基于LabVIEW的居民用水数据采集系统研究

文章设计了一种居民用水数据的采集监控系统,利用下位机采集各个用户用水数据,通过ZigBee模块建立数据采集器的局域网,由数据集中器收集采集器的数据,上传至上位机,利用上位机进行小区居民的用水数据监控,上位机利用虚拟仪器软件LabVIEW设计,界面友好,功能强大,通过测试可实现数据的采集、存储、查询等功能,效果良好。

中国用水数据统计差异分析

用水数据是开启水资源规划与管理的钥匙,是中国落实最严格水资源管理制度的基础。本文基于1997-2011年中国水资源公报和全国第一次水利普查公开发布的用水数据综合运用对比分析、德尔菲专家调查及趋势离差等方法,从主观和客观两个方面定性地分析了两套权威用水数据的差异及其原因,并对不同行业的用水数据进行了取舍和修正,以期客观地判断中国真实用水情况。研究表明中国用水统计数据的差异是客观存在的。不同地区不同行业之间的数据差别各异,主要原因包括用水计量基础薄弱、计量率较低和地方行政部门为了争取相当于水权的用水指标而主观影响用水数据的上报等因素。修正后的中国2011年总用水量约为5 904.6亿m3,其中生活用水约为846.1亿m3,工业用水约为1 203.0亿m3,农业用水约为3 743.6亿m3,生态环境用水111.9亿m3。

南宁市2018年取用水监测数据质量评价

国家水资源监控能力建设项目取用水监控体系建设是落实最严格水资源管理信息化的关键。基于南宁市取用水监控体系2018年全年监测和2017年水资源公报年报等数据,采用对比分析和数据异常识别模型的方法,对不同行政区、行业,以及典型取水户的监测数据进行质量评价,并给出初步的数据修正思路。研究表明,不同行政区、时段、行业之间的数据质量各异,特别是不同行业之间的数据质量差异明显,灌区农业用水监测数据质量问题尤其突出。南宁市目前实际取水许可水量监控比例为85.23%,总用水量监控比例约为48.20%,南宁市取用水监控系统基本可为取水许可管理、用水量统计、水资源费核算等业务提供一定参考。

居民用水量远程测量系统设计

目前在我国中小城市中,对居民住宅区用水数据的采集往往还是采用人工逐一入户现场抄读,这种抄表方式易出错、效率低,且不利于供水公司监控用户的用水数据。借助于数据脉冲信号采集装置和GPRS无线通讯技术,可以把水表的示数实时或定时地上传给监控中心,并将采集到的数据自动存储至数据库,同时监控管理软件可以实现自动扣除预存水费。通过现实中的运行表明,本系统可靠性高、操作方便,值得广泛推广与应用。

Assimilating Amounts of Precipitation Using a New Four-Dimensional Variational Method

Observations of accumulated precipitation are extremely valuable for effectively improving rainfall analysis and forecast. It is, however, difficult to use such observations directly through sequential assimilation methods, such as three-dimensional variational data assimilation or an Ensemble Kalman Filter. In this study, the authors illustrate a new approach that makes effective use of precipitation data to improve rainfall forecast. The new method directly obtains an optimal solution in a reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model; it also avoids the implementation of tangent linear model and its adjoint. A lot of historical samples are produced as the ensemble of precipitation observations with the fully nonlinear forecast model. The results show that the new approach is capable of extracting information from precipitation observations to improve the analysis and forecast. This method provides comparable performance with the standard fourdimensional variational data assimilation at a much lower computational cost.

Regional Differences of China′s Urban Expansion from Late 20th to Early 21st Century Based on Remote Sensing Information

This study investigated the regional differences of China′s urban land expansion from the late 1980s to the year of 2008, based on the spatio-temporal analysis of CLCD (China′s land cover/land use database) datasets which were mainly produced from remote sensing imagery data. A newly defined urbanization level index (UI), based on urban land area, is proposed to describe Chinese urban expansion process at 1 kilometer, provincial, regional, and na-tional scales, together with the absolute urban expansion index (UEa) and the relative urbanization expansion index (UEr). The results indicate that the percentages of total land area occupied by urban in the late 1980s, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008 were approximately 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.43% and 0.52% of China′s total land area, respectively. Between the late 1980s and 2008, the total urban expansion in the mainland of China was 2.645 × 104 km2, resulting in an annual urban expansion area of about 1322.7 km2/yr, with the UEr of 111.9%. This study also finds that there has been an obvious spatial gradient of urbanization ratio running from the east coast to the west inland, and the urbanization gaps among different regions have persisted over the past two decades. The study also reveals obvious temporal varia-tions of the urbanization rates. There was very little urban growth during the period of 1995-2000 due to the governmental policy factors.

Test of subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness under water-rock interaction in three types of rocks

The subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness in peridotite, lherzolite and amphibolite were investigated with double torsion test. The results show that water-rock interaction has a significant influence on subcritical crack growth. With water-rock interaction, the crack velocity increases, while the stress intensity factor declines, which illustrates that water-rock interaction can decrease the strength of rocks and accelerate the subcritical crack growth. Based on Charlse theory and Hilling & Charlse theory, the test data were analyzed by regression and the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.7, which shows the correlation is significant. This illustrates that both theories can explain the results of tests very well. Therefore, it is believed that the subcritical crack growth attributes to the breaking of chemical bond, which is caused by the combined effect of the tensile stress and the chemical reaction between the material at crack tip and the corrosive agent. Meanwhile, water-rock interaction has a vital effect on fracture toughness. The fracture toughness of samples under atmospheric environment is higher than that of samples immersed in water. And water-rock interaction has larger influence on fracture toughness in amphibolite than that in peridotite and lherzolite.

