透析机和透析用水处理系统中的生物膜及其控制

透析液中细菌和热原物质等微生物污染物严重威胁着透析患者的健康,世界各国对其都有着严格的规定[1]。如欧洲国家规定透析用水中可培养细菌不能超过100cfu/ml,细菌内毒素不能超过0.25EU/ml;透析液中细菌内毒素不能超过0.5EU/ml。美国医疗器械促进会（AAMI）对透析用水的标准是可培养细菌数不能超过200cfu/ml,细菌内毒素不能超过2EU／ml；

血液透析用水处理系统分析及故障检修

我院为了提高水处理的产水量,在血液透析中心新增一台华德维双级水处理系统。在单级水处理基础上,又增加一个反渗膜,串联后,就变成双级水处理系统。双极水处理系统可以完成对软化水的二次过滤,能够更好地去除水中各种化学物质和微生物。

透析用水处理系统安全监测及管理

血液透析患者需长期依靠透析治疗生存，保障患者透析安全是提供透析技术的前提和最基本要求。虽然历来透析中心水处理系统是属于工程师的领域，医生、护士不参与维修水处理系统，然而他们需要负责防范和处理透析用水不达标时对患者可能带来的严重临床后果，因此帮助医生、

中心医院血透用水处理系统维修2例

0引言随着血液透析技术的不断成熟发展,血液透析作为肾功能的替代方法,已经成为各医院的常规治疗手段[1]。据统计,每周每位透析患者所需的纯水量大约为300 L,也就是说每周有大约300 L的透析液与患者的血液接触,一旦透析液水质超标,溶解在透析液中的小分子物质便可弥散,并通过透析膜进入患者的血液[2],导致患者出现透析并发症、慢性中毒甚至死亡。

不同季节山区饮用水处理系统微生物多样性和时空分布特征

以丽水市新建镇自来水厂为例,采用异养菌平板菌落计数法和ATP生物发光法对不同季节各净水工艺处理的微生物多样性和时空分布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:处理系统的微生物量和活性随季节的变化关系为:春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,且均随处理工艺的进行呈整体的降低趋势,但经沉淀措施后,微生物量和活性可能会再次升高;砂层的微生物活性高于活性炭颗粒层的活性,而生物量则低于活性炭层的生物量;微生物多样性主要受水体酸碱度pH值、化学需氧量CODMn以及浊度的影响较大;微生物活性和量之间没有显著相关性;经不同季节水质检测,研究认为该自来水厂运行比较正常,各项指标基本达标,但要注意个别季节个别指标超标和微生物不合格现象。

介绍三种啤酒生产用水处理系统

啤酒生产企业为了节约成本和提高产品质量,会采用不同的水处理系统:井水处理系统、高浓稀释水处理系统、纯生洗瓶机用水处理系统.本文根据本厂生产实际,对以上三种水处理系统作简单介绍.

浅谈血液透析用水处理系统的质量管理

透析是治疗尿毒症的一种重要方式,保证透析的质量对于患者来讲有着重要的意义。从目前的具体分析来看,血液透析当中的用水质量对于具体的治疗效果有着显著的影响,所以从多方面采取措施进行血液透析用水处理系统的质量提升具有重要的现实价值。本文从透析病人的健康和安全角度进行考虑,对血液透析用水处理系统的质量管理做综合性分析,旨在为具体质量管理工作提供指导。

透析用水处理设备的工作原理及日常维护

在透析治疗过程中，99．3％的透析液是水。透析期间，每个病人一年将承受15000～30000L水的滤过。透析病人与用水直接相连，可见透析用水处理系统是多么的重要，而对水质的要求又是需要多么的严格，如何达到这样的要求呢，必要的因素有以下三点：科学、合理、完善的水处理工艺；

