“用”的情态意义及相关构式研究

“用”可以表示“必要”和“许可”两种情态意义,前者属于施事指向情态,后者属于说话人指向情态。两种情态意义与其出现的语境相和谐,在当代的普通话语体中“许可”义主要用于祈使句,句中不能使用过去时间词。“用”表道义情态主要分布于六种具有不同特征的构式,“用”主要出现在陈述语气的句子中,见于叙事语体中。“用”的否定、疑问、肯定三种用法在上古汉语中就已出现,相关情态构式在构式化后期存在一些变化,其构式变化是语法化的表现。

助动词“用”之肯定用法浅议

19世纪中叶至20世纪初西儒宁波话文献中助动词“用”肯定用法常见,表道义情态、动力情态,它并非晚清西儒由其否定用法类推“自创”而来,而是沿自明北部吴语。这一用法虽未见于北方通语文献,但见于南方宋儒语录、文言志怪小说以及明南方白话小说和今闽、赣、湘南土话等方言中,它很可能为南宋时期形成的南系官话用法。其肯定用法由同义助动词“须”的用法类推而来,并由道义情态义衍生出主语指向情态和认识情态。

“用不着”和“不用”的差异

现代汉语话语中“用不着”和“不用”都是表达必要性的否定词语。二者在形式和意义上有共性,但也存在很多细微差异。文章分析了二者在句法、语义以及语用等方面存在的诸多差异。

从动词“用”“悔”“告”的配价特点看《易》的成书年代

关于《易》的成书年代,学术界存在着多种观点。从配价结构的角度出发,考察《易》中"用"、"悔"、"告"三个动词用法之演变轨迹,《易》的成书年代当在殷末周初。

皎然《诗式》“作用”论

“作用”是皎然《诗式》中的一个重要概念,关系到对皎然诗学整体及《诗式》理论结构的把握理解。它本是佛学的常用语,皎然将之引入诗学,其涵义指向诗人个性创造力的表现,具体内容则为立意取境的运作,在意境理论生成史上具有重大的意义。但长期以来,其意涵隐蔽不彰,有的解释甚至出现淆误,故探索清理其概念范畴具有重要价值。

两周金文中“用”的词性和用法

"用"字在两周金文中出现频率很高,其词性和用法均呈现出多样化的特点。就词性言,有动词、介词、连词三种;就用法言,"用"为动词时有"使用"义,"用"为介词时可以引进动作行为凭借的对象和动作行为发生的原因;"用"为连词时主要表示原因。

《易经》“用”字试解

《易经》卦爻辞中"用"字句有两种句法格式,一是"用+名词或名词性词组",二是"用+动词或动词性词组"。从"用"字词义与词性的发展来看,有一个从具体义向抽象义,从实词向虚词转变的过程,而《易经》文本正是此一过程的过渡阶段。通过对《易经》"用"字含义和用法的分析,我们可以纠正对某些含"用"字卦爻辞的误解与误读。

也谈“用心一也”之“用”的训释

通过对《荀子》所产生的时代的语言进行调查,文章发现,"用心一也"的"用"当解释为"使用",不当解释为"因为"。这是因为先秦的"心一"一般表示心思统一,"心"表示多人之心;相当于"因"的"用"只出现在风格比较庄重的外交场合,这种用法在金文和《诗经》中很常见,但在后代的散文中很少见,说明这个用法在口语中已经消失。

汉语拒绝表达中的“不用”

以电视剧对话为语料来源,对汉语表示拒绝时运用“不用”的情况进行了考察。根据语料,拒绝时“不用”可以单用(包括与叹词、称呼语、小句或句子等共现的情况),也可以出现在表示拒绝的陈述句或祈使句中。当出现在句中时,由于共时状态下性质不同,“不用”可作不同解读。同时,依据会话分析已有的研究成果,从会话语篇的角度考察了运用“不用”的拒绝所适用的具体场景。

“中体西用”思潮初探

本文在论述近代“中体西用”思潮演变过程的基础上,认为“中体西用”思潮属于一种历史文化现象。通过具体的历史分析,得出这一思潮发展的历程中体现了中华民族始终不渝地保持自己的民族特色,顺应时势变革的优秀文化传统的结论。