False anomaly recognition with horizontal differential field lines method in high-density electrical technique and its application in Xinlei Quarry,Jiuquan

As an important geophysical tool,high density electrical technique infers the underground geological structures by processing and inverting the apparent resistivity data.Currently,the false anomalies have been frequently occurred in the graph of apparent resistivity pseudo-section or inverted geoelectrical section obtained from high-density electrical technique,and are difficult to remove.In this study,the authors explain the mechanism of the false anomalies and put forward the horizontal differential field method to identify the false anomalies.Based on the analysis of modeling results,this method is applied in the surveying data in Xinlei Quarry of Jiuquan,and the results confirm the effectiveness of the horizontal differential field method.

Agricultural water-saving potential and feasibility of developing semi-dryland farming in Henan Province

Based on the collected data in the current status of developing and utilizing water resources and imple- menting water-saving agriculture in Henan Province, and taking into account the influence of engineering, agro- nomic and management measures, the water-saving potential in past years and the feasibility of implementing semi-dryland farming were analyzed in Henan Province. Finally, specific technical measures of developing semi- drvland farming in different areas of Henan Province were orooosed.

Applicability of Waterside Corrosion Models in Range of IFPE Database

Fuel rod cladding waterside corrosion is one of the phenomena that limit the life time of nuclear fuel. Corrosion performance depends on the cladding material properties as well as operating conditions during the irradiation of the fuel. As a function of temperature, power history, water chemistry, time, etc., waterside corrosion is of great concern in fuel performance evaluation, especially for high burnup fuels. This paper is dedicated to the study of the waterside corrosion phenomenon using the IFPE database by COPERNIC, which is developed for the analysis of fuel rod behaviors in normal operation and transient conditions. Different models, MATPRO, FRAMATOME and EPRI models, for example, are adopted in the simulations. The results derived from the models are compared and the unconformities are analyzed. Based on the comparative analysis, reasonable models are chosen to simulate certain irradiated fuel rods. Our analyses indicate that potential affecting factors which are not considered in COPERNIC code, such as water chemistry and alloy composition, should be responsible for discrepancies of certain rod predictions.

A method for retrieving soil moisture from GNSS-R by using experiment data

Soil moisture is a key parameter in agricultural irrigation. The L band（1.58GHz） on board global position system （GPS） satellite is well suited for monitoring the change of soil moisture. In order to investigate the potential of retrieving soil moisture using the L-band GPS bistatic radar, this paper analyzed a retrieval method by using field experiment data. In order to investigate the relation- ship between the soil moisture （ corresponding roughly to the 0 - 5cm top soil layer） and the signal- to-noise ratio （PT-S-R） to the direct GPS signal-to-noise ratio （Pd_sNR）, an experiment was conducted in Hulunber grassland of China in 2009 and 2011. Six field sites in the soil moisture experiment were utilized to analyze the relationship between soil moisture and the ratio of Pr-SNR to Pd-SN~ and the square of correlation coefficient was about 0.9 when the surface type was known and the elevation angle of the satellite ranged from 65 to 85 degrees approximately. The analysis shows that ratio of Pr-SNR to Pd-SNR can be used to monitor the soil moisture, because the ratio of Pr-SVR to Pd-SNR maxi- mized the elimination of the influence of different signals from different GPS satellites. The estimation accuracy could be improved if we make full use of the empirical knowledge on elevation angles of GPS satellites and ground roughness of different surface types.

Design and Description of a Photovoltaic Pumping System： Application in the Site of Adrar

The Saharan areas and in particular the isolated sites are characterized by low levels of population, in dispersed cores, which suffer from serious problems of water supply for consumption and the irrigation. The photovoltaic pumping systems （PV） are an ideal solution for these problems. Despite the presence of several photovoltaic pumping systems （PVPS） projects, data acquisition system is still missing in most cases. In this work, the authors will present the PVPS installed at the unit of research in renewable energies in Saharan medium （URERMS, Algeria）. This system will enable us to better analyze the performances ofa photovoltaic pumping system in Saharan medium. The principal elements of the chain of the photovoltaic pumping system are： a photovoltaic generator, the power conditioning system, a motor-driven pump immersed group, an electric wiring, a hydraulic infrastructure which comprises a water tank.

Research and application of GIS information system of Pipeline Network of Oil Field Water

Pipeline network of oil fi eld water is established on the basis of GIS geographic information and SCADA platform, and monitorthe running state of water supply system in oil fi eld mining area in real time through data acquisition, instrument measurement and control,wireless network, water quantity, water pressure and other on-line monitoring equipment. The water supply system is formed, and the informationof mass water supply system is analyzed and processed in a timely manner. The system manages the entire production, management and serviceprocesses of the water supply system in a dynamic manner in order to ensure water supply safety management, and realize the modernization,intelligence and information mode operation of the water supply system in the mining area.

Multiscale Edge Analysis of Gravity Data and Its Applications

In order to improve the processing and interpretation of gravity data, multiscale edge theory in image processing is introduced into the study of gravity field. Multiscale edges of gravity anomaly are analyzed based on a special wavelet. It shows that the multiscale edges are the extrema points of the horizontal gravity gradient at different heights, which are related to the sharp discontinuities of underground sources. The applications of multiscale edge in downward continuation and gravity inversion are discussed. The simulated examples show that the multiscale edges can be applied to stabilize the downward continuation operator when the continuation height is low. The multiscale edges also have a convenient application to infer the geometry of the underground source. Moreover, the gravity inversion algorithm based on the multiscale edges has a good antinoise property.