超自然主义派,他们相信佛陀化现在世间是为了顺应世间,佛身本身是不可言说的;第二种属于理性派,他们相信经典的描述,认为佛陀的色身是有漏的,法身是无漏的。^([2])

尽享乡野饮食文化——记雀巢公司餐饮服务部华南区“美极精英俱乐部”珠三角特色食材之旅

2005年9月28日,来自广东省佛山市、顺德市、中山市三地的"美极精英俱乐部"40多位会员,其中包括顺德顺峰山庄的总经理罗福南先生、顺德仙泉酒店行政总厨洪永祥先生、中山京华集团、佛山鸿福山庄行政总厨郭锦雄先生、佛山禅城酒店的行政总厨何金灿先生、中山交通海港大酒楼副总厨林国禧先生、中山颐东大酒楼卢泉勇先生等,在雀巢餐饮部华南区有关人员的带领下,来到位于广东省高要市蛟塘镇的金龙水库,开始了主题为"美极精英俱乐部珠三角特色食材之旅"的活动.

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia:Evolving concepts on underdiagnosed cause of portal hypertension

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia(NRH)is a rare liver condition characterized by a widespread benign transformation of the hepatic parenchyma into small regenerative nodules.NRH may lead to the development of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.There are no published systematic population studies on NRH and our current knowledge is limited to case reports and case series.NRH may develop via autoimmune,hematological,infectious,neoplastic,or drug-related causes.The disease is usually asymptomatic,slowly or nonprogressive unless complications of portal hypertension develop.Accurate diagnosis is made by histopathology,which demonstrates diffuse micronodular transformation without fibrous septa.Lack of perinuclear collagen tissue distinguishes NRH from typical regenerative nodules in the cirrhotic liver.While the initial treatment is to address the underlying disease,ultimately the therapy is directed to the management of portal hypertension.The prognosis of NRH depends on both the severity of the underlying illness and the prevention of secondary complications of portal hypertension.In this review we detail the epidemiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis,management,and prognosis of NRH.

Effects of water depth and substrate color on the growth and body color of the red sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

Three color variants of the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus are recognized,the red one is highly valued in the market. When the red variant is cultured in ponds in China,its body color changes from red to celadon in 3–6 months. The effects of water depth and substrate color on the growth and body color of this animal were investigated. Juveniles of red A. japonicus were cultured in cages suspended at a range of water depths(20,50,100,150 and 200 cm). The specific growth rate of red sea cucumbers was significantly higher in animals cultured at deeper water layers compared with those grown at shallowers. Body weights were greatest for sea cucumbers cultured at a depth of 150 cm and their survival rates were highest at a depth of 200 cm. A scale to evaluate the color of red sea cucumbers(R value) was developed using a Pantone standard color card. All stocked animals in the 9-month trial retained a red color,however the red body color was much more intense in sea cucumbers cultured at shallower depths,while animals suspended in deeper layers became pale. In a separate trial,A. japonicus were cultured in suspended cages with seven different colored substrates. Substrate color had a significant effect on the growth and body-color of red A. japonicus. The yield were greatest for A. japonicus cultured on a yellow substrate,followed by green > white > orange > red > black and blue. All sea cucumbers in the 7-month trial retained a red color,although the red was most intense(highest R value) in animals cultured on a blue substrate and pale(lowest R value) for animals cultured on a green substrate.

Health-related quality of life and impact of antiviral treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C in Taiwan

AIM. To evaluate health-related quality of life （HRQOL） in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C （CH-C）, and the impact of antiviral treatment. METHODS： Short Form 36 （SF-36） Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaires to interview CH-C patients, and age- and sex-matched control subjects at outpatient clinics of a medical center in Taiwan were used. Data were transformed to scores for comparisons of eight major SF-36 domains. We also enrolled consecutive CH-C patients who completed one course of antiviral treatment （interferon α with ribavirin）, and measured the HRQOL before, at the 12m wk of treatment, at the end of treatment, and at mo 6, after stopping the treatment to evaluate the impact of antiviral treatment. RESULTS： A total of 371 outpatients were enrolled, including 182 with CH-C and 189 age- and sex-matched subjects without CH-C. CH-C subjects had obviously lower educational status （P〈0.01）. Mean scores of domains in general health, physical functioning, role-physical, role-emotional, vitality, and mental health of the SF-36 were significantly lower in subjects with CH-C than those without CH-C （P〈0.05）. In an analysis of 47 CH-C patients who received and completed the whole course of antiviral treatment, mean scores of all domains were significantly lower at wk 12 of treatment compared to baseline. The scores returned to pretreatment values by the end of treatment, but were significantly increased at mo 6 after stopping the treatment. Among the 47 CH-C patients, 21 had sustained responses and 26 had nonsustained responses to antiviral treatment. Compared to pretreatment values, subjects with sustained responses had significantly lower social functioning scores at wk 12 of treatment, and scores for all SF-36 domains returned to pretreatment values, and increased significantly at mo 6 after stopping the treatment. For non-sustained virological responders, scores of all SF-36 domains significantly decreased at wk 12 of treatment, and did not increase significantly by the end of treatment, or at mo 6 after stopping the treatment when compared to the pretreatment values. CONCLUSION： HRQOL in CH-C patients is significantly impaired in most SF-36 domains. Antiviral treatment impaired HRQOL of CH-C subjects during early treatment, mainly in non-sustained virological responders, and improved at mo 6 after stopping the treatment, mainly in sustained virological responders.

