保存剂HB对胶清及胶清橡胶性能的影响

当前,浓缩天然胶乳在生产上普遍采用氨+二硫化四甲基秋兰姆-氧化锌(TT-ZnO)的保存体系,但氨存在严重的污染问题。采用丙二醇衍生物(HB)与碳酸钠复合保存鲜胶乳制备浓缩胶乳,研究了胶清以及胶清橡胶性能。结果表明,HB复合保存鲜胶乳离心出的胶清碱度值非常低,凝固用甲酸量由氨保存胶清的12.5 g/kg降低至2.4 g/kg,大大降低了胶清凝固用酸量;HB复合保存制备的胶清橡胶物理力学性能良好,拉伸强度达到29.02 MPa,撕裂强度达到40.53 kN/m,优于氨保存胶清橡胶样品性能。因此,采用HB复合保存鲜胶乳用于生产浓缩胶乳能大大降低胶清凝固用酸量,在缓解氨污染问题的同时提升胶清橡胶综合性能。

Variations in Composition and Water Use Efficiency of Plant Functional Groups Based on Their Water Ecological Groups in the Xilin River Basin

Major plant species in the Xilin River Basin were grouped into six plant functional groups (PFGs) based on their water ecological groups: xerophytes, mesoxerophytes, xeromesophytes, mesophytes, hygromesophytes and hygrophytes. We surveyed the composition, delta(13)C values and proline concentration of PFGs in eight different plant communities along a soil moisture gradient. Results show that: (1) PFGs occurred variously in eight steppe communities with different soil moisture status. In wetter habitats, hygromesophytes and hygrophytes were more abundant and accounted for the majority of aboveground biomass, whereas xerophytes and mesoxerophytes became more conspicuous in dryer habitats; (2) the numerical order of the mean delta(13)C values of PFGs is as follows: xerophytes (-26.38parts per thousand) = mesoxerophytes (-26.51parts per thousand) > xeromesophytes (-27.02parts per thousand) > mesophytes (-27.56parts per thousand) = hygromesophytes and hygrophytes (-27.80parts per thousand); (3) xerophytes maintained relative higher delta(13)C values and water use efficiency (WUE) in habitats of different water availability, whereas delta(13)C values of xeromesophytes were more sensitive to change in soil water availability; (4) From xerophytes to hygrophytes, their proline content markedly increased. Significantly positive correlations existed between proline and biomass or delta(13)C values of different water ecological groups.

Response of Microbial Community to Petroleum Stress and Phosphate Dosage in Sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, China

The dynamic microcosms were used to evaluate the effect of oil spills on microbial ecological system in marine sediment and the enhancement of nutrient on the oil removal. The function and structure of microbial community caused by the oil pollution and phosphate dosage were simultaneously monitored by dehydrogenase activity assay and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) techniques. The results indicated that the amount of total bacteria in all dynamic microcosms declined rapidly with incubation time. The number of petroleum-degrading bacteria and the activity of sediment dehydrogenase were gradually enhanced by petroleum in the oil-treated microcosms, while they both showed no obvious response to phosphate dosage. In comparison, phosphate spiked heterotrophic bacteria and they showed a significant increase in amount. DGGE profiles indicated that petroleum dosage greatly changed community structure, and the bacteria belonged to class Deltaproteobacteria, and phyla Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi were enriched. This study demonstrated that petroleum input greatly impacted the microbial community structure and consequently the marine sediment petroleum-degrading activity was enhanced. Phosphate dosage would multiply heterotrophic bacteria but not significantly enhance the petroleum degradation.

Microwave-assisted hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with H_2O_2 over FeSO_4/SiO_2

Hydroxyl radicals HO are generated under Fenton-like (Fe2++H2O2→HO?+OH?+Fe3+) catalytic conditions upon microwave irradiation. Liquid-phase direct catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol was obtained using FeSO4 supported on silica gel as a solid catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The effects of various parameters, such as the different solvents, the amount of solvent used, the amount of catalyst used, the reaction time, the reaction temperature and the amount of hydrogen peroxide used on the yield of phenol were studied to identify optimum reaction conditions. Conventionally heated reaction gives a phenol yield of 0.6%. A higher phenol yield of 13.9% with a selectivity of 100% is obtained when the reaction mixture was irradiated with micro-wave energy. It is concluded that microwave irradiation offers more effective control of energy input for hydroxyl radical generation that is appropriate for various synthetic reactions.

