龍崗秦簡諸“田”、“租”簡釋義補正——結合張家山漢簡看名田宅制的土地管理和田租徵收

本文結合張家山漢簡等簡牘材料,對龍崗秦簡中諸“田”、“租”簡進行再考釋。龍崗簡116“吏行田贏律”之“行田”意爲“授田”。龍崗“行田”、“田籍”、“程田”、“程租”、“程”、“租”、“匿田”、“盗田”諸簡反映的是秦名田宅制下的土地管理和田租徵收制度。鄉是秦及西漢初年國家實施土地管理、田租徵收的基本單位。鄉部嗇夫及其屬吏——部佐(漢爲鄉佐)每年需對百姓土地占有、耕種、收成等情况進行檢核,製成田比地籍、田命籍、田租籍,將副本上交到縣。對占有土地没有達到法定標準者,國家通過“行田”補其不足。田租徵收實行“程租”制度,以當年耕種的土地即墾田爲徵收對象,根據畝産量確定田租額。對侵占公私田宅的“盗田”、部佐在田租徵收中的“匿田”、“遺程”、“敗程”等違法行爲,國家制定了嚴格的懲罰措施。

Real-time Monitoring Scheme of Soil Moisture Content in Paddy Field

The monitoring of soil moisture content in paddy field is one of important parts and contents of regional soil moisture monitoring. But a good monitoring scheme hasn’t been established. A real-time monitoring scheme of soil moisture content in paddy field was put forward from two key links of soil moisture content monitoring and field water-layer monitoring. This scheme could meet the alternative monitoring requirements of soil moisture content in water layer and none-water layer. It had a good maneuverability and could provide references for practical work.

Land Management Effects on Biogeochemical Functioning of Salt-Affected Paddy Soils

Most lowlands in Northeast Thailand(Isaan region)are cultivated with rice and large areas are affected by salinity, which drastically limits rice production.A field experiment was conducted during the 2003 rainy season to explore the interactions between salinity and land management in two fields representative of two farming practices:an intensively managed plot with organic inputs and efficient water management,and one without organic matter addition.Field measurements,including pH,Eh,electrical conductivity(EC),and soil solution chemistry,were performed at three depths, with a particular focus on Fe dynamics,inside and outside saline patches. High reducing conditions appeared after flooding particularly in plots receiving organic matter and reduction processes leading to oxide reduction and to the release of Fe and,to a lesser extend,Mn to the soil solution.Oxide reduction led to the consumption of H^+ and the more the Fe reduction was,the higher the pH was,up to 6.5.Formation of hydroxy-green rust were likely to be at the origin of the pH stabilization.In the absence of organic amendments,high salinity prevented the establishment of the reduction processes and pH value remained around 4.Even under high reduction conditions,the Fe concentrations in the soil solution were below commonly observed toxic values and the amended plot had better rice production yield.

TLP hull structural design and analysis

Tension leg platform (TLP) has been one of the most favorite deep-water platform concepts for offshore oil and gas field exploration and development. As of now,a total of 24 TLPs have been installed worldwide with 3 more to be installed in the near future and 5 more under design. Most of these installations are in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Water depths for these TLP installations range from 150 m to 1 600 m. It is highly expected that China will have her first TLP designed,fabricated,and installed in the very near future. In order to satisfy the need for a unified hull structural design practice,this paper presents the design philosophy of a conventional TLP hull structure with emphases on critical structural components design and analysis methodologies.

Calibration and Validation of an All-Sky Imager

The automatic all-sky imager developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,provides all-sky visible images in the red,green,and blue channels.This paper presents three major cali-bration experiments of the all-sky imager,geometric an-gular calibration,optical calibration,and radiometric calibration,and then infers an algorithm to retrieve rela-tive radiance from the all-sky images.Field experiments show that the related coefficient between retrieved radi-ance and measured radiance is about 0.91.It is feasible to use the algorithm to retrieve radiance from images.The paper sets up a relationship between radiance and the im-age,which is useful for using the all-sky image in nu-merical-simulations that predict more meteorological pa-rameters.

