煤层内甲烷流动的微观机理研究的可行性探讨

采用分子动力学的相关理论,利用计算机模拟的方法,研究煤层内甲烷的解吸-扩散-渗流过程。介绍了煤层内甲烷流动的微观研究现状,说明了微观机理研究方法,指出了工作重点,证明研究方法可行。

基于LAMMPS的煤纳米孔隙中甲烷吸附/解吸和流动规律研究

基于LAMMPS(Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator)分子动力学方法,研究煤纳米孔隙中驱动力、孔径、温度和压力对甲烷吸附/解吸和流动的影响规律。结果表明,随着驱动力增加,甲烷分子黏度逐渐减小,流动性增强,流动速度增大,滑移长度绝对值逐渐减小,流动趋近于无滑移状态。甲烷的吸附密度与驱动力无关,主要受气−固作用影响。甲烷在流动过程中会吸附于煤孔隙壁面,当煤孔径较小时,甲烷几乎全部吸附,无游离态甲烷。增大煤孔径,壁面范德华力对游离态甲烷影响减弱,甲烷流动速度增大,孔隙内出现大量游离态甲烷,甲烷由单峰分布转为2个对称的双峰分布。大孔径中甲烷黏度较低,流动性好,Hagen-Poiseuille方程更适用于较大孔径中的甲烷流动。升高温度,甲烷分子热运动增强,吸附层密度降低,甲烷流动速度增加,煤孔隙壁上吸附态甲烷解吸为游离态甲烷,甲烷流量增大。增大压力,孔隙内甲烷数量逐渐增多,甲烷分子间强烈的相互碰撞使得甲烷流动阻力增大,流速减小。从微观角度通过建立更加真实的模型阐明了煤纳米孔隙中甲烷吸附/解吸和流动机制,研究结果可为工程应用中促进甲烷解吸、提升煤层气开采效率提供理论基础。

河南省煤田构造格局对煤层气储层物性和渗流特征的影响

为了查明河南省不同构造区内二1煤层中气体的流动特征和煤体受构造变形分异后的独特性,采用实验数据分析、瓦斯地质和渗流学理论,研究煤中孔容分布、孔径受应力影响后的变化以及煤体强度受构造应力作用下的变形和破坏特点。结果表明,煤层中甲烷连续流型占优的排序为:太行构造区、崤熊构造区、嵩萁构造区。煤中甲烷流型差异受区域构造变形体制控制,太行构造区的拉伸变形导致煤体强度值域分布广,最大体应变大于其他区域;嵩萁构造区的重力滑动、剪切和伸展变形使煤体强度和孔隙率最低、最大体应变最小;崤熊构造区内煤体的最大体应变介于两者之间。该结论对河南省煤层气开发有指导意义。

Quantification of Methane Fluxes from Hydrocarbon Seeps to the Ocean and Atmosphere:Development of an in situ and Online Gas Flux Measuring System

Natural hydrocarbon seeps in the marine environment are important contributors to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Such gases include methane, which plays a significant role in global carbon cycling and climate change. To accurately quantify the methane flux from hydrocarbon seeps on the seafloor, a specialized in situ and online gas flux measuring(GFM) device was designed to obtain high-resolution time course gas fluxes using the process of equal volume exchange. The device consists of a 1.0-m diameter, 0.9-m tall, inverted conical tent and a GFM instrument that contains a solenoid valve, level transducer, and gas collection chamber. Rising gas bubbles from seeps were measured by laboratory-calibrated GFM instruments attached to the top of the tent. According to the experimental data, the optimal anti-shake time interval was 5 s. The measurement range of the device was 0–15 L min^(-1), and the relative error was ± 1.0%. The device was initially deployed at an active seep site in the Lingtou Promontory seep field in South China Sea. The amount of gas released from a single gas vent was 30.5 m^3 during the measurement period, and the gas flow rate ranged from 22 to 72 Lh^(-1), depending on tidal period, and was strongly negatively correlated with water depth. The measurement results strongly suggest that oceanic tides and swells had a significant forcing effect on gas flux. Low flow rates were associated with high tides and vice versa. The changes in gas volume escaping from the seafloor seeps could be attributed to the hydrostatic pressure induced by water depth. Our findings suggest that in the marine environment, especially in the shallow shelf area, sea level variation may play an important role in controlling methane release into the ocean. Such releases probably also affect atmospheric methane levels.

