播期播量对豫中小麦生长发育及产量的影响

以百农矮抗58为材料,采用裂区试验设计,探讨了播期播量对豫中生态环境下高产小麦群体与个体生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,播期对小麦单茎干物质积累的影响显著,播量对其影响不显著,晚播×小播量处理下,小麦单茎干物质积累量在成熟期表现最高(4.039 g)。播期对小麦群体数量的影响显著,早播处理下的小麦有效群体最大(700.83×104株/hm2),晚播处理下的有效群体最小,但成穗率最高(41.8%),播量对其影响不如播期明显。播期对小麦籽粒干物质积累有显著影响,且对灌浆速率的影响远大于播量的影响,适当晚播有利于灌浆期保持较高的灌浆速率,提高粒质量。播期对小麦成穗数、穗粒数及产量的影响均达显著或极显著水平,而播量对产量及产量性状影响不大。综上,豫中生态环境下,百农矮抗58采用晚播×小播量模式有利于其群个体的发育,获得高产。

气候变化与水稻生长发育及产量形成关系的模拟研究

应用水稻生长日历模拟模型 (RICAM 1 3)模拟亚洲地区不同地点和不同气候条件下水稻的生育期和产量形成 .其中 3s Beta模型被用于预测水稻开花期和描述水稻光温反应的 3个连续阶段 :基本营养生长期、光敏感期和光敏感后期 .从时间与地理梯度的变化对水稻产量进行模拟 ,以中国、日本和菲律宾作为从北到南的地理梯度 ,以 2 0世纪 80年代气候变化作为时间梯度 ,应用RICAM 1 3进行模拟 .结果表明 ,模型具有广泛的适应性 ,能较好地模拟不同气候条件和不同水稻品种生育期的变化与产量的形成 .

不同矿化度咸水造墒灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

采用裂区设计,灌溉量作为主处理,灌溉水的矿化度作为副处理,研究了播前不同灌溉量下不同矿化度咸水对棉花生长发育及产量的影响。研究结果表明,不同矿化度咸水灌溉对棉花出苗时间和出苗率的影响差异较大,随灌溉水矿化度的增大,棉花出苗速度变缓,出苗率降低,其中4 g·L-1以下的咸水灌溉处理棉花出苗率在90%以上,6 g·L-1矿化度处理平均出苗率仍可达85%左右,但出苗时间推迟。播种前咸水灌溉量以22.5～34.0 mm为宜。灌溉水矿化度对棉花生长发育的影响程度前期大于后期,前期大于4 g·L-1矿化度处理表现出明显的抑制生长作用,后期大于6 g·L-1矿化度处理才表现出明显的抑制生长作用。从产量上看,棉花的咸水矿化度计算阈值为3.38 g·L-1,即在矿化度小于3.38 g·L-1时,咸水灌溉的棉花产量与淡水灌溉产量差异不明显,高于此矿化度阈值时,棉花产量呈直线下降趋势;但低于8 g·L-1咸水灌溉的棉花产量均显著高于纯旱地的棉花产量。

免耕、覆盖、深松配套技术及耕作模式的研究(之四)──试验结果与分析(对土壤物理性状、作物生长发育和产量的影响)

按照本研究之二确定的试验设计和研究方法，研究认为：试验结束前同试验初相比，0～10cm、10～20cm土层的容重，各处理均有不同程度的降低，孔隙度有不同程度的提高，说明试验条件下，现行的耕作措施、免耕覆盖措施及免耕覆盖深松措施对降低耕层客重、增加耕层的孔隙度均有效；深松30～45cm，对犁底层的容重和孔隙度的影响很大，容重明显降低，孔隙度明显增加；深松到哪一层，该层的容重便是降低趋势，孔隙度则是增加趋势；免耕有利于＞0．25mm水稳性团粒的形成。研究认为：该耕作模式能促进夏玉米增高、增重、早熟、增产，增产幅度一般为19．6％～36．6％。全部处理以免耕覆盖深松30cm的处理为好。

水稻生长发育及产量的影响

中国是一个人口大国,也是一个农业大国。水稻作为国民最赖以生存的粮食。虽然人们的温饱问题因为水稻的出现得到了有效的解决,但是随着近几年全球气候的变化,尤其是自然环境的逐渐恶劣,我国的水稻生长发育及产量都受到了巨大的影响。