机器学习在水处理系统中的应用

智慧水务是目前水务事业发展的重要方向,机器学习作为实现人工智能的关键技术,在水务智慧化中有巨大的应用前景。从饮用水处理系统、排水处理系统和新技术研发三个方面,对机器学习的应用进行总结与评述。在饮用水处理体系方面,综述了机器学习在水质水量、药剂投加、氯消毒等方面的应用;在污水处理系统方面,总结了处理过程控制、能耗节约、工艺效率提高、膜污染控制、故障诊断等方面的机器学习方法;在新技术研发方面,归纳了机器学习在污染物高效去除的吸附与氧化等技术中的创新研究。最后,系统分析了不同模型的优缺点与使用范围,对智慧水务中机器学习模型的选择和应用有一定的指导意义。

双膜法应急饮用水处理运用研究

针对双膜法应急饮用水处理技术应用过程中存在的问题,进行全面分析,并详细介绍双膜法应急饮用水处理技术的优势,如操作流程方便、效果较好等,提出双膜法应急饮用水处理运用重点,希望能够给有关学者提供帮助。

浙江省H市水处理及供水系统4种人工甜味剂的分布特征

以浙江省某市的饮用水及污水处理系统为主要调研对象,通过固相萃取-高效液相色谱(solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography,SPE-HPLC)法展开了生活污水处理系统、水源、饮用水处理及供水系统中常见人工甜味剂的浓度调查.结果表明,SPE-HPLC可准确测定水中安赛蜜、糖精、阿斯巴甜和纽甜,检测限分别为57、120、170和47μg·L^-1,定量限分别为190、400、567和157μg·L^-1;PWAX柱固相萃取优化后,安赛蜜与糖精的回收率分别提高到86.5%和97.7%,而纽甜的回收率略下降至66.5%.生活污水中安赛蜜、糖精与纽甜的检出率可达100.0%,阿斯巴甜检出率仅为33.3%,4种人工甜味剂的最高浓度为0.83、4.52、1.22和7.57μg·L^-1.水源水中安赛蜜、糖精、阿斯巴甜和纽甜最高检出浓度为22.94、39.17、0.73和8.92μg·L^-1,检出率为分别为72.7%、90.9%、18.2%和90.9%.预臭氧工艺对安赛蜜、糖精和纽甜去除率为67.7%~100.0%,深度处理工艺对4种人工甜味剂去除效果好,去除率为73.7%~100.0%,有效降低了饮用水水质风险,管网中未检测到4种人工甜味剂的存在.

透析液高温报警的原因

传统血液透析机的主要功能为提供合格的透析液、提供体外循环的动力以及透析过程中的监控。合格的透析液是高质量透析治疗的保证。近年来业内越来越重视对透析用水及透析液化学污染物及微生物污染的控制^（[1]）。然而透析液的作用不光是矫正透析患者体内的酸碱及电导率平衡,还会在透析过程中补偿体外循环管路中的能量损失。

血液透析设备的质控管理

血液透析作为终末期肾病患者维持生命的重要手段,可有效降低血液透析患者的病死率。在日常的血液透析治疗中,血液透析用水的质量和血液透析机的安全直接影响患者的治疗效果和人身安全,因此,严格执行对血液透析水处理系统和血液透析机的质量控制管理非常重要。

Minimization of the Flowrate of Fresh Water and Corresponding Regenerated Water in Water-using System with Regeneration Reuse

A sequential three-step programming method is proposed for determining the minimum flowrate of fresh water and corresponding regenerated water in water-using system of single contaminant with regeneration reuse. In step 1, a programming with the objective of min fws is used to determine the minimum flowrate of fresh water, in which the mathematical representation is a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP1). Then under the same constraints with step 1, a programming with the objective of min freg in step 2 and a programming with the objective of min Cr in step 3 are subsequently used to determine the minimum flowrate of regenerated water and the minimum inlet concentration to regeneration process corresponding to the minimum flowrate of fresh water based on step 1. The method is easy to apply because we only need to change the objective function but keep the constraints constant to go along the following steps after step 1. In addition, the relationship between the fresh water flowrate required, fws and inlet concentration to regeneration process, Cr, is investigated. It is found that there exist three relationships between fws and Cr, which indicate three possibilities for C\>: below the pinch, above the pinch or at the pinch. Therefore, a new conclusion is drawn, which differs from that 'regeneration of water at pinch minimizes fresh water flowrate' derived in literature and indicates that in some cases, regeneration at other point also minimizes fresh water flowrate.

