西宁市人民政府办公厅关于切实做好当前抗旱春播工作的紧急通知

宁政办[2013]59号各区、县人民政府,市政府各有关部门:去冬今春以来,全市降雨偏少,气温偏高,据气象部门预测,近期我市气温仍将持续偏高,降水仍然偏少,今年的第一场透雨略晚于去年。从土壤墒情监测点采集的数据看,浅山旱地土壤干土层在10-12厘米,农田土壤墒情总体不足。

Urban Fresh Water Resources Consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban flesh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban flesh water consumption increased 561.7× 10^9m^3, and the proportion to the total national flesh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indi- rect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China.

Design Energy Efficient Water Utilization Systems Allowing Operation Split

This article deals with the design of energy efficient water utilization systems allowing operation split. Practical features such as operating flexibility and capital cost have made the number of sub operations an important parameter of the problem. By treating the direct and indirect heat transfers separately, target freshwater and energy consumption as well as the operation split conditions are first obtained. Subsequently, a mixed integer non-linear programming （MINLP） model is established for the design of water network and the heat exchanger network （HEN）. The proposed systematic approach is limited to a single contaminant. Example from literature is used to illustrate the applicability of the approach.

Application of experimental design in optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse

Experimental design was applied in the optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse.The application of response surface methodology(RSM) was presented with temperature,salinity of water,pH,adsorbent dose,and initial oil content as factors.A quadratic model could be used to approximate the mathematical relationship of crude oil removal on the five significant independent variables.Predicted values and experimental values are found to be in good agreement with R2 of 97.44%.The result of optimization shows that the maximum crude oil removal is equal to 67.38% under the optimal condition of temperature of 46.53 °C,salinity of 37.2 g/L,pH of 3,adsorbent dose of 9 g/L and initial oil content of 300×10-6.

Reactive dividing wall column for hydrolysis of methyl acetate:Design and control

Reactive distillation and dividing wall column distillation are two kinds of effective separation technologies,and their integrated configuration,reactive dividing wall column(RDWC),presents attractive advantages.In this study,the rigorous simulation of RDWC for methyl acetate hydrolysis is performed,and sensitivity analysis is conducted to obtain the minimum reboiler duty.Then a comparison is made between the conventional process and RDWC process,and it shows that 20.1% energy savings can be achieved by RDWC process.In addition,the dynamic characteristic of RDWC is studied and an effective control strategy is proposed.The simple PI control scheme with three temperature loops can obtain reasonable control performance and maintain products at desired purities.It is proved that this RDWC process is an energy efficiency alternative with good controllability.

Extensive Computational Study on Conformations of Microsolvated Leucine Complexes

The conformations for leucine （Leu） hydrated with one to three water molecules, Leu-（H2O）n （n=1-3）, were carefully searched by considering the trial structures generated by all possible combinations of rotamers of Leu combined with all likely hydration modes. The structures were optimized at the BHandHLYP/6-31＋G^＊ level and the single point energies were calculated at the BHandHLYP/6-311＋＋G^＊＊ level. Good correspondence between the conformations of Leu-（H2O）n and bare Leu is found, showing that the conformations of Leu-（H2O）n may be efficiently and reliably determined by the hydration of Leu conformers. The simulated IR spectra of canonical and zwitterionic conformers of Leu-（H2O）n are compared with the experimental result of Leu in aqueous solution. The IR spectrum of zwitterionic Leu- （H2O）3 provides the best description of the experiment. The result demonstrates that the IR spectrum of solute in solution may be simulated by the solute hydrated with an adequate number of water molecules in the gas phase.

Frequency Diversity for OFDM Mobile Communication via Underwater Acoustic Channels

The major constraint on the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） based underwater acoustic （UWA） communication is to keep subcarriers orthogonal. In this paper, Doppler estimation and the respective compensation technique along with various diversity techniques were deliberated for OFDM-based systems best suited for underwater wireless information exchange. In practice, for mobile communication, adjustment and tuning of transducers in order to get spatial diversity is extremely difficult. Considering the relatively low coherence bandwidth in UWA, the frequency diversity design with the Doppler compensation function was elaborated here. The outfield experiments of mobile underwater acoustic communication （UWAC） based on OFDM were carried out with 0.17 bit/（s-Hz） spectral efficiency. The validity and the dependability of the scheme were also analyzed.

Optimal Design of Water Utilization Network with Energy Integration in Process Industries

Effective utilization of water and energy is the key factor of sustainable development in process industries, and also an important science and technology problem to be solved in systems engineering. In this paper,two new methods of optimal design of water utilization network with energy integration in process industries are presented, that is, stepwise and simultaneous optimization methods. They are suitable for both single contaminant and multi-contaminant systems, and the integration of energy can be carried out in the whole process system, not only limited in water network, so that energy can be utilized effectively. The two methods are illustrated by case study.

