电力营销电价审计意义及质量控制的研究

在企业内部进行营销电价审计,实际上是审查电力企业内部营销电价执行情况,看其是否是合法的,符合规范的,其次也是为了审查营销电费收入情况。在本文中讲诉了电力营销审计的概念,分析了电力营销审计对于企业发展的意义。并且提出了提高营销电价审计质量控制的改进意见。

基于Hilbert-Huang变换和最小二乘支持向量机的电力市场出清电价预测

随着世界各国电力工业改革的发展趋势,我国于20世纪90年代也开始了以打破垄断、引入竞争、放松管制为目标的电力市场化改革。如何合理制定相应的运营模式以及怎样根据电力市场的相关历史数据准确的预测出未来的市场出清电价,对于市场中的各个参与者都具有十分重要的意义。而实际电力市场的出清电价数据具有很强的非平稳性,Hilbert-Huang变换是分析处理非平稳性信号数据非常有效的方法,本文应用Hilbert-Huang变换首先对电力市场出清电价数据进行平稳化处理,然后运用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)对处理后的数据进行预测。预测结果表明,此模型显著的提高了出清电价预测的精度。

浅析电价在电力市场化进程中的重要作用

电力体制改革厂网分开后,发电企业和电网企业各自的利益重新划分。但是无论是发电企、还是电网企业,售电是主要收入来源。如何根据社会对电力需求的情况,仔细研究季节性和不同时段的电力需求特征,推行厂网联动的季节性和时段性电价,刺激电力需求,把电力市场做大,是一个值得共同研究的课题。由此可见电价在电力市场化进程中扮演十分重要的角色.本文将就此进行分析。

电力改革对现电网及其营销模式的影响研究

新电改方案强调了"四放开、一独立、一加强",而下一步电改的方向将是"输配分离",在分析国外各国电改经验基础上,总结出输配分离改革可能采取的三种模式。电力改革对电网企业带来了强有力的冲击,文章详细分析和阐述了输配分离改革对电力电价和现电网营销模式的影响,以及今后电网营销模式的发展方向。

Significance/ Principle and Aim of Transmission Pricing

This paper briefly describes the importance of transmission pricing, and different methods for recovering transmission cost, stimulating efficient use of transmission resources and attracting investment in transmission networks.

Allocation of fixed transmission cost based on power flow tracing algorithm

In the electricity market, charging based on the traditional spot electricity price often results in the payment imbalance of electric network, and goes against the development of the power system. So, it is necessary to modify the spot price. The key of the modification lies in how to calculate the fixed unit transmission cost of each node, that is how to allocate the fixed transmission cost to users.To solve this problem, we develop a power flow tracing algrithm to modify the spot price. We put forward a path searching method based on the graph theory after studying the fundamental principle of power flow tracing and apply the method to the downstream tracing algorithm and upstream tracing algorithm according to the proportional distribution principle. Furthermore, to improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm, we introduce the branch expunction method to optimize the node order. By using the result of power flow tracing to get fixed node transmission cost and introducing it to modify the spot price, we obtain the synthetical price.The application to a 5-bus system prove the algorithm feasible.

An electricity price model with consideration to load and gas price effects

Some characteristics of the electricity load and prices are studied, and the relationship between electricity prices and gas (fuel) prices is analyzed in this paper. Because electricity prices are strongly dependent on load and gas prices, the authors constructed a model for electricity prices based on the effects of these two factors; and used the Geometric Mean Reversion Brownian Motion (GMRBM) model to describe the electricity load process, and a Geometric Brownian Motion(GBM) model to describe the gas prices; deduced the price stochastic process model based on the above load model and gas price model. This paper also presents methods for parameters estimation, and proposes some methods to solve the model.

Electricity Pricing for Natural Gas CHP Projects The Higher, the Better?

Regarding the state's policy that gives a higher on-grid electricity price to natural gas CHP (combined heat and power) projects, this paper studies the effect of it on the operation of those projects by theoretical analysis and a case study. It concludes that on-grid electricity price on the high side, compared to heat price, will lead power plants to produce more electricity but less heat, thus causing decrease of the plants' thermal eff iciency and harm to energy saving of the whole society.

APRICING METHOD of SURPLUS THERMAL POWER EXCHANGE BETWEEN GRIDS

This paper presents a case study on surplus thermal power being exchange between power grids and associate prices. The analysis shows the potential value of surplus thermal power exchange between grids under the condition whatever a grid is excessive or short in capacity.

Reforms in the Chinese Electric Power Sector

This paper summarizes the reforms happened in the Chinese electric power sector in recent years.Although some major measures for the electricity reforms have made progress in a phase sense,including direct trading between major electricity producers and consumers,energy-saving power dispatch and the increase of electricity prices,the deployment of these reforms into practice is facing more difficulties than expected.The author also gives an outlook for the electric power reform in the 12th Five-Year Plan period,and deems that the government may not take substantial steps to reform the electricity system.Reforms on the electricity system will continue in a more moderate manner and focus on electricity prices.

