华北地区区域用水负效应调查与分析方法——以邯郸地区为例

论文从水资源利用的特点及其可能存在的负效应出发,具体针对华北地区城市化过程中存在的两类突出水资源问题——水污染和地下水超采进行调查与分析。给出了区域用水负效应的参数体系及计算方法,并将用水负效应反映在水价形成机制中。根据上述方法,对邯郸市用水负效应进行调查与分析,获得了计算用水负效应的重要参数及用水负效应水价,得出在目前的条件下邯郸市用水负效应已占GDP的1.13%。根据用水负效应的分析结果提出了工业污水处理费征收及与水资源经济补偿相关的政策建议。

用水负效应分析与计算

在讨论用水负效应内涵的基础上,总结了目前计算水污染与超采地下水造成的经济损失的方法,并采用分解求和法、直接统计与间接估算方法分别计算了海河流域的用水负效应。对2004年分析计算表明,第一产业用水负效应已超过用水的效用价值,第二产业和第三产业用水负效应分别约为效用价值的45%和36%。

中国三次产业生产用水消耗的时空演绎分解--基于LMDI-I模型的经验分析

本文借鉴Kaya恒等式,并应用LMDI-I分解模型,分析驱动中国2003-2014年三大产业生产用水消耗的人口效应、经济水平效应和用水效率效应的时空演绎特征。研究发现,人口效应是抑制第一产业和促进第二产业以及第三产业生产用水消耗的主要因素之一,同时经济水平效应对三大产业生产用水消耗主要表现为正向促进效应,而用水效率效应则主要表现为负向抑制效应。每个省区的从业人员变动、经济水平变动和用水效率变动共同决定了全国生产用水消耗的变动,在当前特定情况下,地区生产用水消耗的下降与全国生产用水消耗下降存在不一致性,因此,为了顺利实现全国水资源节约的整体目标,需要及时评估各省区对全国水资源节约的贡献度,准确把握中国生产用水消耗的空间分布特征,重点关注那些对生产用水消耗影响较为关键的省区,以尽快实现对水资源消耗总量的有效控制。

灌区用水效率与效益评价

我国灌溉用水的利用率只有0．3--0．4。鉴于此，节水灌溉的呼声己越来越高，国家也采取了一系列的节水灌溉措施，旨在提高灌溉水的利用效率。目前灌溉水的损失主要有渠道输水损失、管理损失和田间深层渗漏造成的损失。要结合灌区实际情况采取切实可行的节水措施。

Response of Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat to Whole Season CO_2 Enrichment and Drought

Whole_growing season pot experiments were conducted to examine the response of growth and water use efficiency ( WUE ) of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gaoyuan 602) to CO 2 enrichment. Wheat plants were grown in open_top chambers (OTCs) subject to two concentrations of CO 2 ()(350 and 700 μL/L, hereafter 'ambient' and 'elevated' respectively) and three soil water levels (80%, 60% and 40% field water capacity ( FWC ), hereafter 'high soil moisture', 'medium soil moisture' and 'low soil moisture' respectively). Elevated CO 2 greatly increased leaf net photosynthesis ( Pn ) at all three soil water levels. The Pn of plants growing under elevated was 22% lower than that of plants growing at ambient when measured with the same (700 μL/L). Plant growth was enhanced by elevated throughout the growing season, with an increase of 14.8% in shoot dry weight at harvest under high soil moisture, and leaf area was increased by about 20% at all three soil water levels. Elevated in combination with high soil moisture increased the ratio of plant shoot dry weight to height by 15.7%, while this ratio was decreased by over 50% when plants were subject to drought. Elevated also increased the water use efficiency of wheat, mainly due to decreases in transpiration and cumulative consumption of water, and an increase in shoot dry weight, with the biggest value of 30% occurring at high soil water moisture level. Compared to high soil moisture, drought decreased shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient , and by 76% under elevated . Similarly, drought also reduced WUE by 19% under ambient , and 23% under elevated . Our results indicate that: (1) elevated can increase the photosynthetic rates, growth and WUE of wheat plants; (2) long_term exposure to high may result in lower photosynthetic capacity; (3) high stimulates plants lateral growth more than vertical growth; (4) the effects of CO 2 enrichment on plants depend on soil water status, with plants benefiting more from CO 2 enrichment if sufficient water is supplied; and (5) drought may cause relatively more reduction in plant growth and WUE under future elevated conditions.