A Cognitive Study on Politeness Intention Processing and Its Association with Pragmatic Failure in Cross-Cultural Communication

Although a large number of studies have focused on various aspects of politeness,very little is known about how politeness intention is activated cognitively during verbal communication.The present study aims to explore the cognitive mechanism of politeness intention processing,and how it is related to pragmatic failure during cross-cultural communication.Using 30 Chinese EFL university students who were instructed to finish a probe word judgment task with 96 virtual scenarios,the results indicate that within both mono-and cross-cultural contexts,the response time in the experimental scenarios was significantly slower than that of the filler scenarios.This suggests that politeness intention was activated while understanding the surface meaning of the conversation;however,the EFL learners could not completely avoid the negative transfer of their native politeness conventions when they were comprehending the conversational intention of the target language.Furthermore,no significant differences in response time were found between the groups with high and low English pragmatic competence,illustrating that transferring the pragmatic rules and principles into cross-cultural communication skills was more cognitively demanding.Overall,this study adds to the literature on politeness research and provides some implications for foreign language pragmatic instructions.

A Comparative Study of the L2 Pragmatic Competence of University Students in Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland:The Contributions of Sociocultural Context and Linguistic Proficiency

This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into those who had spent time abroad in an English-speaking country(CM A)and those who had not(CM NA),and 97 Hong Kong students,divided into those from an English-medium secondary school(Hong Kong EMI)and those from a Chinese-medium school(Hong Kong CMI).Linguistic proficiency was measured by a C-test,and pragmatic competence by a Metapragmatic Knowledge Test,an Irony Test and a Monologic Role Play.Group scores were compared using ANCOVAs to control for differences in proficiency.The results point to a continuum of pragmatic competence—EMI>CMI>CM A>CM NA—reflecting the groups’access to English in real-life contexts.The differences between the Hong Kong groups and the Chinese mainland groups were clearest in those tests measuring processing capacity(i.e.,Irony Response Time and the Monologic Role Play).CM A,but not CM NA,performed as well as the Hong Kong groups on measures of metapragmatic awareness.The results are discussed in terms of Bialystok’s(1993)distinction between analyzed representation and control of processing.

Performance improvement in stepped solar still modified by sponge layer

In this paper,the experimental investigation on the performance improvement of conventional stepped solar still is conducted.The steps are covered by the porous material to improve the performance of the conventional device and increase the evaporation rate.All the parameters,including the temperature on the glass surface,the water temperature inside the evaporation zone,and the amount of water produced in both conventional and modified stepped solar stills are measured and compared.The efficiency of two devices and their exergy efficiency have been calculated.Finally,the economic analysis of both devices has been done to check the economic feasibility of the modified device.The amount of freshwater generated during one day was 2244.4 and 3076.2 mL/m^(2),respectively for the conventional and modified stepped solar stills.As a result,the amount of water produced in one day by modified stepped solar still is 35.5% more than the conventional one.Also,the costs for the conventional and modified stepped solar stills have been calculated as 0.0359 and 0.029$/(L·m^(-2)),respectively.

肉桂的组成及其在化妆品中的应用

介绍了肉桂的基本情况及主要化学组成,肉桂含有挥发油、黄酮、多糖、萜类、木脂素、香豆素、矿物质等多种成分,其中挥发油为其主要成分;总结了肉桂与化妆品行业相关的抗氧化、抑菌、美白、皮肤保护等功效;分析了肉桂在化妆品的应用现状及安全性,并提出了肉桂在化妆品中的应用展望。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界致密储层含气系统压力演化