内向派作家的创作个性

内向派出现于七十年代初,指六十年代末至七十年代初在日本文坛上崭露头角的部分作家,以及同期出现,在文学观念上与其相呼应的评论家。主要人物有作家古井由吉、黑井千次,后藤明生、坂上弘、阿部昭和早些时候成名的小川国夫,评论家柄谷行人、飨庭孝男等。著名评论家小田切秀雄开始指出这个流派时,曾流露出不满与困惑的情绪,这多少代表了当时流行的看法。人们认为这些作家、评论家缺乏社会观念,过于关注自我,他们的创作晦涩难懂,形象模糊,与六十年代王导文坛的高桥和已。

Research and application of GIS information system of Pipeline Network of Oil Field Water

Pipeline network of oil fi eld water is established on the basis of GIS geographic information and SCADA platform, and monitorthe running state of water supply system in oil fi eld mining area in real time through data acquisition, instrument measurement and control,wireless network, water quantity, water pressure and other on-line monitoring equipment. The water supply system is formed, and the informationof mass water supply system is analyzed and processed in a timely manner. The system manages the entire production, management and serviceprocesses of the water supply system in a dynamic manner in order to ensure water supply safety management, and realize the modernization,intelligence and information mode operation of the water supply system in the mining area.

日本战后文学特点之我见

自一九四五年第二次世界大战结束至今四十余年间,是日本历史发展的一个新时期,也是日本文学发展的一个新时期。一九四五年八月十五日,日本当局接受波茨坦宣言,宣布无条件投降。这是日本历史上一个重大的转折——从战胜国转为战败国,从军国主义国家转为没有正规军队的国家,从法西斯主义国家转为一般资本主义国家。 日本战后文学是在社会发生重大转折的背景下发展起来的。

Development of a Musical-based Interaction System for the Waseda Flutist Robot-Implementation of a Real-time Vision Interface Based on the Particle Filter Algorithm

The aim of this paper is to create an interface for humanrobot interaction. Specifically, musical performance parameters （i. e. vibrato expression） of the Waseda Flutist Robot No. 4 Refined IV （WF-4RIV） are to be manipulated. This research focused on enabling the WF-4RIV to interact with human players （musicians） in a natu- ral way. In this paper, as the first approach, a vision processing algorithm, which is able to track the 3Dorientation and position of a musical instrument, was developed. In particular, the robot acquires image data through two catneras attached to its head. Using color histogram matching and a particle filter, the position of the musician＇s hands on the inset are tracked. Analysis of this data determines orientation and location of the iustnment. These pa- rameters are mapped to manipulate the musical expression of the WF- 4RIV, more specifically sound vibrato and volume values. The authors present preliminary experiments to determine if the robot may dynamically change musical parameters while interacting with a human player （i.e. vibrato etc. ）. From the experirnental results, they may confirm the feasibility of the interaction during the performance, although further research must be carried out to consider the physical constraints of the flutist robot.

An experimental study of a yielding support for roadways constructed in deep broken soft rock under high stress

A rationally designed support for deep roadways excavated in broken soft rock under high stress was investigated. The deformation and failure characteristics and the mechanism of ''yielding support'' was studied for anchor bolts and cables. The rail roadway of the 2-501 working face in the Liyazhuang Mine of the Huozhou coal area located in Shanxi province was used for field trials. The geological conditions used there were used during the design phase. The new ''highly resistant, yielding'' support system has a core of high strength, yielding bolts and anchor cables. The field tests show that this support system adapts well to the deformation and pressure in the deep broken soft rock. The support system effectively controls damage to the roadway and ensures the long term stability of the wall rock and safe production in the coal mine. This provides a remarkable economic and social benefit and has broad prospects for fur- ther application.

