饮用水类型与蚌埠市0～5岁儿童出生缺陷病例调查分析

目的调查蚌埠地区0～5岁儿童出生缺陷与饮用水类型的相关性。方法选用现况调查的流行病学方法,筛查出的出生缺陷具有明确诊断或者经医师体检诊断出生缺陷儿作为调查对象,对其居住地饮用水的类型进行统计分析,得出相关结论。结果研究显示,母亲孕前、孕期及哺乳期和父亲饮用自家井水(<50米)而其子女出生缺陷发生比例最高,饮用自来水出生缺陷发生比例排在第2位,与对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。而家庭居住环境附近有无河流与出生缺陷的发生无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论家庭居住环境附近有无河流对出生缺陷的发生无直接关系,但饮用水类型与出生缺陷的发生有一定的关系。

包装饮用水、饮料类型与健康

水是生命之源,是人类生存的基本需求,饮用水的卫生是保证安全饮水的重要前提,但除卫生安全外,包装饮用水带来的健康问题常被人忽略。近年来,包装饮用水和饮料的生产量和销售额增速明显,人均包装饮用水和饮料消费量不断上升,已经成为一种普遍的消费行为,但存在诸多问题,如一些饮料含糖量高且消费量增加、喝纯净水成为消费时尚等。研究显示,除饮水量和饮水卫生之外,包装饮用水、饮料类型与健康密切相关。包装饮用水中含有一些营养素且很大程度上受加工工艺和环境条件影响,不同营养素含量的饮用水对健康的影响所有不同。包装饮用水、饮料类型还会影响机体水合状态,与机体身体活动能力、患糖尿病、血脂异常、龋齿、心血管疾病、泌尿系统疾病等其他疾病的发病风险有一定关系。可开展队列研究、横断面研究、干预性研究等,也可通过循证学研究综合评估包装饮用水、饮料与健康的关系,研究方向可着重在探索含糖饮料摄入量占膳食糖摄入量的比例、不同包装水及饮料对水合状态影响及对认知、体能、疾病影响的研究上,这将有助于居民了解包装饮用水、饮料健康效应,在足量饮水的同时合理选择健康包装饮用水、饮料类型;引领包装水、饮料行业新的大健康发展趋势。

应用GIS和聚类分析技术计算给水管网节点用水量

针对给水管网模型中节点计量用水量的计算提出了应用聚类分析方法将用户计量用水量按不同用水类型、用水时间模式分类;结合GIS技术及水司营业收费账单数据库数据对计量用水量的空间分布及不同类型用户的用水基量计算给出了相应办法。针对节点未计量水量计算,特别是管网漏失水量计算,以及管网水量平衡等同题也提出了相应的解决方案,工程实例分析表明:该方法较好地解决了节点用水量估算问题。

华北平原城市用水问题研究

本文重点分析了华北平原地区城市化发展水平、发展趋势及其与水资源利用间的关系。得出以下主要观点 :第一 ,城市用水快速增长 ,用水结构从生产、生活并重型向生产主导型转换 ;第二 ,城市水资源供需矛盾突出 ,局部地区地下水超采严重 ;第三 ,城市用水结构存在明显 4种类型 ,即生活用水比重高—人均用水水平低、生活用水比重高—人均用水水平高、生活用水比重低—人均用水水平低、生活用水比重高—人均用水水平高四类城市 ,各类城市的未来用水需求趋势存在差异 ;第四 ,未来本地区城市化水平将进一步提高 ,经济总量进一步扩大 ,水资源供需矛盾会更加突出 ,建立更有效的城市用水机制和更广泛的区域供水网络将显得非常重要。

一起水型伤寒暴发调查

一起水型伤寒暴发调查镇江市卫生防疫站袁兆虎１９９０年１０月至１１月宝埝镇发生一起伤寒暴发，共发生病人６６例，罹患率为１．３６％。经流行病学调查，我们认为引起这次暴发的主要因素是自来水。现将情况报告如下。１调查内容与方法（１）病例核实调查：按全国《伤寒...

