杜威与池田大作的学生生长观比较探析

美国现代教育家杜威和日本当代教育家池田大作都十分重视学生的健康生长,杜威提出了"教育即生长"学说,池田大作提出了"人格塑造乃教育之根本所在"等见解。他们的教育思想对于我们今天的学校德育改革具有重要的启发意义。对杜威的"教育即生长"学说和池田大作关于学校德育与学生生长的论述作比较分析是十分有意义的。

从杜威的“教育生长观”谈现代学校品格教育

约翰·杜威提出了"教育生长观",指出教育就是不断生长的过程,包括体格、智力和道德的生长。"生长自身才是惟一的道德的目的"。"教育生长观"是推动现代学校品格教育走向理性化的路径。现代学校品格教育就是以培养人的德性生长为目的,它以人的未成熟状态即人的生长或发展的可能性为前提,它的内在价值在于人的德性经验的改造或重组,外在价值在于协调个体与社会的关系,以个体德性经验的增长带动社会经验的改造。

思维生长观下初高中语文写作衔接教学的行动研究

初中时期和高中时期的写作中无论是写作内容的选取上、写作要求的设定上还是写作技巧的指导上都会存在一些典型差别。教师可以基于思维成长观来合理的构建初高中写作教学的衔接。多关注于不同时期学生思维能力的发展与变化,选取不一样的写作教学的指导方法,并且对于学生写作能力的培养可以构建新的实施方向和侧重点。本文对此进行了分析研究。

细化关联建构 落实“螺旋提升”——基于知识生长观的“弧长”教学设计

知识生长观是促进知识整体建构的教学大观念。以"弧长"教学为例,从知识生长的角度分析教学中普遍存在的问题,并提出解决问题的有效方法,以此说明知识生长观有助于教师整体把握教学内容之间的关联,理清知识结构,找准探究落点和方向,实现真正的"螺旋提升"。

黎锦熙“句本位”中的句法生长发生观及其发掘

黎锦熙提出的"句子由最简单的到极繁复的形式,仿佛像一种有机物底生长",是一种崭新的句法生长发生观,它否定了"词源"语源观预设和句法组合发生观预设,与"分类命名集"语言观根本对立,与索绪尔的"符号价值系统观"一致,并对汉语研究的难题有很强的解释力。

儿童“生长”关照下的学校育人功能反思

学校育人的目的在于促进儿童“生长”。经意义考察发现,儿童“生长”具有滋养生命之本初内涵,是以文化人的展开过程,其价值归宿是达成人性。学校育人需要关照儿童“生长”之多重意义,立足生命,通过文化育人达成完善儿童人性之目的。学校应通过构建“生命、文化、人性”相联结的育人空间,回归“关涉人、通达人、达致人”的育人时间,形成“课程、课堂、教师”相融合的育人格局等途径,实现育人功能。

打造有“生长感”的语文课堂

＂教育即生长。＂一切教育教学活动都应立足于儿童的生长,体现对儿童的关怀。语文教学应回归教学的原点,思考学科的基本规律,把握课程的基本特质,牢固树立课堂生长观;将学情分析作为开展一切教学活动的逻辑起点,探寻课堂生长点;关注课堂上学生之间的补充、争辩、示范、组织等互动,提升课堂生长力。

《黄帝内经》养生保健学理念初探(上)

大凡读过《黄帝内经》的人，可能没有不被这部诞生于两千多年前的经典之作所感动过；大凡从事医药卫生工作的人可能都知道《黄帝内经》的博大精深，不愧是中医学的扛鼎之作。然而，笔者通过反复研读此部经典，结合自己从事中医养生保健工作的切身体会，

Directional solidification and characterization of NiAl-9Mo eutectic alloy

Ni-45.5Al-9Mo （mole fraction,%） alloy was directionally solidified with a constant temperature gradient （GL=334 K/cm） and growth rates ranging from 2 to 300 μm/s using a Bridgman type crystal growing facility with liquid metal cooling （LMC） technique. The effect of growth rate （v） on the solidified microstructures such as rod spacing （λ）, rod size （d） and rod volume fraction was experimentally investigated. Two types of the solidified interfaces, planar and cellular, were identified. On the condition of both planar and cellular eutectic microstructures, the relationships between λ, d and v were given as： λv1/2=5.90 μm·μm1/2·s1/2 and dv1/2=2.18μm·μm1/2·s1/2, respectively. It was observed that the volume fraction of Mo phase could be adjusted in a certain range. The variation of phase volume fraction was attributed to undercooling increase and the growth characteristics of the individual constituent phases during the eutectic growth.

