Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid ho...Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid hormone action on motility has been widely studied, but more complex pathophysiologic mechanisms have been indicated by some studies although these are not fully understood. Both thyroid hormone excess and def iciency can have similar digestive manifestations, such as diarrhea, although the mechanism is different in each situation. The liver is the most affected organ in both hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Specifi c digestive diseases may be associated with autoimmune thyroid processes, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease. Among them, celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis are the most frequent although a clear common mechanism has never been proven. Overall, thyroid-related digestive manifestations were described decades ago but studies are still needed in order to conf irm old concepts or elucidate undiscovered mechanisms. All practitioners must be aware of digestive symptoms due to dysthyroidism in order to avoid misdiagnosis of rare but potentially lethal situations.展开更多
The parathyroid glands are the main regulator of plasma calcium and have a direct influence on the digestive tract.Parathyroid disturbances often result in unknown long-standing symptoms.The main manifestation of hypo...The parathyroid glands are the main regulator of plasma calcium and have a direct influence on the digestive tract.Parathyroid disturbances often result in unknown long-standing symptoms.The main manifestation of hypoparathyroidism is steatorrhea due to a deficit in exocrine pancreas secretion.The association with celiac sprue may contribute to malabsorption.Hyperparathyroidism causes smooth-muscle atony,with upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea,heartburn and constipation.Hyperparathyroidism and peptic ulcer were strongly linked before the advent of proton pump inhibitors.Nowadays,this association remains likely only in the particular context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.In contrast to chronic pancreatitis,acute pancreatitis due to primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most studied topics.The causative effect of high calcium level is confirmed and the distinction from secondary hyperparathyroidism is mandatory.The digestive manifestations of parathyroid malfunction are often overlooked and serum calcium level must be included in the routine workup for abdominal symptoms.展开更多
文摘Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid hormone action on motility has been widely studied, but more complex pathophysiologic mechanisms have been indicated by some studies although these are not fully understood. Both thyroid hormone excess and def iciency can have similar digestive manifestations, such as diarrhea, although the mechanism is different in each situation. The liver is the most affected organ in both hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Specifi c digestive diseases may be associated with autoimmune thyroid processes, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease. Among them, celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis are the most frequent although a clear common mechanism has never been proven. Overall, thyroid-related digestive manifestations were described decades ago but studies are still needed in order to conf irm old concepts or elucidate undiscovered mechanisms. All practitioners must be aware of digestive symptoms due to dysthyroidism in order to avoid misdiagnosis of rare but potentially lethal situations.
文摘The parathyroid glands are the main regulator of plasma calcium and have a direct influence on the digestive tract.Parathyroid disturbances often result in unknown long-standing symptoms.The main manifestation of hypoparathyroidism is steatorrhea due to a deficit in exocrine pancreas secretion.The association with celiac sprue may contribute to malabsorption.Hyperparathyroidism causes smooth-muscle atony,with upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea,heartburn and constipation.Hyperparathyroidism and peptic ulcer were strongly linked before the advent of proton pump inhibitors.Nowadays,this association remains likely only in the particular context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.In contrast to chronic pancreatitis,acute pancreatitis due to primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most studied topics.The causative effect of high calcium level is confirmed and the distinction from secondary hyperparathyroidism is mandatory.The digestive manifestations of parathyroid malfunction are often overlooked and serum calcium level must be included in the routine workup for abdominal symptoms.