红斑、丘疹及鳞屑性皮肤病

20032049 红细胞CD59在银屑病患者的表达及其临床意义/刘辉(二军大长海医院皮肤科)…//临床皮肤科杂志.-2003,32(2).-76～77 为进一步探讨红细胞天然免疫在银屑病免疫发病机制中的作用,对26例寻常型银屑病患者新鲜血标本的红细胞CD59分子进行了定量测定。结果:银屑病患者红细胞CD59定量在进展期明显高于正常人(P【0.05),而静止期则与正常人无明显差异;进展期及静止期的患者血清C3、C4含量明显高于正常人(P【0.01,P【0.05);

Application of VP1 Protein to Develop Monoclonal Antibody against Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus Asia1 Type

In order to develop an anti-FMDV Asial type monoclonal antibody （mAb）, BABL/c mice were immunized with recombinant FMDV VP1 protein. Three mAbs, 1B8, 5El and 5E2, were then further optimized. The result indicated that prepared anti-FMDV Asial mAbs had no cross-reactivity with Swine vesicular disease （SVD） and FMDV O, A and C type antigen. Their titers in abdomen liquor were 1：5×10^6, 1：2×10^6 and 1：5×10^6, respectively. 1B8 was found to be of IgG1 subtype, 5El and 5E2 belonged to IgG2b subtype. In this study, the prepared mAbs are specific for detecting FMDV type Asia1, and is potentially useful for pen-side diagnosis.

Cyber Spatiotemporal as Media Culture： A Cognitive Level Study of Time （Tempo） and Space （Spatial） Based on Media Types

This research explores media users＇ cognition of ＂time＂ and ＂space＂ across different media platforms, and conducts a comparison among media genres including mass media and intemet media based on user＇s interactivities. Especially, this research focused on the internet＇s space and time perception based on communication genres such as e-mail, Blogs, portals, news-media, e-commerce, and social media （SNS）. The research adopted two theories （construal level theory of time and space）. The time related theory is ＂temporal distance theory＂. The space related theory is ＂media space＂. The research is designed to measure user＇s perception of interactivity, time-construal level and its media space cognition while using the media. There are two independent variables： Interactivities （contents, user, and media levels） and user involvement （CMC-user vs. user, HCI-user vs. media）; there are two dependent variables： Cognition of spatial and temporal levels. This research also seeks the associated variables relationship among those variables through the structural equation model （SEM）. The 307 data was collected and analyzed to test the research question. The results show that the dimension of the media side＇s interactivity affected media＇s usage time and space perception. There are 2 ~ 2 factors variables to affect time and space. One is human and media interaction （HC1） and human to human communication （CMC）; the other is traditional mass media （one-way communication） and interuet media （two-ways communication）. The results prove the user＇s perception for media time and space is based on the levels of interactivity. The levels of interactivities depend on media usage： one-one, one-many, synchronous, asynchronous, interpersonal, and social network communication. Online media provides greater social space; while traditional media tends toward para-space perception. On the other hand, the users＇ time cognitions between online media are different such as fixed time versus cyber-time.

Impacts of Sloping Land Conversion Program on the vegetation in loess hilly and gully area of northern Shaanxi

Aiming at alleviating the serious soil erosion, the Chinese government initiated the Sloping Land Conversion Program （SLCP） in 1999. Now; after 8 years of project implementation, the ecological recovery effects of the SLCP have become the hot issue of academic circle. This paper; raking the loess hill and gully area of northern Shaanxi as an example, presents a methodology for assessing the vegetation restoration effect of SLCP with normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）. The key components include calculation of the Growing Season NDVI （GSNDVI）, and estimation of the NVDI change induced by climate and SLCP, respectively. Based on the method, the NDVI change between 2000 and 2006 was obtained using the GSNDVI that excluded the noise from snow and ice. After the part of total NDVI change caused to： climate variation was estimated using empiric formulae, we obtained the part induced by human factors, i.e. the SLCP The human induced part of ND VI change was considered as an approximation indicating the effect of the SLCP on the vegetation. Finally, we analyzed the ND VI change characters of the whole study area, different slope lands and different land use types by spatial statistics method. Results show that the vegetation condition is significantly improved by the SLCP, particularly land types that directly involved in the SLCP, such as steeply slope farmlands, degraded grasslands, etc.

