甲氧丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的环境降解特性研究

为了掌握甲氧丙烯酸酯类（Strobilurins）杀菌剂在环境中的行为归趋，评价其在环境中的风险性，采用室内模拟实验法，对嘧菌酯、氰烯菌酯和醚菌酯3种Strobilurins杀菌剂在不同温度、pH水体中，不同类型土壤中及氙灯光照环境下的降解特性展开实验。结果表明：在25℃，pH5．0、7．0、9．0条件下嘧菌酯和氰烯菌酯水解缓慢，醚菌酯则较快，降解半衰期范围为0．105d至1a以上，其水解特性差异与水体pH值和农药本身结构相关；50℃时3种Strobilurins杀菌剂水中降解较25℃时水解速率快，其水解速率与温度呈正相关关系；醚菌酯、氰烯菌酯和嘧菌酯在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中，降解半衰期分别为〈1．0d、107～330d、223～407d，3种土壤中降解速率排序为东北黑土-太湖水稻土〉江西红壤；人工光源氙灯（光强为4000lx，紫外强度25．0IxW·cm。）下，醚菌酯、嘧菌酯和氰烯菌酯的光解速率依次为0．6664、0．5611、0．0235h～1嘧菌酯和氰烯菌酯在水体和土壤中滞留期较长，建议关注其在环境中的污染影响，对其使用和残留状况跟踪监测。

由甲氧丙烯酸酯类抗生素开发农用杀菌剂

杀虫剂领域中的除虫菊酯,以前系指从除虫菊中提取的天然杀虫成份,而今则为以这些天然杀虫成份的化学结构为模型进行合成的化合物。并由于其显示了卓著的效果,作为新颖杀虫剂类而颇受青睐,成为杀虫剂中的佼佼者。其他,由以沙蚕毒为启迪开发了巴丹和杀虫环。另外,也有在开发过程中偶然发现与烟碱和咪唑基相似的新的合成杀虫剂。 在杀菌剂领域中也同样如此。抗生素作为农用杀菌剂而广泛使用。

新化合物A04034、A04008对水稻稻瘟病的室内杀菌活性及田间药效研究

A04034、A04008和嘧菌酯等药剂在盆栽试验中对水稻稻瘟病表现出很高的杀菌活性,均优于对照药剂三环唑。其中A04034的活性最高,EC50仅为2.12μg/mL。10%A04034悬浮剂有效成分40、60、80 g/hm2防治水稻稻瘟病,第2次施药后10 d的防效分别为90.50%、94.20%、95.42%。25%嘧菌酯乳油有效成分60 g/hm2的防效为92.82%。10%A04034悬浮剂有效成分60 g/hm2的防效与用25%嘧菌酯乳油有效成分的60 g/hm2的防效无显著差异。10%A04008悬浮剂有效成分40、60、80 g/hm2,第2次施药后10 d的防效分别为68.25%、74.98%、76.43%,60 g/hm2的防效低于嘧菌酯。3种药剂的防效均高于三环唑。

新化合物A04034、A04008对黄瓜白粉病的室内杀菌活性和田间药效研究

A04034、A04008和苯氧菌酯、嘧菌酯和肟菌酯等甲氧丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在盆栽试验中对黄瓜白粉病均表现出优异的保护和治疗活性。其中A04034表现出尤为卓越的杀菌活性,其对黄瓜白粉病的保护作用EC50、EC90为0.98μg/mL、3.12μg/mL,治疗作用EC50、EC90为1.17μg/mL、5.22μg/mL,其保护活性和治疗活性在5种药剂中均为最佳。田间药效试验中,10%A04034悬浮剂用5、10、20g.a.i/hm2的剂量第3次施药后7d的防效分别为82.7%、89.3%、91.7%;25%嘧菌酯乳油(阿米西达)10g.a.i/hm2的防效为84.0%;10%A04008悬浮剂用5、10、20g.a.i/hm2第3次施药后7d的防效分别为73.2%、86.4%、86.5%。10%A04034和10%A04008悬浮剂用10g.a.i/hm2的防效均略高于25%嘧菌酯乳油(阿米西达)10g.a.i/hm2的防效,防效无显著差异。

2-氯甲基-琢-甲氧亚氨基苯乙酸甲酯的合成

[目的]研究甲氧丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂重要中间体2-氯甲基-琢-甲氧亚胺基乙酸甲酯的合成工艺。[方法]以邻氯甲基苯甲酰腈为原料,通过酯化、肟化反应得到2-氯甲基-琢-甲氧亚胺基乙酸甲酯,优化反应条件。[结果]经优化,酯化收率达到91.7%,2步反应总收率为70.0%。[结论]该方法具有收率较高、操作简单、反应条件温和的特点,具有工业化应用前景。

Initial Research of Four Strobilurin Fungicides' Effect on the Quality and Yield Formation of Fruit Vegetables

Objective] The effects of four QoI fungicides on potato and tomato and cumumber quality and yield formation under disease-free conditions were studied in order to research the physiological effects of four QoI fungicides on these fruit veg-etables and explore the range of minium dose for the obvious physiological effect and the dose for the maximum effect. [Method] The effects of four strobilurin fungi-cides on yield formation and quality were studied under disease-free conditions in the field. Two applications of each strobilurin fungicide were designed. The yield and commercial ratio for each application were investigated. [Results] The minimum dose for the obvious physical effect on potato and tomato and cucumber was lower than 133 mg/L , the dose for maximum effect on patoto and cucumber of the four stro-bilurin fungicides maybe also lower than 667 mg/L. The dose of fenaminstrobin and pyraoxystrobin for maximum effect on tomato maybe also lower than 667 mg/L. [Conclusion] The study suggested that enotroburin, fenaminstrobin, pyrametostrobin and pyraoxystrobin were able to increase the yield and ratio of high quality potato and cucumber and tomato.

Tunisian Population of the Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola is Still Fully Sensitive to Strobilurin Fungicides

Mycosphaerella graminieola （anamorph： Zymoseptoria tritici） is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, the most frequently occurring disease on wheat crops worldwide. A set of 163 monoconidial isolates of this fungus were sampled in 2012 from five geographical locations of Tunisia （Bizerte, B6ja, Kef, Jendouba and Siliana） in order to examine the status of strobilurin resistance of M. graminicola in this country. The resistance was assessed by using PCR-based mismatch mutation assay that determined the cytochrome b substitution G143A responsible for strobilurin resistance. All isolates were found sensitive since they possessed the wild-type allele G143 conferring sensitivity. This study confirms previous reports on the fungus in Tunisia and reveals that the Tunisian population of M. graminicola remains fully sensitive to strobilurin fungicides. An appropriate management of strobilurin applications in Tunisia is thereby recommended to prevent local development and widespread of resistance, as in Europe, where pathogen populations are fully resistant to strobilurins today.