古代杭州城市洪旱适应性研究

文章基于对地方史志和相关资料的整理,通过绘图、统计等方法探究古代杭州山水城市的发展与洪旱适应性建设的关系,研究发现杭州古城经历了择山水而居、治山水而兴、合山水而美的过程。在选址上杭州古城趋利避害,综合考虑了多种因素;在城市形态上,杭州古城积极地与周围山水环境相适应,营造了山水城相融的格局。南宋时期,杭州山水田园城共治模式形成,洪旱适应性建设日趋成熟,其中的生态智慧和美学智慧值得当今城市建设关注和借鉴。

新乡生态高效经济区概念规划探讨

对于具有自然环境优势的新城区的概念性规划,不仅要注重新城区的整体发展定位,而且要充分利用新城区的自然环境优势,还要重视新城区与旧城的和谐有机生长关系。以此寻找新城区与自然相融的结合点,抓住景观潜质要素,发挥其"新"的特色,突出区位优势、功能效应和景观生态特征,创造一种根植于其本身、独具特色的城市形态和生活方式。

Phosphorus Balance in the Main Crop Production Systems in Beijing Suburb——Case in Shunyi District

[Objective] The research aimed to evaluate the phosphorus balances in the main crop production systems in Shunyi District of Beijing City.[Method] By using the nutrient budget method,the phosphorus balances in the main crop production systems（field crops,orchard and open-field vegetables） in Shunyi District of Beijing City were evaluated.Moreover,the main influence elements of phosphorus surplus in the farmland were analyzed.[Result] The positive phosphorus balances were found across all three crop production systems in the study period.The amount of phosphorus surplus [491.8 kg/（hm2·a）] in vegetables production system was significantly higher than that in field crops [82.7 kg/（hm2·a）] and orchard [129.5 kg/（hm2·a）] production systems（P0.05）.But the amount of phosphorus surplus between the latter two had no significant difference（P0.05）.Phosphorus surpluses in the production systems of field crops and vegetables respectively presented the extremely significant and positive relationship with the phosphorus input from chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer（r was respectively 0.987 7 and 0.970 1）.The phosphorus input from chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in the orchard production system both presented the extremely significant and positive relationship with the phosphorus surplus in the farmland（r was respectively 0.836 3 and 0.625 2）.However,the phosphorus harvested by crops didn＇t significantly correlated to the phosphorus surplus in the farmland for all three crop production systems（P0.05）.[Conclusion] The risk of phosphorus pollution potential in all three crop production system of Shunyi Distirct was high,especially in the vegetable production system.The phosphorus surpluses in the production systems of field crops and vegetables were mainly from the inputs of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer,respectively.However,the inputs of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer both significantly affected the phosphorus surplus in the orchard production system.

The Scramble for LandmSaving the Remains of Rural Space in Switzerland

In 2012 and 2013, the Swiss population voted on two separate yet related issues concerning spatial planning. In 2012 a restriction on second homes was introduced into the Constitution, in 2013 referendum the planning law was revised. Both issues wanted to restrict disproportionate building activities, and were accepted after a heated debate. This outcome mirrors a change in popular attitude towards constructions in the countryside and so-called ＂cold beds＂ （second homes used for a short time only）, but also towards the disfiguration of the （rural） landscape in general. At the same time it revealed two social rifts： between urban populations （that are increasingly migrating towards rural landscapes） and rural regions that want to obtain a similar level of living as the urban majority, and between lowland and mountain regions. The results of the referenda show that the population is very much concerned about the future of our landscape and environment. The paper discusses the two referenda and their implications for Switzerland in general and for regions that are considered marginal. Its focus lies on the political aspects of the two issues, which not only concern marginality but also are a challenge for national cohesion and direct democracy.

Rural Ecotourism: An Effective Way of Maintaining Indigenous Character in Rapidly Urbanizing Rural Areas: A Case Study of Five Golden Flowers in Chengdu, China

China is the largest developing country in the world and a well-known agricultural country. China＇s urbanization is a subject of great interest, one that has attracted the attention of people throughout the world. Whereas a handful of studies have assessed various aspects of urbanization（urban expansion, urban transition, urban-rural relationships, the spatial changes in urban and rural areas, motivations for sustaining rural places）, little is known of how to retain the indigenous character of rural areas in terms of landscape design. In this paper, the authors set out to contribute to this significant gap. They used Chengdu City and Five Golden Flowers（FGF） village in Chengdu＇s suburbs as case studies. A detailed description of the application of Ebenezer Howard＇s Garden City vision in Chengdu City was made; the Garden City vision was the key premise for FGF＇s ecotourism industry and successful conservation of landscapes with indigenous character. An analysis of the post-ecotourism landscape in FGF was accomplished using a typology method. Finally a set of landscape design methods for retaining indigenous character was proposed. The main conclusion of this paper was as follows： rural ecotourism can contribute to maintaining the indigenous character of rapidly urbanizing rural landscapes with the use of appropriate inheritance and renovation ways. The findings here may provide useful information for decision making by urban planners and policy-makers.

Study on Tending Operations to Control over Harm of Pine Scale in Urban Park

The change of pine scale (Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi) population density on pine forest in urban park between treatment (tending operations) and CK (no tending operations) was researched in this paper. The results were shown as follows: population density declined to 0.63 head per bundle from 2.61 heads per bundle when crown density of pine in urban park had become 0.5 or so by means of cultivation activities such as felling, pruning and thinning and so on, and drop got to 75.86 percent. The pinewoods would soon get revived once using these cultivation activities, so tending operations was main measures controlling over harm of pine scale in urban park; At the same time, population density of pine scale on pinewoods in the sunny slope was more than that in the somber slope and it had become less and less from sunny slope to somber slope. Therefore, tree species must be chosen in the planning and design of urban park for preventing harm and happening of pine scale.