A study on Cr(Ⅵ)reduction from aqueous solutions by bauxite

The reduction of Cr（Ⅵ） in aqueous solution by using bauxite ore was investigated.Experimental results for Cr（Ⅵ）reduction in aqueous solution depending on some factors such as time,sulfuric acid amount,bauxite dosage,initial Cr（Ⅵ）concentration,formic acid concentration,daylight and temperature were presented.The obtained results show that sulfuric acid amount,bauxite dosage and initial Cr（Ⅵ） concentration of solution are most effective parameters on the reduction process.Also,it has been found that the 60 g/L of bauxite dosage is sufficient to reduce up to 100% of Cr（Ⅵ） from acidic solution under the condition of low initial Cr（Ⅵ） mass concentrations such as 10 mg/L.The reduction reaction is completed within 30 min at 25 ℃ under the experimental conditions：bauxite dosage of 60 g/L,amount of sulfuric acid 40-60 stoichiometric and initial mass concentration of Cr（Ⅵ）,10 mg/L.It was determined that reduction percentage is decreasing with increasing initial Cr（Ⅵ） concentration.The chemical oxygen demand of bauxite ore was found to be 26 mg COD/g.

2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium Chloride and 2,4,6-Tri（2-pyridyl）-s-triazine on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in HCl

Electrochemical measurement, quantum chemical method, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were performed to investigate the inhibitive effect of 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride （TTC） and 2,4,6-tri（2-pyridyl） -s-triazine（TPT） on the corrosion of mild steel in lmol.L^-1 HCl at room temperature. Impedance spectroscopy measurement showed that the polarization resistance increased and that double layer capacitance decreased with the increase in the inhibitive concentration, and the results of potentiodynamic polarization showed that the inhibitors suppressed both cathodic and anodic processes of steel corrosion without change in the mecha-nism. Higher the orbital density distribution strength of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, higher is the molecule dipole, and lower energy gap between the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital resulted in higher inhibitory efficiency. The results of SEM analysis showed that the metal-was protected from aggressive corrosion by the addition of TTC and TPT.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Edible Oils and Grease Containing Free Fatty Acids

Till now, most part of the biodiesel is produced from the refined vegetable oils using methanol as feedstock in the presence of an alkali catalyst. However, large amount of waste edible oils and grease are available. The difficulty with alkali-catalyzed esterification of these oils is that they often contain large amount of free fatty acids （FFA）, polymers and decomposition products. These free fatty acids can quickly react with the alkali catalyst to produce soaps that inhibit the separation of the ester and glycerine. An esterification and transesterification process is developed to convert the high FFA oil to its monoesters, The first step, the acidcatalyzed esterification with glycerine and these FFA reduces the FFA content of the oil and grease to less than 3%, and then an azeotropic distillation solvent is used to remove the water. The major factors affecting the conversion efficiency of the process such as glycerol to free fatty acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction duration are analyzed, The second step, alkali-catalyzed transesterificatiou process converts the products of the first step to its monoesters and glycerol, and then the glycerol is recycled for utilization in the first step. Technical indicators of the biodiesel product can meet the ASTM 6751 standard.