Microstructure evolution and grain growth behavior of Ti14 alloy during semi-solid isothermal process

Microstructure evolution of Ti14 （α＋Ti2Cu） alloy during semi-solid isothermal process at different temperatures was investigated. The results reveal that both the temperature and holding time have effect on the grain growth behavior. The grains grow obviously and the degree of globularity increases with the increase of holding time. According to the statistic analysis of experimental data, the grain growth indices are 0.88 and 0.97 at 1 000 ℃ and 1 050 ℃, respectively, which indicates that increasing isothermal temperature would accelerate microstructural evolution.

Site occupation evolution of alloying elements in Ni_3 V phase during phase transformation in Ni_(75)Al_(4.2)V_(20.8)

Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in Ni3V-DO22 phase and growth of Ni3Al-L12 phase was studied during the phase transformation of Ni75Al4.2V20.8. The results demonstrate that the growth of L12 phase can be divided into two stages： at the early stage, the composition of alloying elements in DO22 phase almost remains unchanged; at the late stage, the compositions of Ni and Al decrease while V increases in DO22 phase. Part of alloying elements for L12 phase growth are supplied from the site occupation evolution of alloying elements on three kinds of sublattices in DO22 phase. Ni is mainly supplied from V sublattice, and part of Al is supplied from NiⅠ and V sites at the centre of DO22 phase. The excessive V from the decreasing DO22 phase migrates into the centre of DO22 phase and mainly occupies V and NiII sites. It is the site occupation evolution of antisite atoms and ternary additions in DO22 phase that controls the growth rate of L12 phase at the late stage.

Site occupation evolution of alloying elements in L1_2 phase during phase transformation in Ni_(75)Al_(7.5)V_(17.5)

Correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in L12 phase and growth of DO22 phase in Ni75Al7.5V17.5 was studied using microscopic phase field model. The results demonstrate that the growing process of DO22 phase can be divided into two stages. At the early stage, composition in the centre part of L12 phase almost remains unchanged, and the nucleation and growth of DO22 phase is controlled by the decrease of interface between L12 phases. At the late stage, part of V for growth of DO22 phase is supplied from the centre part of L12 phase and mainly comes from Al sublattice, the excess Ni spared from the decreasing L12 phase migrates into the centre part of L12 phase and occupies the Ni sublattices exclusively, while the excess Al mainly occupies the Al sublattice. At the late stage, the growth of DO22 phase is controlled by the evolution of antisite atoms and ternary additions in the centre part of L12 phase.

Influence of stocking density on growth, body composition and energy budget of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in recirculating aquaculture systems

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were reared at four stocking densities--high density D1 （final density -39 kg/m^3）, medium densities DE （-29 kg/m^3） and D3 （~19 kg/m^3）, and low density D4 （-12 kg/m^3）- for 40 days to investigate the effect of stocking density on their growth performance, body composition and energy budgets. Stocking density did not significantly affect specific growth rate in terms of weight （SGRw） but did affect specific growth rate in terms of energy （SGRe）. Stocking density significantly influenced the ration level （RLw and RLe）, feed conversion ratio （FCRw and FCRe） and apparent digestibility rate （ADR）. Ration level and FCRw tended to increase with increasing density. Fish at the highest density D~ and lowest density D4 showed lower FCRe and higher ADR than at medium densities. Stocking density significantly affected protein and energy contents of the body but did not affect its moisture, lipid, or ash contents. The expenditure of energy for metabolism in the low-density and high-density groups was lower than that in the medium-density groups. Stocking density affected energy utilization from the feces but had no effect on excretion rate. The greater energy allocation to growth at high density and low density may be attributed to reduced metabolic rate and increased apparent digestibility rate. These findings provide information that will assist selection of suitable stocking densities in the Atlantic-salmon-farming industry.