Study on linear shaped charge in penetrating rock

Based on the action mechanism of linear shaped charge（ LSC ）, penetration performance of LSC on rock was studied. The optimal standoff and the vertex angle of LSC were studied and determined by lab experiments. Through cutting sand-cement grout samples, the spacing interval of boreholes can approach 17.5 times of the bore-hole＇ s diameter, and the result of the directional expansion of crack is satisfactory. The result of field experiment indicates cutting effect is very good, the ruggedness in fracture plane is less than 50 mm, the rate of half-hole marks is nearly 100 % , and the crack inspection shows that there is no damage in the internal of the cutting part. All these suggest that the orientation fracture blasting with LSC is a good means in directional fracture controlled blasting and is worth popularizing widely.

Performance of EDAB-HCl Acid Blended System as Fracturing Fluids in Oil Fields

Due to the high price and formation damage of the guargum fracturing fluid, many oilfields are more and more interested in surfactant based fracturing fluids. The rheological properties of erucicamide dimethyl amidopropyl betaine （EDAB）-HC1 acid blended system and its suitability as fracturing fluid were investigated in this work. The effects of pH, concentration of EDAB, and temperature on the rheological properties of the blended system were studied. The results show that addition of EDAB improved the viscosity of the system from less than 10 mPa. s to about 400 mPa. s, which could retard the acid-rock reaction to about one half at 60℃ and one quarter at 90℃ comparing to straight HC1 acid, suggesting that there is sufficient time for the blended fluid to react with formation rock when it is used as fracturing fluid in an oil field. Core flow tests demonstrated that the EDAB-acid blended fluid could divert itself from high permeability formation core to low permeability one, thus ensuring proper acid placement in the target reservoirs.

A Preliminary Study on Hydrate Anti-agglomerant Applied in Multiphase Flow Pipeline

When new types of hydrate chemical inhibitor （such as hydrate anti-agglomerant） are used in offshore fields, some difficulties will be encountered in the pipe transportation processing design. In view of these difficulties, a horizontal flow experiment pipe loop of transparent polypropylene pipe （25.4 mm inner diameter, 20 m long） was constructed, and some experiments were conducted. The working fluids were the mixed paraffin hydrocarbons, water and condensate oil mixtures obtained from offshore oil field. Analyzing the experimental results and adopting relevant theories of liquid-solid two-phase flow, the computational method of hydrate slurry transportation in pipe was developed. For the operating conditions of a certain multiphase pipeline, by using OLGA software, this method can be used to calculate pressure drop of the multiphase flow pipelines using anti-agglomerant, which can provide support for hydrate anti-agglomerant application.

Drought and N Addition in the Greenhouse Experiment： Blue Grama and Western Wheatgrass

Understanding how the growth of two key native grass species of the Northern Great Plains （Western wheatgrass and blue grama） may be affected under drought and nitrogen deficiency is essential for future management of these grasslands. The random complete block experimental design greenhouse study examined the effects of water and N addition on above-ground and below-ground harvested biomass of C3 （Western wheatgrass, WWG） and C4 （blue grama, BG） grass species for the purpose of gaining better understanding of drought responses for these two species. Compared with well-watered treatment （field capacity）, two water limited treatments （70% and 85% field capacity） decreased plant above- and below-ground biomass （WWG and BG）. For two N treatments （no N added, addition of 100 mg N kg^-1soil）, addition of N significantly improved plant above- and below-ground biomass of WWG and BG under water field capacity. Both above- and below-ground biomass of the two grass species increased linearly with increasing water supplied, but above- and below-ground biomass of WWG was always lower than BG for the same treatments （water or N addition）. The results demonstrated that BG seedlings had better adaptation than WWG to deal with the imposed drought or N deficient conditions.

Factors Acquisition and Content Estimation of Farmland Soil Organic Carbon Based upon Internet of Things

Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things(IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.

