A Novel Analytical Model for Surface Electrical Field Distribution and Optimization of TFSOI RESURF Devices

A novel analytical model for the thin film silicon on insulator (TFSOI) reduced surface field (RESURF) devices has been proposed.Based on the 2-D Poisson equation solution,the analytical expressions for the surface potential and field distributions are derived.From this analysis,the optimum design condition for the maximum breakdown voltage is obtained.The dependence of the maximum breakdown voltage on the drift region length is examined and the relationship between the critical doping concentration and the front- and back- interface oxide layer thickness is discussed.The numerical simulation performed by the advanced semiconductor simulation tool,DESSIS-ISE,has been shown to support the analytical results.

DESIGN OF TWO-PHASE SINUSOIDAL POWER CLOCK AND CLOCKED TRANSMISSION GATE ADIABATIC LOGIC CIRCUIT

First the research is conducted on the design of the two-phase sinusoidal power clock generator in this paper. Then the design of the new adiabatic logic circuit adopting the two-phase sinusoidal power clocks--Clocked Transmission Gate Adiabatic Logic （CTGAL） circuit is presented. This circuit makes use of the clocked transmission gates to sample the input signals, then the output loads are charged and discharged in a fully adiabatic manner by using bootstrapped N-Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor （NMOS） and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor （CMOS） latch structure. Finally, with the parameters of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company （TSMC） 0.25um CMOS device, the transient energy consumption of CTGAL, Bootstrap Charge-Recovery Logic （BCRL） and Pass-transistor Adiabatic Logic （PAL） including their clock generators is simulated. The simulation result indicates that CTGAL circuit has the characteristic of remarkably low energy consumption.

An Experimental Study for Inverse Load Reconstruction

This paper performs an experimental study for inverse load reconstruction. By measuring and analyzing the load characteristics of different home and office electric devices, the author shows that a reconstruction of the individual power consumption of different loads from the total measurement of a single power meter is possible.

Novel Design of Low-power Multiplex Differential Voltage Comparators

A novel design of multiplex differential voltage comparators(MDVC) is presented for reducing current and power dissipation. According to the special properties of relational operation and logical operation, parts of the comparators are redundant in some instances, and thus can be turned off. By selecting and switching the current routes, several effective differential pairs are biased by a single tail current stage-by-stage and the redundant comparators are turned off by cutting their tail currents. As a result, the quiescent current and power consumption are greatly decreased. The switching of current is achieved by the input differential pair transistors themselves and hence no extra switches are required. When a MDVC is used in a flash analog-to-digital converter(ADC), its current dissipation is much lower than that of the conventional comparators. This architecture can also be used in window-comparators, maximum or minimum comparators, and comparators for logical operations. The power dissipation in all these cases could be reduced significantly.

The Effect of Some Effective Quantities to Electronic Stopping Power

The dependences of effective quantities Z＊, Zt,/＊, （effective number of electrons for ionization and for quasi-molecule, effective mean excitation energy） on the incident ion energy have been studied for a pervious stopping power calculation method, and Bohr stripping criterion and quasi-molecule criterion in this regard have been discussed in some details. The effect of effective quantities to the obtained stopping power results is investigated by calculating stopping powers. The contributions to stopping power from the modified LSS and Bethe formulas have been calculated separately and compared in graphs of stopping power. The stopping power for lithium ions in the intermediate and higher energy region is found to be dominant due to excitation-ionization whereas quasi molecule criterion is dominant in the lower energy region.

The Effect of Power upon Unethical Behavior in the Organization

Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that individuals with different levels of power make judgment on various unethical behaviors. Their judgments are not different. It does not agree with the hypothesis. The reason may lie in that it may be affected by social desirability, or that there exist defects in the design of questionnaire. Research 2 uses laboratory investigation. The results demonstrate that individuals in high-power group conduct unethical behavior more frequently and more fiercely. It agrees with the hypothesis. The inconsistent results of the two researches can be reasonably explained from the two angles of moral permission and moral hypocrisy.

Modular High-Power Electronics for a High-Speed MLC Flywheel Energy Storage System

The operation of a motor drive for high-power, high-speed applications, especially for the permanent-magnet synchronous AC motors with regeneration capability is presented. Power system utilizes a SVHPWM （space-vector-based hybrid pulse width modulation） for a reduced harmonic distortion and switching loss. Associated electromagnetic interference mitigation and cooling requirements are significantly reduced. Voltage source inverter drives a three-phase MLC200 flywheel. The modularity of the proposed topology also simplifies overall system design and manufacturability. The system topology and control strategy are discussed. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the harmonic distortion and switching loss reduction and reduced line current ripple.