Effect of Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) Farming Waste on the Growth, Digestion, Ammonium-Nitrogen Excretion of Sea Cucumber(Stichopus monotuberculatus)

In this study, specific growth rate(SGR), ingestion rate(IR), food conversion ratio(FCR), apparent digestion ratio(ADR) and ammonium-nitrogen excretion were determined for sea cucumber(Stichopus monotuberculatus) reared in plastic containers(70 L; 4 containers each diet treatment). Sea cucumbers were fed with five diets containing different amounts of farming waste from shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)(100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0) and a formulated compound(20% sea mud and 80% powdered algae). Sea cucumbers grew faster when they were fed with diet D(25% shrimp waste and 75% formulated compound) than those fed with other diets. Although IR value of sea cucumber fed with diet A(shrimp waste) was higher than those fed with other diets, both the lowest SGR and the highest FCR occurred in this diet group. The highest and the lowest ADR occurred in diet E(formulated compound) and diet A group, respectively, and the same to ammonium-nitrogen excretion. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid and total organic matter(TOM) in feces decreased in comparison with corresponding diets. In the feces from different diet treatments, the contents of crude protein and TOM increased gradually as the contents of crude protein and TOM in diets increased, while crude lipid content decreased gradually as the crude lipid content in diets increased.

Growth and energy budget of juvenile lenok Brachymystax lenok in relation to ration level

We evaluated the effect of ration level （RL） on the growth and energy budget of lenok Brachymystax lenok. Juvenile lenok （initial mean body weight 3.06±0.13 g） were fed for 21 d at five different ration levels： starvation, 2%, 3%, 4% bwd （body weight per day, based on initial mean values）, and apparent satiation. Feed consumption, apparent digestibility, and growth were directly measured. Specific growth rates in terms of wet weight, dry weight, protein, and energy increased logarithmically with an increase in ration levels. The relationship between specific growth rate in terms of wet weight （SGRw, %/d） and RL （%） was characterized by a decelerating curve： SGRw=- 1.417＋3.1661n（RL＋ 1）. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy exhibited a decreasing pattern with increasing ration level, and there was a significant difference among different RLs. Body composition was significantly affected by ration size. The relationship between feed efficiency rate in terms of energy （FERe） and RL was： FERe=- 14.167＋23.793RL-3.367（RL）2, and the maximum FERe was observed at a 3.53% ration. The maintenance requirement for energy of juvenile lenok was 105.39 kJ BW （kg）-0.80/d, the utilization efficiency of DE for growth was 0.496. The energy budget equation at satiation was： 100IE=29.03FE＋5.78（ZE＋UE）＋39.56 HE＋25.63 RE, where IE is feed energy, FE is fecal energy, ZE＋UE is excretory energy, HE is heat production, and RE is recovered energy. Our results suggest that the most suitable feeding rate for juvenile lenok aquaculture for wet weight growth is 2.89% bwd, whereas for energy growth, the suggested rate is 3.53% bwd at this growth stage.

Comparative Utilization of Different Fibre Feedstuffs by Weaning/Growing Pigs in the Tropics

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different fibre feedstuffs on the performance, nutrient utilization and economics of production of weaning/growing pigs. Five fibre feedstuffs--palm kernel cake （PKC）, wheat offal （WO）, corn bran （CB）, rice bran （RB） and brewers＇ dried grain （BDG） were used at 25% in each of the five experimental diets that were formulated in this study. Twenty weaner pigs （12.75 ± 0.6 kg） were used for the growth study while 15 pigs （14.95 ± 0.57 kg） were used for the digestibility study. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results of the study showed that the performance of the experimental animals were significantly influenced （P 〈 0.05） by the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract showed significant differences （P 〈 0.05） while there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the apparent digestibility of their dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract. The diet that contained WO had the best growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility. Results of economics of production also showed that diet with WO gave the best （P 〈 0.05） value in feed cost/＇kg gain and net profit/animal. It can be concluded from this study that although all the animals fed the different fibre feedstuffs performed satisfactorily on all the parameters monitored, but for optimum growth, apparent nutrients digestibility and economics of production. WO should be used as a fibre feedstuff in the diets of weaning/growing pigs in the tropics.