Classification of anemia for gastroenterologists

Most anemia is related to the digestive system by dietary deficiency, malabsorption, or chronic bleeding. We review the World Health Organization definition of anemia, its morphological classifi cation (microcytic, macrocytic and normocytic) and pathogenic classi-fication (regenerative and hypo regenerative), and integration of these classifications. Interpretation of laboratory tests is included, from the simplest (blood count, routine biochemistry) to the more specific (iron metabolism, vitamin B12, folic acid, reticulocytes, erythropoietin, bone marrow examination and Schilling test). In the text and various algorithms, we propose a hierarchical and logical way to reach a diagnosis as quickly as possible, by properly managing the medical interview, physical examination, appropriate laboratory tests, bone marrow examination, and other comple-mentary tests. The prevalence is emphasized in all sections so that the gastroenterologist can direct the diagnosis to the most common diseases, although the tables also include rare diseases. Digestive diseases potentially causing anemia have been studied in preference, but other causes of anemia have been included in the text and tables. Primitive hematological diseases that cause anemia are only listed, but are not discussed in depth. The last section is dedicated to simplifying all items discussed above, using practical rules to guide diagnosis and medical care with the greatest economy of resources and time.

A systematic review: How to choose appropriate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in routine general practice?

In more recent times, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurements have formed an important part of as- sessing the quality of routine care in general practice. For a measure to have clinical usefulness it must not only be valid, appro- priate, reliable, responsive, and capable of being interpreted, but it must also be simple, fast to complete, easy to score, and provide useful clinical data. The Two-step method of choosing appropriate measures is introduced. Then through comparison of generic instruments with disease-specific instruments, we can conclude that sometimes a combination of generic and disease-specific HRQOL measures may be more appropriate for monitoring changes in a patient’s health status due to an intervention.

Identity Construction in Academic Writing of Student Writers Who Use English as an Additional Language:A Literature Review

Academic writing is social interaction between writer and reader,during which writers can employ discursive and non-discursive features to construct their identities.However,many student writers who are users of English as an additional language(EAL)may find it challenging to construct their identities in academic writing.Properly constructed identity in academic writing can help EAL student writers develop a stronger sense of self,exercise their agency,and negotiate the academic discourse.Therefore,this paper reviews empirical studies on EAL student writers'identity construction when they write in English to investigate the features of identities that EAL student writers construct in texts and the factors that influence their identity construction.The findings show that,compared with expert writers and native-English-speaking(NES)counterparts,EAL student writers tend to present a weak authorial identity.Furthermore,EAL student writers tend to be more engaged with texts than with readers and lack commitment to their claims.The identities that EAL student writers construct in academic writing are also interwoven with EAL students'English proficiency levels,educational experience,disciplinary conventions,genre affordances,and audience awareness.The findings of this literature review can help teachers and educators raise EAL students’identity awareness and facilitate students in strategically constructing writer identities in academic writing.

Effect of implanting fibrin sealant with ropivacaine on pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of implant-ing fibrin sealant with sustained-release ropivacaine in the gallbladder bed for pain after laparoscopic chole-cystectomy(LC).METHODS:Sixty patients(American Society of Anes-thesiologists physical status wasⅠorⅡand underwent LC)were randomly divided into three equal groups:group A(implantation of fibrin sealant in the gallbladder bed),group B(implantation of fibrin sealant carrying ropivacaine in the gallbladder bed),and group C(normal saline in the gallbladder bed).Postoperative pain was evaluated,and pain relief was assessed by visual analog scale(VAS)scoring.RESULTS:The findings showed that 81.7%of patients had visceral pain,50%experienced parietal,and 26.7% reported shoulder pain after LC.Visceral pain was significantly less in group B patients than in the other groups(P<0.05),and only one patient in this group experienced shoulder pain.The mean VAS score in group B patients was lower than that in the other groups.CONCLUSION:Visceral pain is prominent after LC and can be effectively controlled by implanting fibrin sealant combined with ropivacaine in the gallbladder bed.