不同饮水类型与结直肠癌发病率的流行病学研究

目的 探索不同饮水类型与结直肠癌发病率之间的关系。方法 随机抽取了浙江省海宁市的 8个乡镇为研究区 ,应用回顾前瞻性研究方法 ,分别对不同饮水类型的结肠、直肠癌发病率进行分析并作相对危险度 (RR)估计。结果 饮用井水、自来水、河水和池塘水者的结直肠癌发病率男性分别为 3 .19/ 10万、7.99/ 10万、45 .0 6 / 10万和 12 6 .0 4/ 10万 ;女性分别为 3 .0 6 / 10万、5 .17/ 10万、6 3 .43/ 10万和 81.76 / 10万 ,均呈依次递增趋势 (P <0 .0 1)。RR分析显示 ,饮用池塘水、河水者 ,罹患结直肠癌的危险性分别达到 14.13和 39.5 1(男性 )以及 2 0 .73和 2 6 .72 (女性 )。结论 不同饮水类型的结直肠癌发病率有差异 ,饮用池塘水。

Greywater Reuse Assessments on Different Soil Types in Baghdad City

he effects of greywater irrigation on four commonly used agricultural soils and models were studied. Sand, sandy loam, sandy clay and light clay soils were selected as common Iraq soils. Soil＇s chemical and physical properties under different irrigation regimes were daily measured during period extended from February 2011 to April 2012 in Baghdad city and plant growth was monitored. A lab scale models of four acrylic columns of 100 mm diameter and 750 mm height were designed and constructed in environmental hydraulic lab at Mustansiriya University and tests were run concurrently with the characterization study to assess the effect of soil depth and loading rate on treatment efficiency. Soil samples were carried out in a site that had been drained with greywater for over 14 months. Measurements of greywater and treated greywater had been achieved which contains BODs, COD, pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, CI＋1, 504＋2, NO3＋1, Na＋l, Ca＋2, Mg＋2, E coli and coliform.

Impact of Land Use Change on Groundwater Recharge in Guishui River Basin,China

It is important to understand how land use change impacts groundwater recharge, especially for regions that are undergoing rapid urbanization and there is limited surface water. In this study, the hydrological processes and re- charge ability of various land use types in Guishui River Basin, China （in Beijing Municipality） were analyzed. The impact of land use change was investigated based on water balance modeling, WetSpass and GIS. The results indicate that groundwater recharge accounts for only 21.16% of the precipitation, while 72.54% is lost in the form of evapotranspiration. The annual-lumped groundwater recharge rate decreases in the order of cropland, grassland, urban land, and forest. Land use change has resulted in a decrease of 4 x 106 m3 of yearly groundwater recharge in the study area, with a spatially averaged rate of 100.48 mm/yr and 98.41 mm/yr in 1980 and 2005, respectively. This variation has primarily come from an increase of urban area and rural settlements, as well as a decrease of cropland.

Discretization Approach in Integrated Hydrologic Model for Surface and Groundwater Interaction

The commonly used discretization approaches for distributed hydrological models can be broadly categorized into four types,based on the nature of the discrete components:Regular Mesh,Triangular Irregular Networks(TINs),Representative Elementary Watershed(REWs) and Hydrologic Response Units(HRUs).In this paper,a new discretization approach for landforms that have similar hydrologic properties is developed and discussed here for the Integrated Hydrologic Model(IHM),a combining simulation of surface and groundwater processes,accounting for the interaction between the systems.The approach used in the IHM is to disaggregate basin parameters into discrete landforms that have similar hydrologic properties.These landforms may be impervious areas,related areas,areas with high or low clay or organic fractions,areas with significantly different depths-to-water-table,and areas with different types of land cover or different land uses.Incorporating discrete landforms within basins allows significant distributed parameter analysis,but requires an efficient computational structure.The IHM integration represents a new approach interpreting fluxes across the model interface and storages near the interface for transfer to the appropriate model component,accounting for the disparate discretization while rigidly maintaining mass conservation.The discretization approaches employed in IHM will provide some ideas and insights which are helpful to those researchers who have been working on the integrated models for surface-groundwater interaction.