Effects of Dietary Soy Isoflavones on Feed Intake,Growth Performance and Digestibility in Juvenile Japanese Flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soy isoflavones on feeding intake,growth performance,and digestion of juvenile Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).Four isonitrogenous(49% crude protein) and isoenergetic(20.1 MJ kg-1) diets were formulated to contain four graded levels of soy isoflavones,namely,0,1,4 and 8 g soy isoflavones in 1 kg of diet.Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks of fish(Initial average weight:2.58 g ± 0.01 g),and each tank was stocked with 35 fish.No significant difference was observed among diets with levels of 0,1 and 4 g kg-1 soy isoflavones in feed intake,weight gain,feed efficiency ratio(FER),proximate composition of fish whole body and apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of nutrients and energy(P>0.05).However,high dietary soy isoflavones level(8 g kg-1) significantly depressed weight gain,FER,whole-body crude lipid content of fish and ADC of nutrients(P<0.05).These results indicate that high level of dietary soy isoflavones(above 4 g kg-1) significantly depresses growth responses and FER of Japanese flounder.However,as the content of soy isoflavones in soybean meal is around 1 to 3 g kg-1,the adverse effects might be neglected when soybean products are used as a fish feed ingredient.

Feeder Type Affects Growth in Weanling Horses

In the interest of decreasing feed costs while maximizing the growth of weanling horses, this study examined the potential difference in the average daily gain （ADG）, gain to feed ratio （G/F）, and apparent dry matter and crude protein digestibility in horses fed with the same diet provided in different feeder types. Sixteen weanling standardbred horses were used for the duration of the 9-week study. The horses were given 2.5% of their body weight in hay and grain daily, 2% hay and 0.5% grain, as fed in two equal feedings at 7：00 am and 7：00 pm. The first treatment used a combined hay and grain feeder with the hay rack positioned over a manger compartment. The second treatment provided hay in an open hay rack and grain in a separate, open-topped feed tub, not positioned under the hay rack. The two groups, with eight horses--four female and four male in each group, were fed in one manner or the other for the length of the study. The weanlings fed in the combined hay and grain feeder had a greater ADG （0.52 kg/d vs. 0.41 kg/d） and G/F （0.06 vs. 0.05） than the horses with the separate hay and grain feeders. Both ADG and G/F means between treatments were statistically different （P 〈 0.05）. There was not a significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the apparent digestibility of dry matter or crude protein between the two groups. Therefore, it was concluded that the combined feeding system resulted in greater growth and apparent G/F most likely due to decreased feed wastage; however, apparent digestibility was not different between feeding systems.

Energy poverty in Greek mountainous areas： a comparative study

The paper studied the energy poverty in the mountainous areas of Greece through parallel primary surveys, in comparison with the country-level conditions. The surveys are based on objective financial and expenditure data as well as on subjective views about housing conditions. The objective approach showed that mountainous areas of Greece are burdened with much higher energy expenditure while also having lower annual incomes. Under these circumstances, the energy poverty rate skyrocketed to73.5%. The subjective indicators reveal significant aspects of the problem, such as the intense problem of damp walls and mold growth at home or the restriction of other basic needs in order to cover heating needs. However, despite the proven high vulnerability of Greek mountainous areas, current energy policy actually ignores the special features of mountainous areas, implementing horizontal policies.Therefore, a specialized energy plan targeted to alleviating energy poverty in mountainous areas in Greece is an urgent imperative.

Effects of different characteristic surfaces at initial stage of frost growth

The effects of surface energy on phase change of water vapor at initial stage of frost growth were studied to find an effective method of restraining frost growth.The mechanism of restraining frost growth by low energy surface(bigger contact angle) was analyzed based on crystal growth theory.Then,the phase change of water vapor and the process of frost growth on the copper and wax energy surfaces were observed using microscope.The results indicate that it is difficult for wax surface(low energy surface),on which there are still water droplets at 100 s,to form critical embryo,so frost growth can be restrained in a way.Water formation,droplet growth,ice formation and dendritic ice growth processes happen on both surfaces,ordinally.But the ice beads,with larger average diameter and sparse distribution on the wax surface,form later(at about 300 s) than that on the copper surface,and the dendritic ice also appears later.All of these support that ice crystal formation and dendritic crystal growth at initial stage of frost growth can be retarded on the low energy surface.