不同花生棉花间作配比下的土壤养分、作物产量和收益研究

本试验以花生品种花育36号和棉花品种邯258为材料,研究不同花生棉花间作处理下的土壤养分、产量和收益表现。结果表明,与花生单作相比,花生棉花6∶4间作处理可显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,而花生棉花4∶2间作和4∶4间作处理则降低土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量;与棉花单作相比,花生棉花6∶4间作亦可提高其土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量,且全氮含量降低较小。花生棉花6∶4间作可提高花生单株果重,比单作提高4.22%,但间作对花生百果重、百仁重和出米率影响较小。花生棉花不同间作处理的总收益均高于花生和棉花单作,且以4∶2间作处理的总收益最高,达38025元/hm^(2),其次为6∶4间作处理,为35760元/hm^(2),分别较花生单作提高19.41%和12.30%,较棉花单作分别提高39.59%和31.28%。综合考虑间作对生态效益和经济效益的影响认为,花生棉花6∶4间作为两作物间作的最优配比。

Effects of Tiller-inhibitor on Growth and Yield Formation of Super Early Hybrid Rice Jinyou458

[Objective]The paper was to study the effect of tiller-inhibitor on the growth and yield formation of super early rice Jinyou 458.[Method] Two treatments including spraying tiller-inhibitor（TI） and spraying water（CK） at the SN-n stage were set in the test,the effect of tiller-inhibitor on yield and its components,leaf and plant morphology,field microclimate at booting stage and quality characteristics of rice population were studied.[Result] Spraying tiller-inhibitor could effectively reduce the occurrence of invalid and inefficient tillers,increase the proportion of high effective tillers（tiller with 4 or more leaves） in tiller composition at the maximal tiller stage.The panicle length,spikelets per panicle,spikelets density,number of secondary branches and the secondary spikelets,seed setting rate of rice plant sprayed with tiller-inhibitor were significantly higher than CK.Meanwhile,spraying tiller-inhibitor could increase plant height,biomass weight and leaf area index of rice population during middle and late stages of rice growing,improve the leaf temperature of top three leaves and the light transmittance of rice population at the booting stage,increase the leaf SPAD value,thus enhance photosynthetic capacity of rice plants.It also showed the characteristics of elongating the internode of rice plant and decreasing the stem thickness,etc.[Conclusion] The panicle-bearing rate of stems and tillers,effective panicles,spikelets per panicle,seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight had coordinately increased after spraying tiller-inhibitor,thus increased the yield.

Effect of Fulvic Acid on Growth and Yield Components of Direct Seeding Rice

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of fulvic acid on the growth and yield components of direct seeding rice （Nanjing 44）. MethodThe rice seeds were soaked in 0 （water as a control）, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/L fulvic acid （FA） before sowed. Then, the rice morphological indices, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthesis parameters, root activity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in the following field studies. ResultCompared with the control, the leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter weight and some fluorescence parameters such as the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II （PSII） （Fv/Fm）, excitation energy capture efficiency of opened PSII reaction center （Fv’/Fm’） and efficiency of the open reaction centre （ΦPS II） increased by different levels at both jointing stage and heading stage of direct seeding rice, whose seeds were soaked by FA with different concentrations. High FA concentration （4-6 g/L） significantly increased the cultivated rice leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and dry matter weight by 10.32% -22.88% , 5.88% -13.11% , 12.16% -26.84% , 11.43% -88.46% , 10.63% -21.63% , 18.49% -19.68% , respectively, thereby improving the physiological function and light energy transform efficiency of rice at the growth stage. With FA concentration increasing, the yield, effective panicles, grain number per panicle and seed setting rate were increased significantly compared with the control by 17.52%-18.71%, 3.46%-3.85%, 6.30%- 6.51% and 7.82%-8.69% respectively. ConclusionSoaking rice seed with FA could be considered as an effective way to improve the rice competitiveness at early growth stage.

Effects of Combined Pollution of Pb and Cd on Growth and Yield of Rice

[Objective] The aim was to study the damage and the mechanism of combined pollution of Pb and Cd on rice growth,yield and quality of rice. [Method]Effects of combined pollution of Pb and Cd on the growth and yield of rice were studied by pot experiment with cultivating rice. [Result] Pb and Cd could promote rice growth at low concentration while inhibit plant height at high concentration; Pb and Cd stress reduced the number of rice tillers significantly,with the increasing of stress concentration,the decrease amplitude of the number of tillers was greater; the panicle per pot,seed setting rate,1 000-grain weight and yield of rice were reduced significantly by Pb and Cd stress,the grain number per panicle decreased significantly under low concentration of Pb and Cd but increased significantly under high concentration; the brown rice rate and milled rice rate increased significantly under low concentration of Pb and Cd while at high concentration of Pb and Cd,the both two reduced significantly,the head milled rice rate reduced significantly with the decreasing of concentration; The Pb and Cd content of grains were significantly positively related to the concentrations of Pb and Cd content in soil,it had excessively exceeded hygienic standard when the concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil were medium-high and the unqualified rate reached 333% and 122%. [Conclusion]The study had provided basis for the establishment of rice cultivation system in pollution areas.