CFD simulations of quenching process for partial oxidation of methane:Comparison of jet-in-cross-flow and impinging flow configurations

A new quenching process using the cold pyrolysis gas has been proposed for the partial oxidation(POX) of methane to recover the heat. The mixing of hot product gas and cold pyrolysis gas in milliseconds is critical to this new approach. Two most widely-used rapid mixing configurations, i.e. the jet-in-cross-flow(JICF) and impinging flow configurations, are compared in terms of mixing and quenching performances using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) coupled with detailed reaction mechanism Leeds 1.5. The mixedness, residence time distribution, temperature decreasing rate and loss ratio of acetylene during the quenching are systematically studied. The results show that the impinging flow has a more uniform mixing and narrower residence time distribution than the JICF.However, the temperature decreasing rate of the mainstream is faster in the JICF than in the impinging flow. The loss ratio of acetylene in the quenching process is 2.89% for the JICF and 1.45% for the impinging flow, showing that the impinging flow configuration is better and feasible for the quenching of POX of methane.

Study on Strategies for Methane Injection in a DISI （Direct Injection Spark Ignition） Engine

This paper deals with the application of two different injection strategies in a natural gas direct injection spark ignition single-cylinder engine model. The analysis includes the air flow characterization during compression stroke and also the charge stratification. Two different swirl ratios are applied and piston bowl effects are analyzed during the gas jet deflection towards the spark plug. Achieving wall-guided effect, consequently, the charge stratification in spark plug region is obtained. The goal is to study the mixture formation differences for a single and a bi pulsed CNG （compressed natural gas） injection profiles and check the evolution of the methane concentration at the spark plug at the start of combustion.

A numerical study of counterflow diffusion flames of methane/air at various pressures

A numerical study of the counterflow diffusion flames of methane/air at both subcritical and supercritical pressures,which have very important applications in the air-breathing rocket and advanced gas turbine engines,is conducted to obtain fundamental understanding of the flame characteristics.The analysis is based on a general mathematical formulation and accommodates a unified treatment of general fluids thermodynamics and accurate calculations of thermophysical properties.Results reveal that the maximum flame temperature occurs on the fuel-rich side for low-pressure conditions and shifts toward the stoichiometric position when the pressure increases.The maximum flame temperature increases with an increasing pressure,but decreases with an increasing strain rate.The flame width is inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the pressure and strain rate as■■1 p·a2/1.The total heat release rate varies with the pressure and strain rate in a relationship of Q release ■(p·a)0.518.An increased pressure leads to a slightly more complete combustion process near the stoichiometric position,but its effect on NO production is minor.Under the test conditions,variations of the strain rate have significant impacts on the formation of major pollutants.An increased strain rate leads to the decreased mole fraction of CO in the fuel-rich region and significantly reduced NO near the stoichiometric position.

Theoretical and Computational Analyses of LNG Evaporator

Theoretical and numerical analysis on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside a LNG evaporator is conducted in this work. Methane is used instead of LNG as the operating fluid. This is because; methane constitutes over 80% of natural gas. The analytical calculations are performed using simple mass and energy balance equations. The analytical calculations are made to assess the pressure and temperature variations in the steam tube. Multiphase numerical simulations are performed by solving the governing equations(basic flow equations of continuity, momentum and energy equations) in a portion of the evaporator domain consisting of a single steam pipe. The flow equations are solved along with equations of species transport. Multiphase modeling is incorporated using VOF method. Liquid methane is the primary phase. It vaporizes into the secondary phase gaseous methane. Steam is another secondary phase which flows through the heating coils. Turbulence is modeled by a two equation turbulence model. Both the theoretical and numerical predictions are seen to match well with each other. Further parametric studies are planned based on the current research.

Experimental study on the characteristics of ventilated cavitation around an underwater navigating body influenced by turbulent drag-reducing additives

In this study, a new control strategy for turbulent drag reduction involving ventilated cavitation is proposed. The configurational and hydrodynamic characteristics of ventilated cavities influenced by turbulent drag-reducing additives were experimentally studied in water tunnel. The test model was fixed in the water tunnel by a strut in the aft-part. Aqueous solutions of CTAC/Na Sal(cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride/sodium salicylate) with weight concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 ppm(part per million), respectively, were injected into the ventilated air cavity from the edge of the cavitator with accurate control by an injection pump. The cavity configurations were recorded by a high-speed CCD camera. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the test model were measured by a six-component balance. Experimental results show that, within the presently tested cases, the lengths of cavity influenced by drag-reducing solution are smaller than normal condition(ventilated cavity) in water, but the asymmetry of the cavity is improved. The drag resisted by the test model is reduced dramatically(the maximum drag reduction can reach to 80%) and the re-entrant jet is more complex after the CTAC solution is injected into the cavity. Turbulent drag-reducing additives have the potential in enhancement of supercavitating asymmetry and further drag reduction.