LINKAGE BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND TWO TYPES OF El NI?O AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

After compositing three representative ENSO indices,El Nio events have been divided into an eastern pattern(EP) and a central pattern(CP).By using EOF,correlation and composite analysis,the relationship and possible mechanisms between Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) and two types of El Nio were investigated.IOD events,originating from Indo-Pacific scale air-sea interaction,are composed of two modes,which are associated with EP and CP El Ni o respectively.The IOD mode related to EP El Nio events(named as IOD1) is strongest at the depth of 50 to 150 m along the equatorial Indian Ocean.Besides,it shows a quasi-symmetric distribution,stronger in the south of the Equator.The IOD mode associated with CP El Nio(named as IOD2) has strongest signal in tropical southern Indian Ocean surface.In terms of mechanisms,before EP El Nio peaks,anomalous Walker circulation produces strong anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean,resulting in upwelling in the east,decreasing sea temperature there;a couple of anomalous anticyclones(stronger in the south) form off the Equator where warm water accumulates,and thus the IOD1 occurs.When CP El Nio develops,anomalous Walker circulation is weaker and shifts its center to the west,therefore anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean is less strong.Besides,the anticyclone south of Sumatra strengthens,and the southerlies east of it bring cold water from higher latitudes and northerlies west of it bring warm water from lower latitudes to the 15° to 25°S zone.Meanwhile,there exists strong divergence in the east and convergence in the west part of tropical southern Indian Ocean,making sea temperature fall and rise separately.Therefore,IOD2 lies farther south.

不同组建边界农民用水协会运行绩效及其影响因素分析

本文以江西省3949个农民用水协会数据为例,对不同组建边界的农民用水协会运行绩效及其影响因素进行实证分析。统计分析表明,不同组建边界的农民用水协会运行绩效差异明显,按行政村边界组建的用水协会运行绩效好于按水文边界组建的用水协会。通过计量模型分析,本文进一步发现:不同组建边界的农民用水协会运行绩效的影响因素不同。协会起源、协会主要领导人产生方式、是否有工程产权证、灌溉设施完好率对按水文边界组建的农民用水协会运行绩效有正向影响,而是否注册、租借用办公场、参与农户数、协会工作人员数、协会主要领导人身份对按水文边界组建的农民用水协会运行绩效有负向影响;是否注册、参与农户数、协会主要领导人产生方式、灌溉设施完好率、灌区规模对按行政村边界组建的农民用水协会运行绩效有正向影响,而协会成立年限、协会起源、租借用办公场、协会工作人员数、协会主要领导人身份对按行政村边界组建的农民用水协会运行绩效有负向影响。最后,本文给出提升农民用水协会运行绩效的政策建议。

中国实现水需求零增长的可能性探讨

水资源问题已成为制约我国经济社会可持续发展的主要瓶颈,深入挖掘造成各地区水资源危机的根源,精确界定缺水和用水的类型,探讨具针对性的水资源管理措施与对策,在遵循自然客观规律和经济社会发展规律的前提下,通过最严格的需水管理,到2030年前后可望实现需水的零增长。

我国水资源税改革试点制度完善建议

水资源是保证民生、促进经济发展、维持绿色生态的重要资源。为更好地促进节水型社会建设,我国在河北等10个省份实施了水资源税改革试点,但试点改革的制度与形成全国统一的水资源税法要求仍有差距。应从以下几个方面完善:一是按全要素方法界定水资源税纳税人;二是按照三分类型法确定取用水类型;三是从两个维度划分取用水户类别;四是增列一些新兴取用水服务业为特种行业。通过以上规范、调整,确保水资源税纳税人的明确、征税对象的清晰、征税目标的有效实现。