Effect of Application of Pipe Roof Method by Using Pipe Jacking on Behavior of Surrounding Soil

Tunnels in an urban area, in many cases, are constructed in soft ground which contains underground water, near existing facilities and structures. Structural stability for the tunnel and also the nearby structures and facilities is vital in this kind of work. Slurry pipe jacking was firmly established as a special method for the non-disruptive construction of underground pipelines of sewage systems. This method utilizes mud slurry that is formed around the pipes in order to stabilize the surrounding soil. In the pipe roof method the tubing elements that are constructed by slurry pipe jacking are near each other longitudinally, and create a rigid and stable lining before the excavation of the main tunnel. This paper discusses ＇the application of a slurry pipe jacking system on ＇the pipe roof method by means of numerical analysis. Because of the rigid behavior of the lining, the results show little subsidence, making this method a reliable method of constructing large tunnels with small cover in an urban area.

Technical Innovation of Land Treatment Systems for Municipal Wastewater in Northeast China

On the basis of ecological principles including holistic optimization, cycling and regeneration, and regional differentiation, land treatment systems (LTSs) for municipal wastewater were continuously explored and updated in the western Shenyang area and the Huolinhe area, China. Intensified pretreatment, addition of a man-made soil filtration layer, and use of an ecologically diversified secondary plant cover were proved to be technically feasible. Hydraulic loading was determined according to the assimilation capacity of soil ecosystems, thus ensuring safe operation of wastewater treatment. This modernized and alternative approach to wastewater treatment had been widely applied in middle-sized and small cities and towns of Northeast China, and these innovative systems in some areas had indicated favorable ecological, social, and economic benefits.

Conceptual design of an extractive distillation process for the separation of azeotropic mixture of n-butanol-isobutanol-water

In many chemical processes, large amounts of wastewater containing butanol and isobutanol are produced.Given that n-butanol-isobutanol-water can form triple azeotrope, high-purity butanol cannot be recovered from the wastewater by ordinary distillation. To economically and effectively recover butanol from this kind of wastewater, 1,4-butanediol is selected as an extractant to break the formation of the azeotropes, and a doubleeffect extractive distillation process is proposed. The conceptual design of the proposed process is accomplished based on process simulation. With the proposed process, the purity of recovered butanol and water is greater than 99.99 wt%. In comparison with the conventional azeotropic distillation process, economic analysis shows that the operating cost of the proposed process is lower: when the capacity of wastewater treatment is 100 t·h^(-1), the total operating cost decreases by 5.385 ×10~6 USD per year, and the total annual cost of the new process decreases by 5.249 ×10~6 USD per year. In addition, in the extractive distillation system, variable effects on separation purities and cost are more complex than those in the ordinary distillation system. The method and steps to optimize the key variables of the extractive distillation system are also discussed in this paper and can provide reference for similar studies.

Commercial Application of Technology for Catalytic Combustion of Waste Gases from Wastewater Treatment System in Petrochemical Enterprises

The catalytic combustion technology for treating waste gases exiting from wastewater treatment system and oil separators in petrochemical enterprises was introduced in this article. Commercial application of this technology showed that the process ＂desulfurization and total hydrocarbon concentration homogenizationcatalytic combustion＂ and the associated WSH-1 combustion catalyst were suitable for treating volatile organic gases emitted from the oil separators, floatation tanks, inlet water-collecting well, waste oil tanks, etc. The commercial unit was equipped with an advanced auto-control system, featuring a simple operation and low energy consumption with good treatment effect. The purified gases could meet the national emission standard.