A Nonlinear Restoring Effect Study of Mooring System and its Application

Mooring system plays an important role in station keeping of floating offshore structures. Coupled analysis on mooring-buoy interactions has been increasingly studied in recent years. At present, chains and wire ropes are widely used in offshore engineering practice. On the basis of mooring line statics, an explicit formulation of single mooring chain/wire rope stiffness coefficients and mooring stiffness matrix of the mooring system were derived in this article, taking into account the horizontal restoring force, vertical restoring force and their coupling terms. The nonlinearity of mooring stiffness was analyzed, and the influences of various parameters, such as material, displacement, pre-tension and water depth, were investigated. Finally some application cases of the mooring stiffness in hydrodynamic calculation were presented. Data shows that this kind of stiffness can reckon in linear and nonlinear forces of mooring system. Also, the stiffness can be used in hydrodynamic analysis to get the eieenfrequencv of slow drift motions.

The Design of Water-reusing Network with a Hybrid Structure Through Mathematical Programming

A new design method for a water-reusing network, with a hybrid structure, to reduce the complexity of the network and to minimize freshwater consumption, is proposed. The unique feature of the methodology proposed .in this article is to control the complexity of the water network by regulation of the control number in a water-reusing system. It combines the advantages of a conventional water-reusing network and a water-reusing net work with internal water mains. To illustrate the proposed method, a single contaminant system and a multiple contaminant system serve as examples of the problems.

A Proposal for Reservoir Volume Calculation in Rainwater Harvesting Systems

This paper introduces a proposal for reservoir volume calculation in rainwater harvesting systems. The proposed method can be used for reservoir volume design in rainwater harvesting systems and is based on three important variables. These variables are water demand, system efficiency and repayment time. Several simulations were carried out in different scenarios considering typical values of both catchment area （for low-income and medium-income households） and water demand, with fixed water and tank costs. Results showed that the integrated analysis of demand, efficiency and repayment time may assist designers to determine a more adequate reservoir volume.

Application of multivariate statistical techniques in assessment of surface water quality in Second Songhua River basin,China

Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.

Coupled pile soil interaction analysis in undrained condition

The effective stress method is developed to predict the axial capacity of piles in clay. The effective stress state changes due to the resulting pore pressure change and therefore, the strength and stiffness of the soil will change. In this work, the finite element method is utilized as a tool for the analysis of pile-soil systems in undrained condition. The computer program CRISP was developed to suit the problem requirements. CRISP uses the finite element technique and allows predictions to be made of ground deformation using critical state theories. Eight-node isoparametric element was added to the program in addition to the slip element. A pile loading problem was solved in which the pile-soil system is analyzed in undrained condition. The pile is modelled as elastic-plastic material, while the soil is assumed to follow the modified Cam clay model. During undrained loading condition, the settlement values increase by 22% when slip elements are used. The surface settlement increases by about three times when the load is doubled and the surface settlement at all points increases when using slip elements due to the mode of motion which allows smooth movement of the adjacent soil with respect to the pile. The vertical displacement increases as the distance decreases from the pile and negligible values are obtained beyond 10D (where D is the pile diameter) from the center of the pile and these values are slightly increased when slip elements are used. The vertical effective stress along a section at a distance D from the pile center is approximately the same for all load increments and lower values of effective vertical stress can be obtained when slip elements are used.

Integrated Phytodisinfectant-Sand Filter Drum for Household Water Treatment in Subsaharan Africa

This report details an assessment of an integrated low-technology phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum for household water and waste water treatment for sub-Saharan Africa, using bacterial culture tests, total solids, and turbidity amongst others is presented. A hundred litres of very dirty/turbid water （130.3 NTU） was pretreated with 100 seeds of Moringa olieferaand further filtered through a sand filter drum （120 litres carrying capacity） made of fine, coarse sand, charcoal and gravel. The mean total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, E coli, coliform, pseudomonas, and yeast counts, as well as turbidity of untreated water drastically reduced to wealth health organization acceptable standards for potable water. The results indicated that the mean values of the same parameters for sand filtered pond water alone was significantly lower than the corresponding mean values obtained for Moringa treated pond water. The findings from this study suggest strongly that an integral of two natural water purification technologies （phytodisinfectant-sand filter drum） could be applied for the treatment of all types of contaminated water rendering it free from pathogens for potable and non potable uses.