Allelopathy Effect of Wheat Root Aqueous Extracts on Different Vigna angularis Varieties

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the al elopathy effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of different adzuki bean （Vigna angularis） vari-eties in wheat root aqueous extracts. [Method] Culture dish method and pot experi-ment were carried out with the seeds and the seedling of 10 adzuki bean varieties, respectively, and seed germination rate and various indexes of the seedlings were measured. [Result] ① 30 g/L wheat root aqueous extracts very significantly im-proved the germination rate and sprouting index of B1789, Baihong 3, Baohong 947. ② The genotype differences of adzuki bean seedling was presented by the morphological index in wheat root aqueous extracts treatment; among al the mor-phological indexes, Baohong 947, Jinhong 3 presented a positive al elopathic effect, and their plant height, root length and leaf area were extremely significantly in-creased, while the fresh weights of both above-ground and underground parts were increased obviously, compared with the control. ③ According to the synthetical al-lelopathic indices, wheat root aqueous extracts had different degrees of promoting effects on the six adzuki bean varieties： Baohong 947〉Baihong 6〉B1789〉Zunhua-hong〉Jihong〉Jinhong 3〉Baohong 8824-17〉Baihong 3. ④ Treated by wheat root aqueous extract, the SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, TTC activity and chlorophyl content in the seedlings of adzuki beans of different genotypes changed by a smal er range in al elopathic promotion varieties than in al elopathic inhibition varieties. [Conclusion] The results proved that Baohong 947 is the best summer-planting variety after wheat.

中国主要农产品虚拟水变化驱动因素及地区差异分析

中国主要农产品的虚拟水总量随着时间不断变化,研究这种变化趋势的驱动因素,有利于节约农业用水,将有限的水资源用于其他领域,促进整个国民经济的发展。基于改进的LMDI模型,将东部、中部、西部地区的2000—2013年的主要农产品虚拟水变化影响因素分解为用水强度效应、产值结构效应、经济效应和人口效应,探讨其对各地区农产品虚拟水量的影响差异。研究发现:经济效应和人口效应对虚拟水量的变化起到拉动作用,用水强度效应和产值结构效应对虚拟水量变化呈现较弱的抑制作用。4个效应对3个地区农产品虚拟水量变化的贡献趋势基本一致,从大到小排序均为经济效应、用水强度效应、产值结构效应、人口效应,仅在具体的贡献量上有所差别。用水强度和产值结构效应对3个地区虚拟水量的贡献随时间变化的趋势基本一致;相比东、中部地区而言,西部地区农产品虚拟水量受经济效应的拉动作用小;人口效应对东部地区的拉动作用最为显著。研究结论为我国缓解用水矛盾、解决水资源短缺危机提供决策依据。

Causes for the Unimodal Pattern of Leaf Carbon Isotope Composition in Abies faxoniana Trees Growing in a Natural Forest along an Altitudinal Gradient

Leaf morphological and physiological traits of Abies faxoniana growing in a natural forest along an altitudinal gradient were measured with the aim to identify the central mechanism for the marked variation in foliar δ13C determined by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. There is a unimodal pattern of plant functional traits in these temperate and semi- humid areas. Stomatal parameters, specific leaf area, and C/N ratio increased, whereas C, N and δ13C values decreased with increasing altitude below 3000 m a.s.1. In contrast, they exhibited opposite trends above 3000 m a.s.l.. Our results demonstrated that high-altitude plants achieve higher water use efficiency （WUE） at the expense of decreasing nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, whereas plants at 3000 m can maintain a relatively higher NUE but a lower WUE. Such intra-specific differences in the trade-off between NUE and WUE may partially explain the altitudinal distribution of the plants in relation to moisture and nutrient availability. Our results clearly indicate that the functional relations between nutritional status and the structure of leaves are responsible for the altitudinal variations associated with δ13C. The pivotal role of specific leaf area in regulating plant adaptive responses provides a potential physiological mechanism for the observed growth advantage of populations occupying the medium altitude. These adaptive responses altitudinal gradients showed that an altitude to of approximately 3000 m a.s.1, is the optimum distribution zone for A. faxoniana, allowing the most vigorous growth and metabolism. These results improve our understanding of the various roles of environmental and biotic variables upon δ13C dynamics and provide useful information for subalpine coniferous forest management.