The feasibility experimental study of pumping and shunting pump under pressure in water injection station

At present in the process of water injection station operation, starting and stopping the pump caused system pressure fluctuations, and the fluctuations caused many problems about downstream injection wells. In order to eliminate the fluctuations and reduce problems, taking start pump, connect pump test under pressure in the water injection station installed the rotor frequency control system Changqing oil field developed. During the experiment, by progressively increasing the pressure pump to verify start pump with pressure feasibility test, the result shows when the pressure in the 0-25MPa pressure start and connect pump can be realized, and forecast the maximum pressure of the current start of the station with pressure pump. Start pump with pressure achieve the elimination of pressure fluctuations, provide the prerequisites about realizeing stable water injection pressure, and ultimately realize oil field water injection station to be automatic water injection laid a foundation.

Large manipulative experiments reveal complex effects of food supplementation on population dynamics of Brandt's voles

Although food supplementation is well known to increase population density,there is still debate on the causative effects of food supplementation on reproduction,survival,and immigration.Large manipulative experiments,which exclude any confounding effects of dispersal and predation,are essential for clarifying the debate.In this study,we investigated the effects of food supplementation on Brandt's vole population dynamics and plant community in eight large enclosures(0.48 ha each) from2010 to 2014.Food supplementation showed significant positive effects on population density due to increases in recruitment;however,it showed a complex effect on survival of voles:positive in non-breeding seasons,but negative in breeding seasons.In addition,food supplementation increased the quality of plants(as reflected by increased crude protein content),but decreased the quantity of less preferred plants in experimental enclosures.Thus,food seems to have direct positive effects on small rodents through improvement of food supply and indirect negative effects through food-induced density-dependent effects,and may have long-term effects on rodents through altering plant community composition and abundance.

那些曾经轰动日本社会的作品

春秋迭易、岁月轮回,日本文学杂志《文艺》从1933年创刊至今已经走过了81个春秋。几度破产重组,阅尽了世间沧桑变故。它经历了怎样的社会变迁、走过了怎样的奋斗之路、为读者奉献了哪些优秀作品？且听永江朗细细道来。

Aluminium Uptake and Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Camellia Oleifera Abel

Oiltea camellia （Camellia oleifera Abel.）, an aluminium （Al） hyperaccumulator, grows well on acid soils in tropical or subtropical areas. In this study, the growth of oiltea camellia in response to Al application and the characteristics of Al uptake and accumulation were investigated using laboratory and field experiments. The growth of oiltea camellia seedlings in the nutrient solution tended to be stimulated by addition of Al. Results of the field experiment showed that oiltea camellia accumulated 11 000 mg kg-1 Al in leaves within 10 months, and the average rate of Al accumulation in new leaves was about 1100 mg kg-1 month-1; however, the monthly rate varied and was highest in spring and autumn. The results of the laboratory experiment on Al uptake by oiltea camellia seedlings in CaC12 solutions with various forms of Al showed that large amounts of Al supplied as Al3＋ and Al complexes Al-malate （1：1） and Al-F （1：1） were infiuxed into oiltea camellia roots, whereas Al supplied as Al-citrate （1：1）, Al-F （1：6）, Al-oxalate （1：3）, and Al-oxalate （1：1） complexes exhibited low affinity to oiltea camellia roots. The kinetics of Al3＋ cumulative uptake in excised roots and intact plants showed a biphasic pattern, with an initial rapid phase followed by a slow phase. The Al cumulative uptake was unaffected by low temperature, which indicated that Al uptake in oiltea camellia was a passive process. The efficient influx of Al into the roots and the high transport rate in specific seasons were presumed to account for the plentiful Al accumulation in leaves of oiltea camellia.

Narrow distribution of cyanophage psbA genes observed in two paddy waters of Northeast China by an incubation experiment

Dear Editor,Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria.They play an important role in shaping the genetic and functional diversity of themselves and their hosts through genetic exchange and shuffling（Lindell et al.,2005;Singh et al.,2012）.