Effects of Organic Anions on Phosphate Adsorption and Desorption from Variable-Charge Clay Minerals and Soil

Effects of citrate and tartrate on phosphate adsorption and desorption from kaolinite, goethite, amorphous Al-oxide and Ultisol were studied. P adsorption was significantly decreased as the concentration of the organic anions increased from 10-5 to 10-1 M. At 0.1 M and pH 7.0, tartrate decreased P adsorption by 27.6% - 50.6% and citrate by 37.9 - 80.4%, depending on the kinds of adsorbent. Little Al and/ or Fe were detected in the equilibrium solutions, even at the highest concentration of the organic anions. Effects of the organic anions on phosphate adsorption follow essentially the competitive adsorption mechanism.The selectivity coefficients for competitive adsorption can be used to compare the effectiveness of different organic anions in reducing P adsorption under given conditions.Phosphate desorption was increased by 3 to 100 times in the presence of 0.001 M citrate or tartrate compared to that in 0.02 M KC1 solution alone. However, for all the soil and clay minerals studied the amount of P desorbed by citrate or tartrate was generally lower than or close to that of isotopically exchangeable P. The effect of organic anions on phosphate desorption arises primarily from ligand exchange.

Effect of Dietary Nitrogen Corrected-True Metabolism Energy and Digestible Amino Acids on Broiler Breeder Reproductive Performance

A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary digestible amino acids of feedstuffs and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen on broiler breeder performance in 50 weeks to 64 weeks of age. 140 females and 20 males broiler breeders in 4 treatments with 5 replicates （7 females with a male） were used in the form of a completely randomized trial design 2 ~ 2 factorial. Four experimental diets were formulation based on two factors, first factor was included, two types of Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy corrected for Nitrogen （AMEn and TMEn） and the second factor was included, two types of Total Amino Acids （TAA） and Digestible （DAA） of feedstuffs. The result showed that egg weight, egg production （%） and egg mass （g/hen/day） was significantly different which was affected by diets formulation based on energy and interaction between energy and amino acids （P 〈 0.01）. Treatment 2 （AMEn ＋ DAA） was at the highest level significantly different （P 〈 0.01） in egg weight 68.97 g, egg production 62.45%, and egg mass 43. i g/hen/day. Hatching eggs were significantly different which was affected by diet formulation based on amino acids. Fertility, hatchability and number of chicks per hen were significant different, that were affected by diet formulation based on energy （P 〈 0.05）. Interaction between two factors, were significantly different in two reproductive traits fertility and hatchability （P 〈 0.05）. This experiment showed that diet formulation based on AMEn and DAA for broiler breeder was better and significant on performance.

Applying Natural Fertiliers to Herbaceous Crops

Four separate agronomic trials in different years and areas of Capitanata （Southern Italy） were carried out in order to evaluate the application of natural fertilizers （biostimulants） to processing tomato crops （cv Docet and Messapico on organic crop system and cv Docet on conventional crop system）, durum wheat （cv Quadrato in the year） and lettuce （cv Canastra OR/ROS）. The applied formulations were suspension-solutions containing humic and fulvic acids, amino acids and macro elements or amino acids and peptides obtained by chemical hydrolysis of animal epithelium. The following parameters of the quantitative-qualitative of crops were determined： marketable yield, mean weight, dry matter, pH, soluble solids, and color for tomato; grain yield, protein content, gluten content, yellow index and hectoliter weight, for durum wheat; marketable weight, number and surface, dry matter, nitrate content, thickness of leaves for lettuce. The results obtained were generally quite variable.

Role of Organic Acids in Desorption of Mercury from Contaminated Soils in Eastern Shandong Province,China

Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of low-molecular-weight organic acids(LMWOAs) on desorption of Hg from two kinds of soils in the eastern Shandong Province,China.Of all LMWOAs,oxalic and citric acids were chosen as the representatives in this experiment because they are most common in soils.Desorption of Hg increases with the increase of extracting time,until the highest desorption amount at 6-8 h,and then declines.It indicates that timeliness is very important when organic acids are used for phytoremediation in contaminated soils.When the concentrations of organic acids increase from 1.0 mmol/L to 10.0 mmol/L,Hg desorption increases significantly regardless of oxalic or citric acid.Compared with oxalic acid,citric acid is more effective to enhance the desorption of Hg,especially from fluvo-aquic soil.With the increase of initial pH value from 3 to 8,Hg desorption decreases directly in the presence of oxalic acid.However,Hg desorption first decreases,then increases,and eventually decreases again in the presence of citric acid due to the variation of competitive ability between chelating of citric acid and adsorption of soil in different pH values.Citric acid showed greater ability to release Hg from soils than oxalic acid.According to the results of the present study,it is found that the bioavailabilities of heavy metal can be improved with selecting suitable types and concentrations of organic acid amendment and reasonable soil condition.