THE MODEL TEST RESEARCH OF HORIZONTAL FORCE ON RIGID SHAFT FURNITURE IN DEEP MINE

The state of deep mine rigid shaft fUrniture horizontal force calculation in China is introduced and the calculating model of horizontal force is determined. Based on the interaction between hoisting vessel and shaft furniture, the vertical mobel test device is built and a large number of model tests and analyses are carried out. At last, the relationship between horizontal force and hoisting end load, hoisting speed or bunton level interval is gained. The three parameters horizontal force calculating equation of beep mine rigid shaft furniture is given and it can guide the design and calculation of shaft engineering.

Hydrolysis of Lactose： Estimation of Kinetic Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks

The analysis of any kinetic process involves the development of a mathematical model with predictive purposes. Generally, those models have characteristic parameters that should be estimated experimentally. A typical example is Michaelis-Menten model for enzymatic hydrolysis. Even though conventional kinetic models are very useful, they are only valid under certain experimental conditions. Besides, frequently large standard errors of estimated parameters are found due to the error of experimental determinations and/or insufficient number of assays. In this work, we developed an artificial neural network （ANN） to predict the performance of enzyme reactors at various operational conditions. The net was trained with experimental data obtained under different hydrolysis conditions of lactose solutions or cheese whey and different initial concentrations of enzymes or substrates. In all the experiments, commercial 13-galactosidase either free or immobilized in a chitosan support was used. The neural network developed in this study had an average absolute relative error of less than 5% even using few experimental data, which suggests that this tool provides an accurate prediction method for lactose hydrolysis.

Computation of Ship Hydrodynamic Interaction Forces in Restricted Waters using Potential Theory

A computer code based on the double-body potential flow model and the classic source panel method has been developed to study various problems of hydrodynamic interaction between ships and other objects with solid boundaries including the seabed. A peculiarity of the proposed implementation is the application of the so-called ＂moving-patch＂ method for simulating steady boundaries of large extensions. The method is based on an assumption that at any moment just the part of the boundary （＂moving patch＂） which lies close to the interacting ship is significant for the near-field interaction. For a specific case of the fiat bottom, comparative computations were performed to determine optimal dimensions of the patch and of the constituting panels based on the trade-off between acceptable accuracy and reasonable efficiency. The method was applied to estimate the sway force on a ship hull moving obliquely across a dredged channel. The method was validated for a case of ship-to-ship interaction when tank data were available. This study also contains a description of a newly developed spline approximation algorithm necessary for creating consistent discretizations of ship hulls with various degrees of refinement.

An Essential Solution of Water Entry Problems and its Engineering Applications

For solving water entry problems, a numerical method is presented, which is a CFD method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh.In this approach, incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid are numerically calculated by the finite volume method.Then artificial compressibility method, dual time-stepping technique and Roe's approximate Riemann solver are adopted in the numerical scheme.Finally, some application cases are designed to show the ability of the current method to cope with water entry problems in ocean engineering.

Feasibility Study on Common Methods for Wave Force Estimation of Deep Water Combined Breakwaters

China's newly enacted Breakwater Design Specifications(JTS154-2011) explicitly state that breakwaters with water depths greater than 20 m are categorized as deep-water breakwaters, and emphasize that design principles, methods and construction requirements are different from those of common shallow water breakwaters. However, the specifications do not make any mention of how to choose wave force calculation methods of deep-water breakwaters. To study the feasibility of different formulae for wave force estimation of deep water combined breakwaters, the wave force calculated by the Sainflou's, Goda's, modified Goda's and specifications' methods are compared for various water depths and wave heights in this paper. The calculated results are also compared with experimental data. The total horizontal forcing and the pattern of pressure distributions are presented. Comparisons show that the wave pressure distributions by the four methods are similar, but the total horizontal forces are different. The results obtained by the Goda's method and the specified formulae are much closer to the experimental data. As for the wave force estimation for the deepwater mixed embankment foundation bed parapet, the Goda's formula is applied in the case with a water depth of less than 42 m. The Specifications method is suitable for standing waves. In the wave force estimates of breastworks, Sainflou's and the modified Gaoda's formulae are no longer applicable for the foundation bed of mixed embankment.

Circular Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen in an Arbitrary Magnetic Field

We report a theoretical scheme using a B-spline basis set to improve the poor computational accuracy of circular Rydberg states of hydrogen atoms in the intermediate magnetic field. This scheme can produce high accuracy energy levels and valid for an arbitrary magnetic field. Energy levels of hydrogen are presented for circular Rydberg states with azimuthal quantum numbers ｜m｜ =10-70 as a function of magnetic field strengths ranging from zero to 2.35 × 10^9 T. The variation of spatial distributions of electron probability densities with magnetic field strengths is discussed and competition between Coulomb and magnetic interactions is illustrated.