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界多层系致密气发育,准确认识气藏压力演化过程对深化致密气成藏认识和实现气井高产稳产具有指导意义。综合应用钻测井资料和岩心流体包裹体测试,结合盆地埋藏史和热演化史模拟,揭示了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界含气系统压力演化。结果显示,研究区自下而上发育欠压、略微欠压和常压系统。均一温度和盐度总体上连续分布,反映了油气连续充注过程。太原组、山西组和下石盒子组均一温度和盐度正相关,反映近源生烃后快速充注;上石盒子组和石千峰组均一温度和盐度负相关,受流体远距离运移充注和紫金山构造热事件作用下的气藏再平衡影响。研究区在白垩纪中期大量生烃,形成了异常高压,储层压力在34.89~38.26 MPa。后期地层抬升造成储层压力降低,其中地层降温贡献了50.31%~57.85%;天然气膨胀引起的气体运移贡献了28.25%~41.95%,且以上部地层降低为主;孔隙反弹贡献了0.37%~0.79%。相关成果系统揭示了上古生界致密气藏压力系统演化及现今气藏压力成因,对于认识鄂尔多斯盆地和类似盆地致密气富集成藏规律具有借鉴意义。

标有引号的并列成分之间顿号使用规范商榷

2011年新国标《标点符号用法》4.5.3.5条规定,标有引号的并列成分之间通常不用顿号。从历史上认识的变化与完善、新国标造成的理论困惑、执行效果与语用的复杂性来看,这一修订皆有不当之处,并给当下的教学、编校等语言文字工作造成困扰。建议删除“通常不用顿号”这项规定或将其修订为“可以不用顿号”。

基于物联网技术的医疗建筑电气节能设计与应用

随着互联网技术的高速发展,各种建筑及医疗设备不断推陈出新,物联网技术在医疗建筑中的作用也越来越重要。物联网技术可以充分调动医疗建筑内的所有设备,使其达到最合理的配置和最佳的使用效果,从而构建起高效、节能、低碳的绿色智慧医疗建筑。文章针对物联网的特点,结合医疗建筑内电气设备使用的实际情况,就物联网如何在医疗建筑的电气节能设计中发挥重要作用进行阐述说明。

工程认证背景下实践课程成绩评定方法与应用

随着非标准化考试等教学改革的推进,课程成绩评定成为高校实践类课程的重要考核方式。然而,由于缺乏客观定量的评价方法,主观性考核方式在认定考生成绩时存在较大不确定性。如何有效降低主观评判的随意性和不确定性成为课程成绩核定亟须解决的问题。研究提出基于师生协作的综合成绩评估方法,采用动态权重法综合学生打分和教师打分,形成更加合理的综合成绩分布,并以本科必修课程“环境规划与管理”期末成绩评定为例开展案例研究。结果表明,合理应用学生打分能够改善学生成绩分布,但要注意规避学生打分可能存在的均一化倾向和简单等权评分带来的成绩偏态分布问题。研究成果以期为大学实训类课程成绩评定提供一种新的方法。

一种磁选机卸矿装置的开发与应用

尖山铁矿开发了一种湿式筒式磁选机的精矿卸矿装置,重点对该装置的设计方案和实施应用方式进行阐述。应用实践表明,该装置能调节供水压力及卸矿水管与磁滚筒的不同位置出水角度,并有利于及时疏通维护,能有效地冲洗磁选机滚筒表面精矿,提高磁选机选别效果和延长磁滚筒筒皮使用周期,同时可取得显著的经济效益。

中古-r-介音颚化音变与梗摄四韵同用格局的形成

中古后期梗摄四韵同用,与山、咸摄的演变不平行。中古-r-介音经历了■的颚化音变,介音所处音变阶段的性质及作用方式不同,影响梗摄经历以下三个音变环节,最终形成四韵同用格局:(1)二等韵介音■,由齿龈近音变为卷舌近音,卷舌介音■使二等耕韵元音低化,与庚二韵合流(■);(2)重纽B类介音■颚化后与三等韵-i-介音融合,不再阻挡-i-对后接元音的拉动,庚三韵高化(■);(3)齿龈近音■及音系推平动力拉动江韵前化(■),前化的江韵与合流后的庚二耕韵(■)冲突,从而挤压庚二耕进一步高化(■),向庚三清青韵(■)靠拢,同用格局形成。梗摄的演变体现了音系不平衡→平衡→不平衡的动态发展过程。