Effect of Boron Foliar Application on Yield and Quality of Some Sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） Cultivars

This study was carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, in order to investigate the effect of foliar application of boron （0, 300 and 600 ppm B） as boric acid （H3BO3, 17% B） on the yield and yield components and also the seed quality of two sunflower cultivars （Sakha-53 and Giza-102）. B application at a rate of 600 ppm produced the highest values of seed yield/plant （g）, head diameter （cm）, number of seeds/head, weight of 1,000 seed （g）, percentage of oil （%） and oil yield/plant （g） of both cultivars. Seed yield/plant increased by 26.85% and 34.81% with increasing B concentration from 300 ppm and 600 ppm as compared to control plants, respectively. The results indicated that application of 300 ppm B resulted in an increase of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids as compared to the treatment with 600 ppm B and control plants. However, the linoleic acid increased gradually with increasing B up to 600 ppm. Such increases were estimated by 8.72% and 7.19% over the control plants or the treatment sprayed with 300 ppm B, respectively. The highest oleic and linoleic acids percentages （52.71% and 36.05%, respectively） were obtained from Sakha-53 cultivar with 300 ppm B foliar application, while the lowest lenolenic acid percentage （2.01%） was obtained at 600 ppm B. The highest content of gluatmine, isoleucine and arginine （9.61, 3.97 and 3.97 mg/100 g dry weight） was obtained from Sakha-53 cultivar, followed by Giza-102 at a rate of 600 ppm foliar application of B. It can be concluded that B plays a vital role for increasing the productivity and quality of sunflower plants, especially when grown under B deficient soil.

Effect of Potash Application Patterns on Crop Yields Under Different Cultivation Systems

Three patterns of potash application were used in the corn-wheat and rice-wheat rotation experiments,which were conducted in the upland and wetland of Siyang County, northern Jiangsu Province, and the wetland of Liyang City, southern Jiangsu Province. The results of 5 cropping seasons (2 seasons/year)showed that the direct response of corn to K was larger than that of wheat, but no difference was found between rice and wheat in Siyang when the total annual amount of K was applied only in one cropping season. However, the response of wheat was much greater than that of rice in Liyang. If potash was applied in the preceding season, the residual effect of K on wheat was larger than that on rice both in Siyang and Liyang, but less than that on corn. The total effect (direct and residual effects) of K applied to corn or rice was greater than that to wheat in Siyang, but that to wheat was greater in Liyang. The direct and total effects of K application in the upland were larger than those in the wetland of Siyang; but for the wetland,the effects were larger in Liyang than in Siyang, especially in the wheat season. The results demonstrated that the most profitable practice to be recommended to the local farmers was to apply a limited amount of potash to only rice or corn but not to wheat. Equally applying half of the total annual amount of K to each of the crops may be advisable in order to lessen possible fertilization risks.

Relative floatability as a criterion for evaluating the separation performance of phosphate from iron

This work was aimed to study the relative floatability of phosphate flotation by means of kinetic analysis.The relative floatability is important to determine how selectively the phosphate is separated from its impurities. The effects of pulp pH, solid content, reagents dosage(depressant, collector and co-collector) and conditioning time were investigated on the ratio of the modified rate constant of phosphate to the modified rate constant of iron(relative floatability). The results showed that a large dosage of depressant associated with a low value of collector resulted in a better relative floatability. Increasing the co-collector dosage, conditioning time and pH increased the relative floatability up to a certain value and thereafter resulted in diminishing the relative floatability. Meanwhile, the results indicated that increment of solid concentration increased the relative floatability in range investigated. It was also found that that maximum relative floatability(16.05) could be obtained in pulp pH, 9.32, solid percentage, 30,depressant dosage, 440 g/t, collector dosage, 560 g/t, co-collector dosage, 84.63 g/t and conditioning time,9.43 min.