Effect of Controlled Release Nitrogen on Wheat Growth and Yield

[Objective] Effects of controlled release N fertilizers on wheat growth and yield were studied to provide reference for the application of controlled release fertilizers on wheat. [Method] A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different types and levels of controlled release N fertilizers on the growth and yield of wheat. In this experiment, a treatment with the application of common urea and potassium chloride（common fertilizer） was established, and treatments with controlled release N fertilizers A and B with different coating materials were also established. [Result] The results showed that under the condition of the same P and K levels, controlled release N fertilizer A at a proportion of 100%, controlled release N fertilizer A at a proportion of 80% and controlled release N fertilizer B at a proportion of 80% could promote wheat growth, optimize yield components, and increase the amount of dry matter accumulation and grain yield. [Conclusion] One-time application of controlled release N fertilizer could be adopted in wheat production to achieve the purposes of saving fertilizer, saving labor and increasing efficiency.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Physical Characters of Soil and Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of plastic film mulching on soil physical characters, including soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil bulk density, and yield and yield components of sweet potato. The results showed that plastic filming mulching increased soil temperature. Considering the soil temperature-increasing effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. However, with the deepening of soil layer, the warming effect of plastic film mulching was weakened. Black or white plastic film mulching was conducive to low T/R value, especially in the early growth stage of sweet potato. Plastic film mulching significantly improved the storage root yield of sweet potato. In terms of yield-improving effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. The storage root num- ber per plant showed a downward trend, but the weight of single storage root was increased.

Effect of Microbial Inoculum Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Super Hybrid Rice

The research designed four application quantities of 0, 2 250, 4 500 and 6 750 g/hm2 based on Liangyou No. 959 to explore the effects of microbial inocu- lure fertilizer on growth and yield of super hybrid rice. The results indicate that the treatment with traditional fertilizers and 4 500 g/hm2 HYT microbial inoculum fertilizer performed the best, where average number of tiller was 2.4 more than that of the control; the number of effective ear was 11.05% higher; yield increased by 10.3%. These have demonstrated that microbial inoculum fertilizer is of great value in pro- motion on super hybrid rice production.

桂西北山区荞麦不同施肥量对比试验研究初探

以黑荞为试验材料,研究了不同施肥量配比对荞麦生长发育及产量影响。结果表明:处理3(施尿素1kg,钙镁磷肥15kg,氧化钾10kg)的产量最高达128.1kg/亩,与对照(31.03kg/亩)比增产极显著,且形态指标有了明显的改变,株高、主茎节数增加,一级分枝数(主茎)增加,节间长度增加,这些都是前期良好营养生长的表现。株粒数、株粒重、千粒重的增加,这些都为后期的稳产高产奠定了坚实的基础。

Effect of Different Calcium Levels on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomatoes in Substrate Culture

Tomato seedlings were grown in substrate culture with pots. The formulation of Holland Greenhouse Horticulture Research Institute was used(as CK) and the effects of different Ca concentrations(LCa, CK and HCa)on growth, yield, and fruit quality(protein, Vitamin C, nitrates, organic acid and soluble sugar) of tomato were studied keeping concentrations of other nutrients unchanged in the nutrient solution. The results showed that parameters related to the growth of tomato(plant height and Stem diameter), changes of tomato yield per plant and quality of tomato fruits were the highest when the plants were grown at 20% Ca treatments. In the second study, increased EC concentrations of nutrient solution resulted in stronger plants with improved yields and quality. Four different concentration gradients of nutrient solution treatment were designed based on the results of the first research stage(EC=1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 m S/cm, respectively). The single tomato plant had the highest production which is 2 268.994 g/plant, when the nutrient solution strength was at EC=1.5 m S cm, whereas they have the best fruit quality when the solution strength at EC 4.5 m S/cm. This suggests the need for wide popularization of the nutrient solution formula in large areas to improve the tomato production.