Development and Application of a Tyrosinase-Based Time-Temperature Indicator(TTI) for Determining the Quality of Turbot Sashimi

Time-temperature indicators(TTIs) are convenient intuitive devices that are widely used to predict food quality. The aim of this study is to develop a new simple device which can be attached to food packages as a quality indicator for turbot sashimi. In this study, a solid TTI based on the reaction between tyrosinase and tyrosine was developed. The Arrhenius behavior of this enzymatic TTI was studied. The kinetics of the tyrosinase-based TTI was investigated in the form of color change from colorless to dark black induced by the enzymatic reaction. The mathematical formula for the color alterations as a function of time and temperature was established. The longest indication time for the developed TTI was 50 hours at 4℃. The activation energy of the tyrosinase-based TTI was 0.409 k J mol^(-1). The suitability of the tyrosinase-based TTI was validated for turbot sashimi using total plate count. The feasibility of using this TTI as a quality indicator for turbot sashimi was assessed based on the activation energy and indication time. Therefore, the tyrosinasebased TTI system developed in this study could be used as an effective tool for monitoring the quality changes of turbot sashimi during the distribution and storage.

The effects on students＇ physical and mental health of colleges and universities carrying out ideological and political education

In the background of modem education, ideological and political education and health education in universities play an important part in quality education. In higher education, ideological and political education and health education plays a role in their respective fields. Ideological and political education determines socialist direction of education and promotes the development of quality education. Mental health education starting from individual students, which improves student＇ s personality, promotes the comprehensive development of students; further promote the development of quality education. We can say that physical and mental health education and ideological and political education are supplementary to each other as well as enrich and expand health education, ideological and political education.

Ex situ echo sounder target strengths of ice krill Euphausia crystallorophias

Ice krill is the keystone species in the neritic ecosystem in the Southern Ocean, where it replaces the more oceanic Antarctic krill. It is essential to understand the variation of target strength （TS in dB re l m^2） with the different body size to accurately estimate ice krill stocks. However, there is comparatively little knowledge of the acoustic backscatter of ice krill. The TS of individual, formalin-preserved, tethered ice krill was measured in a freshwater test tank at 38, 120, and 200 kHz with a calibrated split-beam echo sounder system. Mean TS was obtained from 21 individual ice krill with a broad range of body lengths （L： 13-36 iron）. The length （L, mm） to wet weight （W; mg） relationship for ice krill was 11/=0.001 21g^103~L35s （R2=0.96）. The mean TS-to-length relationship were TS38kHz=-177.4＋57log10（L）, （R^2=0.86）; TS120kHz= -129.9＋31.561ogf0（L）, （R2=0.87）; and TS200kHz=-117.6＋24.661ogre（L）, （R2=0.84）. Empirical estimates of the relationship between the TS and body length of ice krill were established at 38, 120, and 200 kHz and compared with predictions obtained from both the linear regression model of Greene et al. （1991） and the Stochastic Distorted Wave Born Approximation （SDWBA） model. This result might be applied to improve acoustic detection and density estimation of ice krill in the Southern Ocean. Further comparative studies are needed with in situ target strength including various body lengths of ice krill.

Study on the Impact of ＂Health Qigong. WuQinxi＂ on the Physical Health of the University Students

This study based on documents and materials, interview, experiment and data statistical analysis, as well as by the means of ＂Health Qigong.WuQinxi＂, and carries on a 4-month exercise intervention aiming at the university students, furthermore to have a comparison of their level scores on physical shape, physiological indicator, before and after the experiment. And we come to a conclusion through this 4-month exercise, when concerns to physical shape and physiological indicator： we can see a significant difference on WHR body mass index and vital capacity （p≤ 0.01）; as well as waist circumference, pulse, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, sit and reach, grip strength （p ≤ 0.05）. So we note that long-term ＂Health Qignng .WuQinxi＂ practice can improve the physical health of the university students, and assess the students who failed to meet health standards physically, and fmally realize our hope promoting the comprehensive development of university students.

Effect of Different Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on the Growth,Body Composition,and Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Yellow Drum Nibea albiflora(Richardson)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein-to-lipid ratio for juvenile Nibea albiflora with an initial weight of(11.76 ± 0.20) g.Nine experimental diets containing different concentrations of protein(40%,47%,or 54%) and lipids(5%,9%,or 13%) in a 3 × 3 factorial experimental design were tested in triplicate groups of fish,while the protein-to-energy(P/E) ratios of the diets varied in the range of 19.74–28.32 mg k J^(-1).Results showed that fish fed diets containing 9% or 13% lipids with 54% protein exhibited significantly higher weight gains and specific growth rates than those fed other diets.The feed conversion rate of fish fed the diet with 40% protein and 5% lipids was significantly poorer than that of fish fed other diets.The protein efficiency rate of fish fed diets with 5% lipids was significantly lower than that of fish fed 9% or 13% lipid diets.Carcass lipid and energy contents were positively correlated with dietary lipid level regardless of protein level.Fish fed a 54% protein diet showed the highest trypsin activity.The intestinal lipase activity of fish fed the diet containing 13% lipids was significantly higher than that of fish fed 5% or 9% lipid diets.These results demonstrate the high protein dietary requirements of N.albiflora.A diet containing 54% protein and 9%–13% lipids with a P/E ratio of 26.2–27.81 mg protein k J^(-1) can be considered optimal for juvenile N.albiflora.