碳酸盐岩储层水平井分段酸化参数优化设计研究及应用

对于碳酸盐岩储层,进行水平井分段酸化改造时,工艺参数的选择应根据岩性、岩性矿物成分及储层伤害情况综合考虑。在前期调研国内外水平井分段酸化工艺及应用现状的基础上,针对D区块储层物性、裂缝发育状况,从分段数、改造理念、施工参数、措施液类型等方面对水平井分段酸化方案进行了优化设计,以实现酸液体系的"快进快出"。

Novel efficient procedure for biodiesel synthesis from waste oils with high acid value using 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate ionic liquid as the catalyst

Preparation of biodiesel from waste oils containing 72% of free fatty acids catalyzed by a novel Br?nsted acidic ionic liquid 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate([BHSO_3MIM][HSO_4]) was systematically investigated.The optimum molar ratio of methanol to waste oils,catalyst amount,reaction temperature and reaction time were 8/1,10%(based on the mass of waste oils),140°C and 6 h,respectively,under which the obtained yield of biodiesel reached 94.9%.Also,[BHSO_3MIM][HSO_4] as a catalyst still retained around 97% of its original catalytic activity after successive re-use of 5 batches(6 h per batch),showing the excellent operational stability.Moreover,the acidic IL [BHSO_3MIM][HSO_4] was able to ef ficiently catalyze conversions of waste oils with different amounts of FFAs(free fatty acids) into biodiesel,and showed tremendous application potential.Therefore,an ef ficient and environmentally friendly catalyst is provided for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste oils with high acid value.

Preliminary Findings on Yield Response of Potatoes （Solanum tuberosum） to Umostart Super Zn （11.46,0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates）

Field trials to determine the yield response of potatoes to Umostart Super Zn （USZ） fertilizer （11.46.0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates） were carried out in 2004 using the cultivar Tigoni. During the long rains season, the treatments included USZ at 15 kg ha^-1 at planting; 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; and 45 kg ha^-1 at planting. Treatments during the short rains included USZ at 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; 40 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 split into 25 kg ha^-1 at planting and 25 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; and 60 kg ha^-1 at planting. USZ was contrasted with Diammonium phosphate （DAP） fertilizer （18：46：0） at 300 kg ha^-1 and 500 kg ha^-1 applied at planting and a control in which no fertilizer was applied. The DAP 300 kg ha^-1 treatment was however, not included during the long rains season. The highest tuber yields among the USZ treatments were obtained in plots treated with 45 kg ha^-1 （27.11 t ha^-1） during the long rains and 60 kg ha^-1 （55.17 t ha^-1） during the short rains season. Application of USZ resulted in a yield increase of at least 3.90 and 19.06 t ha^-1 during the long and short rains seasons respectively.

Amino Acid Contents of Indigofera arrecta Leaves after Application of Foliar Fertilizer

The experiment aimed to investigate foliar fertilizer application effects on amino acid content of Indigofera leaves. lndigofera arrecta was planted in plots during both rainy and dry seasons. Foliar fertilizer concentrations consisted of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g and 50 g, which solved in 10 L solvent were appIied on sixteen individual plants per plot, The fertilizer was applied 4 times during vegetative growing period. Block randomized design with 3 replications was used in this experiment. The foliar fertilizer containing 20%-22% N （N total）, 15%-16% P （P205）, 15%-16% K, 1.5% Mg, 1% Ca, 1% Fe, 1.42% Zn, 0.53% Cu, 0.88% Mo, 0.53% B and growth hormone 0.025% indole acetic acid （1AA） and giberelic acid （GA） was applied. Samples of each plot were composited leaves from 3 harvest times. The result showed that the foliar fertilizer did not affect aspartic acid, seriue, histidine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, iso-leusine and leusine content oflndigofera leave. Foliar fertilizer application up to 50 g/10 L resulted in higher （P 〈 0.05） glutamate acid, glysine, arginine, alanine, proline and lysine than those of other fertilizer levels.