Effect of Fertilization in Organic Nursery for Later Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees in the Orchard

There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.

Effect of Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages on Wheat Growth and Yield

In order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation at various growth stages on wheat growth and yield, a field experiment was conducted in the 2008-2009 growing season based on the completely randomized block with four replications at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, located at Badjgah. Treatments involved 13 irrigation regimes which applied in stem elongation, heading and grain filling growth stages. The highest seed yield （4,333 kg-ha-1） and the lowest ones （1,377 kg＇hal） were obtained from T1 （100% field capacity （FC） in all growth stages） and T13 （50% FC in all growth stages）, respectively. With limitation in water amount seed yield was diminished, but this trend was not significant at T4 （100%, 100% and 50% FC） and TI 1 （100%, 100% and 75~/0 FC）. Stepwise regression results revealed that, seed number per spike had the largest contribution （partial R2 = 0.72） in seed yield variation. Also at TI, T4, and TI 1 treatments （well water treatments） as well as TI3 （sever stress） head number m2 contribute most in seed yield determination （partial R2 = 0.96）. It can be concluded that water shortage during the grain filling period and its allocation to the other consecutive crop, can increase crop production in southern regions of Iran.

Effects of Soaking Seeds with Different Solutions on the Growth and Yield of Rice

In this study,Rongyou463 seeds were used as experimental materials and soaked with different solvents （conventional agent, ＂Yonghao＂ soaking liquid, and water） to investigate the effects of ＂Yonghao＂ soaking liquid on biological characters and yield of rice. The results showed that using ＂Yonghao＂ soaking liquid can significantly improve the seedling quality and yield of rice, which mainly expressed in the increase of effective panicle number, seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight.

Coupled Effects of Soil Water and Nutrients on Growth and Yields of Maize Plants in a Semi-Arid Region

Interaction between soil water and nutrients plays an important role in sustainable crop management in semi-arid environments.On the basis of a field experiment conducted from 2000 to 2003,this study examined the coupled effects of irrigation and fertilizers on maize growth and yield in a semi-arid region of northeastern China.In terms of plant productivity,nitrogen fertilizer had the most significant effect followed by irrigation and phosphate levels.The combined application of nutrients and irrigation exerted a synergistic effect on the grain yield of maize plants.Regression analysis indicated that optimal levels of nitrogen and phosphate,in addition to adequate irrigation,could greatly improve the efficiency of grain production.Similarly,optimization of soil nutrient availability substantially increased water use efficiency.These suggested that for the most efficient and sustainable crop production,irrigation and nutrient management should be based on a quantitative understanding of water/nutrients interaction,particularly in semi-arid and arid regions.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Productivity of Hybrid Rice

Sustaining rice （Oryza sativa L.） productivity at high level is a great challenge, particularly in areas where rice productivity declines in spite of following recommended nutrient management practices. Nutrient management by integrating organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers may play an important role in improving and sustaining rice productivity. In this study, the authors tried to evaluate the suitable proportion of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizer to maximize growth and productivity of hybrid rice on sandy-loam lateritic soils of West Bengal, India. The crop having 50% recommended dose of fertilizer （RDF） ＋ 50% recommended dose of nitrogen （RDN） through mustard oil cake （MOC） and 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of tillers/m2, leaf area index （LAI）, dry matter accumulation （DMA） and crop growth rate （CGR） at initial and vital period of grain growth over those of 25% RDF ＋ 75% RDN through MOC and 100% RDN through MOC. The former two treatments also increased number of panicles/m2 and number of grains/panicle over those of only organic manuring （100% RDN） or only chemical fertilization （100% RDF） or 25% RDF ＋ 75% RDN through MOC. Crop with 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer or 50% RDF ＋ 50% RDN through MOC produced 20.2%-33.8% higher grain yield and 11.0%-33.3% greater straw yield, and paid higher gross and net returns over other treatments. This study suggests growing hybrid rice with 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer or 50% RDF ＋ 50% RDN through MOC for better growth, higher productivity and greater profit.

Effect of vertebrate hormones and prostaglandins on growth, silk quality and metabolic activities of Bombyx mori L

The economic importance of silkworm has moved biologists to explore various intricate mechanisms of the action of vertebrate hormones. The dietary administration of several vertebrate hormones and prostaglandins enhanced both developmental and metabolic processes of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The main objective of sericulture research is to apply the results to achieve superior quality silk and greater output, to apply lab findings to achieve desirable ecenomic results.