Segmentation of electricity market for households in Slovenia

This paper investigates the electricity market for households in Slovenia. The focus is on the investigation of some empirical facts in the Slovenian electricity market for households focusing on market segmentation, market concentration measures, real electricity price developments, and their implications for electrical energy consumption and consumer welfare. The authors apply descriptive statistics, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient of concentration, and demand function using regression framework on time-series data. The authors found that the market liberalization and entry of new competitors have slightly caused variations in the patterns in real electricity price developments. Households＇ real income and real electricity prices for households are found as the crucial determinants for the electrical energy demands by households.

Power ＂Smart Pricing＂ with and without Smart Meters

Over the past several years, the Taiwan Power Company has launched two smart pricing programs to assess the demand response of residential customers： the TOU （time-of-use） rate scheme and the DRI （demand reduction incentive） scheme. This paper discusses these two programs and evaluates their respective performances. We develop an efficient approach based on marginal cost pricing to redesign the TOU rate scheme. In our finding, the TOU price levels could be revised to encourage more customers to participate by enlarging the price gap. Moreover, the DRI scheme can be further improved in order to reach an efficient win-win solution among customers, the utility and society. This can be achieved via a careful design of incentive tariff discounts to take account of the time-of-use or location-specific features of the power supply/demand condition.

Collapse of Four-Arm Stars Polyelectrolyte Brushes Under An Electric Field in the Presence of Trivalent Salt Coions

Langevin dynamics simulations were conducted to study the collapse of grafted partially charged 4-arm star chains onto the oppositely charged grafting electrode in the presence of trivalent salt coions.Simulation results reveal that the average charge fraction of the grafted star chains and the salt concentration play critical roles in the competitive adsorption of charged monomers and trivalent salt coions onto the oppositely charged electrode.For grafted star chains with relatively high charge fraction,charged monomers are the dominant species collapsing on the oppositely charged electrode with the emergence of charge reversal on the grafting electrode.At a low charge fraction such that the total amount of charges on a grafted star molecule is comparable to that of a trivalent salt coion,trivalent salt coions absorb more strongly onto the electrode than grafted stars even at very low salt concentration.It is found that at relatively low charge fraction of star chains,the addition of trivalent salt coions does not lead to charge overcompensation of the surface charges on the grafting electrode.The stretching of star brushes under an electric field in the presence of trivalent salt coions was also briefly investigated.

Methodology for Obtaining Electricity-Price Patterns in Customer Response Programs

The main objective of electricity regulators when establishing electricity markets is to decrease the cost of electricity through competition. However, this scenario cannot be achieved without a full participation of the electricity demand by reacting against electricity prices. The aim of this research is to develop tools for helping customers and aggregators to join price and demand response programs, while helping them to hedge against the risk of short-term price volatility. In this way, the capacity of and hybrid methodology （Self-Organizing Maps and Statistical Ward＇s Linkage） to classify high electricity market prices is analysed. Besides, with the help of Non-Parametric Estimation, some price-patterns were found in the abovementioned clusters. The contained knowledge within these patterns supplies customer market-based information on which to base its energy use decisions. The interest for this participation of customers in markets is growing in developed countries to obtain a higher elasticity in demand. Results show the capability of this approach to improve data management and select coherent policies to accomplish cleared demand offers amongst different price scenarios in a more flexible way.

Evaluation of cable tension sensors of FAST reflector from the perspective of EMI

The active reflector of FAST （ five-hundred-meter aperture spherical radio telescope） is suppor- ted by a ring beam and a cable-net structure, in which nodes are actively controlled to form series of real-time paraboloids. To ensure the security and stability of the supporting structure, tension must be monitored for some typical cables. Considering the stringent requirements in accuracy and long- term stability, magnetic flux sensor, vibrating wire strain gauge and fiber bragg grating strain gauge are screened for the cable tension monitoring of the supporting cable-net. Specifically, receivers of radio telescopes have strict restriction on electro magnetic interference （EMI） or radio frequency in- terference （RFI）. These three types of sensors are evaluated from the view of EMIfRFI. Firstly, these fundamentals are theoretically analyzed. Secondly, typical sensor signals are collected in the time and analyzed in the frequency domain, which shows the characteristic in the frequency domain. Finally, typical sensors are tested in an anechoic chamber to get the EMI levels. Theoretical analysis shows that Fiber Bragg Grating strain gauge itself will not lead to EMI/RFI. According to GJB151 A, frequency domain analysis and test results show that for the vibrating wire strain gauge and magnetic flux sensor themselves, testable EMIfRF1 levels are typically below the background noise of the ane- choic chamber. FAST finally choses these three sensors as the monitoring sensors of its cable ten- sion. The proposed study is also a reference to the monitoring equipment selection of other radio tele- scopes and large structures.

Evaluation of the Moderately Leading Development in China's Electric Power Industry

This article analyzes the importance of the moderately leading development in electric power industry, and the basic policy of the industry in China. It evaluates if the industry is appropriately developed ahead of other industries from the aspects of legal structuring, planning, electricity pricing mechanism, fixed assets investment, human resources, technological innovation and production and supply capacity etc., and proposes f ive recommendations.