Sludge palm oil （SPO） is an attractive feedstock and a significant raw material for biodiesel production. The use of SPO can lower the cost ofbiodiesel production significantly. In this study biodiesel fuel was prod...Sludge palm oil （SPO） is an attractive feedstock and a significant raw material for biodiesel production. The use of SPO can lower the cost ofbiodiesel production significantly. In this study biodiesel fuel was produced from SPO by esterification process using P-toluenesulfonic acid （PTSA） as acid catalyst in different dosages in presence of methanol to convert free fatty acid （FFA） to fatty acid methyl ester （FAME）. Batch esterification process of SPO was carried out to study the influence of PTSA dosage （0.25-10% wt/wt）, molar ratio of methanol to SPO （6：1-20：1）, temperature （40-80 ℃）, reaction time （30-120 min）. The effects of those parameters on the yield of crude biodiesel and conversion of FFA to FAME were monitored. The optimum condition for batch esterification process was 0.75% wt/wt, 10：1 molar ratio, 60 ℃ temperature and 60 minutes reaction time.展开更多
Palm C16 methyl ester sulphonate （C16MES）is an anionic surfactant that has the potential as active ingredient in the production of laundry detergent powders. Although C16MES has been successfully applied in the prod...Palm C16 methyl ester sulphonate （C16MES）is an anionic surfactant that has the potential as active ingredient in the production of laundry detergent powders. Although C16MES has been successfully applied in the production of high-density laundry detergent powders （HDDP）, it coulingd not be employed directly as it is in the spray drying process for the production of low-density laundry detergent powders （LDDP） without compromising the detergency and other significant properties. This research paper highlights the pilot-scale experimental study, which performed to produce phosphate-free laundry detergent （PFD） powders incorporated with binary anionic surfactants of C16MES and linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid （LABSA）. Past laboratory experiments revealed that PFD powders resulted from C16MES/LABSA of 50：50 ratio and of pH 7-8 have good detergency stability upon one-week of continuous heating in an oven at 50~C with 85% relative humidity. Based on these laboratory results, subsequent experiments were carded in a 5 kg/hr capacity co-current pilot spray dryer using PFD formulations comprising six different ratios of C16MES/LABSA （0：100, 20：80, 40：60, 80：20 and 100：0） under the same pH condition. Three PFD formulations were selected for further evaluation based on their characteristics in the spray drying process. The cleaning properties and particle properties of the resulting spray dried detergent powders from these selected formulations were analyzed. Based on the overall evaluation, C16MES/LABSA in 40：60 ratio was selected as the ideal PFD formulation. Further tests confirmed that spray dried detergent powder （SDDP） from the ideal formulation has high level of biodegradability （60% in 13 d）, low eco-toxicity properties （LC50 of 11.3 mg/L） and moderate flowability charactedsUcs （Hausner ratio of 1.27 and Carr＇s index of 21.3）.展开更多
Highly efficient cross-couplings of diarylborinic acids with aryl tosylates and sulfamates are reported for construction of biaryls using a tri(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine-supported nickel catalyst system: Ni[P(4-MeOC6H...Highly efficient cross-couplings of diarylborinic acids with aryl tosylates and sulfamates are reported for construction of biaryls using a tri(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine-supported nickel catalyst system: Ni[P(4-MeOC6H4)3]2Cl2/2P(4-MeOC6H4)3 in the presence of K3PO4·3H2O in toluene. A variety of unsymmetrical biaryls could be obtained in good to excellent yields with1.5–3 mol% or 3–5 mol% catalyst loadings for aryl sulfamates and tosylates, respectively. In sharp contrast to the conventional nickel-catalyzed Suzuki coupling with arylboronic acids, arylsulfamates unexpectedly displayed a higher reactivity than the corresponding tosylates in coupling with diarylborinic acids catalyzed by the nickel/phosphine catalyst system.展开更多
文摘Sludge palm oil （SPO） is an attractive feedstock and a significant raw material for biodiesel production. The use of SPO can lower the cost ofbiodiesel production significantly. In this study biodiesel fuel was produced from SPO by esterification process using P-toluenesulfonic acid （PTSA） as acid catalyst in different dosages in presence of methanol to convert free fatty acid （FFA） to fatty acid methyl ester （FAME）. Batch esterification process of SPO was carried out to study the influence of PTSA dosage （0.25-10% wt/wt）, molar ratio of methanol to SPO （6：1-20：1）, temperature （40-80 ℃）, reaction time （30-120 min）. The effects of those parameters on the yield of crude biodiesel and conversion of FFA to FAME were monitored. The optimum condition for batch esterification process was 0.75% wt/wt, 10：1 molar ratio, 60 ℃ temperature and 60 minutes reaction time.
文摘Palm C16 methyl ester sulphonate （C16MES）is an anionic surfactant that has the potential as active ingredient in the production of laundry detergent powders. Although C16MES has been successfully applied in the production of high-density laundry detergent powders （HDDP）, it coulingd not be employed directly as it is in the spray drying process for the production of low-density laundry detergent powders （LDDP） without compromising the detergency and other significant properties. This research paper highlights the pilot-scale experimental study, which performed to produce phosphate-free laundry detergent （PFD） powders incorporated with binary anionic surfactants of C16MES and linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid （LABSA）. Past laboratory experiments revealed that PFD powders resulted from C16MES/LABSA of 50：50 ratio and of pH 7-8 have good detergency stability upon one-week of continuous heating in an oven at 50~C with 85% relative humidity. Based on these laboratory results, subsequent experiments were carded in a 5 kg/hr capacity co-current pilot spray dryer using PFD formulations comprising six different ratios of C16MES/LABSA （0：100, 20：80, 40：60, 80：20 and 100：0） under the same pH condition. Three PFD formulations were selected for further evaluation based on their characteristics in the spray drying process. The cleaning properties and particle properties of the resulting spray dried detergent powders from these selected formulations were analyzed. Based on the overall evaluation, C16MES/LABSA in 40：60 ratio was selected as the ideal PFD formulation. Further tests confirmed that spray dried detergent powder （SDDP） from the ideal formulation has high level of biodegradability （60% in 13 d）, low eco-toxicity properties （LC50 of 11.3 mg/L） and moderate flowability charactedsUcs （Hausner ratio of 1.27 and Carr＇s index of 21.3）.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20972049).
文摘Highly efficient cross-couplings of diarylborinic acids with aryl tosylates and sulfamates are reported for construction of biaryls using a tri(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine-supported nickel catalyst system: Ni[P(4-MeOC6H4)3]2Cl2/2P(4-MeOC6H4)3 in the presence of K3PO4·3H2O in toluene. A variety of unsymmetrical biaryls could be obtained in good to excellent yields with1.5–3 mol% or 3–5 mol% catalyst loadings for aryl sulfamates and tosylates, respectively. In sharp contrast to the conventional nickel-catalyzed Suzuki coupling with arylboronic acids, arylsulfamates unexpectedly displayed a higher reactivity than the corresponding tosylates in coupling with diarylborinic acids catalyzed by the nickel/phosphine catalyst system.