Application of Secondary Nutrient Fertilizer Produced by Leili Group in Rice in Lichuan City

On basis of tests in regions with different elevations, rice sprayed with secondary nutrient fertilizers （×1 000） produced by Beijing Leili Group would signifi-cantly increase yield and incomes, which can be widely applied in Lichuan City or similar areas. With the fertilizer applied, rice yield can be improved by 292.5-505.5 kg/hm2, with increase of 6.63%-10.92%; farmer’s incomes can be enhanced by 877.5-1 516.5 yuan/hm2, with net income growth of 783-1 422 yuan; output-to-input rate kept in 8.29-15.05. The increased rice yield is mainly contributed by the in-creases of setting percentage and thousand-seed weight, of which the former＇s role is more significant. Hence, the fertilizer can be widely applied in Lichuan and similar regions.

Establishment and Preliminary Application of a Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) for Rabies Virus

The World Health Organization (WHO) standard assay for determining levels of the rabies virus neutralization antibody (RVNA) is the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), which is used to evaluate the immunity effect after vaccination against rabies. For RFFIT, CVS-11 was used as the challenge virus, BSR cells as the adapted cells, and WHO rabies immunoglobulin (WHO STD) as the reference serum in this study. With reference to WHO and Pasteur RFFIT procedures, a micro-RFFIT procedure adapted to our laboratory was produced, and its specificity and reproducibility were tested. We tested levels of RVNA in human serum samples after immunization with different human rabies vaccines (domestic purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and imported purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV)) using different regimens (Zagreb regimen and Essen regimen). We analyzed the levels of RVNA, and compared the immune efficacy of domestic PVRV and imported PCECV using different immunization regimens. The results showed that the immune efficacy of domestic PVRV using the Zagreb regimen was as good as that of the imported PCECV, but virus antibodies were generated more rapidly with the Zagreb regimen than with the Essen regimen. The RFFIT procedure established in our laboratory will enhance the comprehensive detection ability of institutions involved in rabies surveillance in China.

Growth Responses of Wheat Cultivars to Rock Phosphate in Hydroponics

Screening cultivars to grow under conditions of low phosphorus (P) availability and utilize P efficiently from compounds of low solubility in soils may be beneficial to overcome poor plant growth in P-deficient soils. The growth behavior and P utilization efficiency of seven wheat cultivars grown in hydroponics were studied, using rock phosphate as P source. The wheat cultivars grown for 30 days were significantly different in biomass accumulation, P uptake and P utilization efficiency. The dry matter production of all the cultivars was significantly correlated with P uptake, which in turn correlated to the drop in the root medium pH. The ranking of wheat cultivars on the basis of dry matter yield, P uptake and P utilization efficiency was Zamindar 80 > Yecora > C 271 > WL 711 > Barani 83 > PARI 73 > Rohtas. The cultivar Zamindar 80 appeared to possess the best growth potential in P-deficient soils.

Research of chemical induction unit on mixing effect and chlorine saving

Rapid mixing and chlorine saving are two important problems that most drinking water industries are focus on, and this paper adopts chemical induction unit to compare with water jet injector to study what merits chemical induction unit has. The experiment chose coefficient of variability of chlorine concentration to evaluate the mix effect and used chlorine consumption to compare the two equipments. Distribution reservoir experiments show that chemical induction unit can completely mix chlorine less than 6.2 seconds and water jet injector can not completely mix in 3 minutes. Mixing pool experiments show that chemical induction unit can save chlorine compared with water jet injector, and can save more if more chlorine is consumed.