Pollutant and Soil Types Influence Effectiveness of Soil-Applied Absorbents in Reducing Rice Plant Uptake of Persistent Organic Pollutants

Persistent organic pollutants （POPs） in soils are an environmental concern due to their long-term bioavailability, which could be reduced by adding adsorbents. However, testing of these adsorbents is necessary prior to widespread field application. The effects of three adsorbents, nano-organic montmorillonite, nano-organic silicon dioxide （SiOs）, and activated carbon, on hexachlorobenzene （HCB） and pentachlorobenzene （PeCB） accumulation in rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were tested in a greenhouse experiment using two soils, a Hydragric Acrisol （Ac） and a Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol （An）. The bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of HCB and PeCB to rice roots were 2.3-3.7 and 2.0 3.0 times those to rice shoots, respectively. The applications of the three adsorbents decreased HCB and PeCB extractability in Ac, while only the application of activated carbon decreased their extractability in An. The bioavailability of HCB and PeCB to rice plants in Ac was higher than that in An. In Ac, the applications of nano-organic SiOs and activated carbon decreased the BCF of HCB to rice roots by 16.1% and 26.8%, respectively, whereas only the application of activated carbon decreased the BCF of PeCB to rice roots by 31.4%, compared to the control. In An, only the application of activated carbon decreased the BCFs of HCB and PeCB to rice roots by 22.9% and 18.2%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the application of nano-organic montmorillonite inhibited rice growth in both soils. The results of this study suggested that the effectiveness of adsorbents would vary with pollutant and soil types, providing a reference point for developing efficient adsorbents to reduce the ecological risk of POPs.

Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of Citrus Orchards in Yongchun County Fujian Province China

Studies related to the quantitation and distribution of soil organic carbon （C） under different land use types can help to fill the knowledge gaps regarding estimation of the amount of C stored in soils at a global scale. Orchards are an important land use type in southern China; the total area （1.15 x 107 ha） of orchards in China comprises approximately 20.5% of the area of all orchards worldwide. We assessed soil organic C stocks （SOCS） in citrus orchards in Yongchun County （consisting of 22 towns）, Fujian Province, China in 1982 and 2010. The southeastern part of the county, an area featuring extensive citrus farming with a gently sloping landscape and low rates of water erosion, had the highest SOCS. In contrast, the lowest SCOS was observed in the northern part of the county, where steep hills with severe erosion problems are common and citrus orchards are sparsely distributed. From 1982 to 2010, the mean SOCS in citrus orchards increased from 22.1 to 41.7 Mg ha-1 which indicated that current management practices such as fertilization, irrigation, and cultivation enhanced soil C stocks. Further in-depth studies on the effects of these practices on C sequestration would be worthwhile and surveys of SOCS throughout Fujian Province are needed, to support efforts to mitigate global C emission.

Effect of Land Use on Soil Erosion and Nutrients in Dianchi Lake Watershed, China

Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients have been a crucial environment threat in Southwest China. The land use and its impact on soil qualities continue to be highlighted. The present study was conducted to compare soil erosion under four land use types(i.e.,forestland, abandoned farmland, tillage, and grassland) and their effects on soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in the Shuanglong catchment of the Dianchi Lake watershed, China. There were large variations in the erosion rate and the nutrient distributions across the four land use types. The erosion rates estimated by137 Cs averaged 2 133 t km-2year-1under tillage and abandoned farmland over the erosion rate of non-cultivated sites, and the grasslands showed a net deposition. For all sites, the nutrient contents basically decreased with the soil depth. Compared with tillage and abandoned farmland, grassland had the highest SOC and TN contents within 0–40 cm soil layer, followed by forestland. The significant correlations between137 Cs, SOC and TN were observed. The nutrient loss caused by erosion in tillage was the highest. These results suggested that grassland and forestland would be beneficial for SOC and TN sequestration over a long-term period because of their ability to reduce the loss of nutrients by soil erosion. Our study demonstrated that reduction of nutrient loss in the red soil area could be made through well-managed vegetation restoration measures.