Research on compound plugging removal technology and its application in Xinmu oilfield of Jilin

Most fault-block reservoirs in Xinmu oilfield belong to heterogeneous sandstone in characters which has low permeability, and reservoir pollution is a common phenomenon in this area. Acidizing deplugging in oil wells has become one of the major measures to improve production efficiency in the field. A compound deplug- ging technology in high efficiency low corrosion is developed for this kind of low permeability sandstone reser- voir. On the basis of profoundly understanding of the reservoir＇s physical properties and sensitivity, along with comprehensive analysis of the cause for jams in oil wells, a series of experiments are carried out in order to in- vestigate the dissolution reaction among samples and deplugging inhibitor, sample dissolving speed, formation fluid compatibility, reduction of secondary pollution, etc. Considered reservoir condition in nearby wells the op- timized compositional deplugging liquid formula is selected for this reservoir. It is featured by reducing the de- plugging reaction speed, extending solution for processing radius, preventing secondary damage in dissolution processing, and removing plug pollution effectively. To implement this high efficiency low corrosion deplugging measure based on reservoir condition in the borehole and nearby wells, a relatively better result of deplugging and production increasing is achieved, which enriches the measures to increase production in Xinmu oilfield, and this method can be applied to other similar oiffields for the purpose of maintaining the crude oil production and providing assistant for increasing the production significantly.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Effect of Salt on the Compromise of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micelle Solutions

The presence of salt has a profound effect on the size,shape and structure of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)micelles.There have been a great number of experiments on SDS micelles in the presence and absence of salt to study this complex problem.Unfortunately,it is not clear yet how electrolyte ions influence the structure of micelles.By describing the compromise between dominant mechanisms,a simplified atomic model of SDS in presence of salt has been developed and the molecular dynamics(MD)simulations of two series of systems with different concentrations of salt and charges of ion have been performed.Polydispersity of micelle size is founded at relatively high concentration of SDS and low charge of cation.Although the counter-ion pairs with head groups are formed,the transition of micelle shape is not observed because the charge of cation is not enough to neutralize the polar of micelle surface.

Strategy for Controlling the Level in a Dissolved Air Flotation Chamber

The aim of the present study was to implant an efficient strategy for controlling the level of the effluent-oily foam interface in a DAF （dissolved air flotation） chamber of a pilot-scale prototype. DAF has been successfully used in the treatment of oily water, which is one of the main environmental problems in different industrial facilities. Along with important operational parameters, such as microbubble size and flow rate, the control strategy for the automation of a DAF chamber may be an important tool for increasing efficiency. Controlling the level was the strategy chosen to enhance the separation efficiency in a pilot-scale DAF prototype, with monitoring performed using a computational program in LabVIEW （laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench）. The findings demonstrate that it is possible to maintain the level of the fluid at a reference value established by the operator using the software program through the application of classic proportional integral derivative controllers. Using this control tool, the efficiency of water-oil separation in the pilot flotation chamber prototype was increased to nearly 98%.

Time difference based measurement of ultrasonic cavitations in wastewater treatment

Intensity of cavitation is significant in ultrasonic wastewater treatment,but is complicated to measure.A time difference based method of ultrasonic cavitation measurement is proposed.The time differences at different powers of 495 kHz ultrasonic are measured in experiment in comparison with conductimetric method.Simulation results show that time difference and electrical conductivity are both approximately positive proportional to the ultrasonic power.The degradation of PNP solution verifies the availability in wastewater treatment by using ultrasonic.

Three dimensional carbon substrate materials for electrolysis of water

Water splitting is an important approach for energy conversion to obtain hydrogen and oxygen. Apart from solar water splitting, electrochemical method plays a key role in the booming field, and it is urgent to develop novel and efficient catalysts to accelerate water splitting reaction. Recently, newly emerging self-supported materials, especially three dimensional（3D） carbon substrate electrochemical catalysts, have attracted great attention benefiting from their fantastic catalytic performances, such as large surface area,enhanced conductivity, tunable porosity, and so on. This review summarizes the outstanding materials used for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. And catalysts that acted as both anode and cathode in two-electrode systems for overall water splitting are introduced systematically. The opportunities and challenges of 3D carbon substrate materials for electrochemical water splitting are proposed.