Design and Sizing Electric Micro Generator Using Thermoelectric Modules

This paper presents the development of a methodology for calculating sizing electric micro sources of power generation using TEG （thermoelectric modules） to capture energy industrial process waste. Since the thermoelectric modules are able to convert a temperature gradient directly into electricity and still occupy a small space, and have no vibration or noise during operation. Furthermore, the cogeneration using thermoelectric modules is totally clean and reuses part of the residual thermal energy to generate power, or improve the overall yield of the process and avoid the emission of gases to the environment. Therefore, this research contributes to the development of a green energy to numerical modeling for the design and dimensioning of micro-sources of electric power generation from performance curves and predetermined temperature gradients industrial processes. The result is an effective methodology for the design and conditioning the voltage level and power of micro allowing the size of the electrical quickly and securely for many industrial applications, varying the types of modules used area, voltage and power generated.

Multilevel Power Modeling of Base Station and Its ICs

A new power estimation method is proposed for base station(BS) in this paper.Based on this method,a software platform for power estimation is developed.The proposed method models power consumption on different abstraction levels by splitting a typical base station into several basic components at different levels in the view of embedded system design.In particular,our focus is on baseband IC(Integrate Circuit) due to it's the dominant power consumer in small cells.Baseband power model is based on arithmetic computing costs of selected algorithms.All computing and storage costs are calibrated using algorithm complexity,hardware architecture,activity ratio,silicon technology,and overheads on all hierarchies.Micro architecture and IC technology are considered.The model enables power comparison of different types of base stations configured with different baseband algorithms,micro architectures,and ICs.The model also supports cellular operators in power estimation of different deployment strategies and transmission schemes.The model is verified by comparing power consumption with a real LTE base station.By exposing more configuration freedoms,the platform can be used for power estimation of current and future base stations.

Wind Generator Stabilization with Doubly-Fed Asynchronous Machine

This paper investigates the function of doubly-fed asynchronous machine(DASM)with emphasis placed on its ability to the stabilization of the power system including wind generators.P(active power)and Q(reactive power)compensation from DASM can be regulated independently through secondary-excitation controlling.Simulation results by power system computer aided design(PSCAD)show that DASM can restore the wind-generator system to a normal operating condition rapidly even following severe transmission-line failures.Comparison studies have also been performed between wind turbine pitch control and proposed method.

Design and Test of Motor Double Fed Speed Regulating System for Conveyer Belt

This paper introduces the design of doubly fed system for conveyor belt motor, the system adopts stator flux orientation vector control technology and AC-AC inverter motor speed and power factor control, and carried on the test in transmission field. This paper introduces in detail the structure and characteristic of DSP system, and gives a design scheme of Doubly Fed Speed Control System of motor based on this chip.

Demand Charge under Nonsinusoidal Conditions

This paper aims to present a new point of view about the active power measurement, for billing purposes, measured at the PCC （point of common coupling） between the utility and the consumer when harmonic distortions are involved. Depending on theorigin of it, the active power can result in higher or lower values in comparison to the fundamental component. The consequences are higher costs for the consumer or losses for the electric utility. Using computational simulations and theoretical analysis, these aspects are evaluated and compared.

Design and Performances of High-Current Modular Pulsed Power

A design of the high-current modular pulsed power generator and results of the test of this generator are presented. The generator is based on two capacitors each of 2.5μF and 50 kV maximum charging voltage. Two multi-gaps gas spark switches with capacitive coupled triggering are used to discharge stored energy into the load. The triggering pulse with amplitude up to 70 kV and rise time of-50 ns is supplied by three-stage Marx-generator. The output of each capacitor with multi-gaps spark switch is connected to the load by eight coaxial cables -1 m in length. The total inductance of the generator does not exceed 200 nil. At 40 kV charging voltage this generator produces 180 kA with a quarter of period of 1.6 μs at short circuit load of-15 nil. The generator has been used in the research of underwater electrical wire explosion. The space separation of the load and modules of generator allows one to avoid possible damages of the generator by shock waves produced during the wire explosion. In addition, this modular generator design allows to increase easily the number of modules and to reach several hundreds of kiloamperes in the load.

Power Flow Calculation Method of Large Shipboard Power System

The effect of line voltage drop is considered larger on loads, especially on asynchronous motor, transformers and other non-linear load parameters in power system of large ships. A novel power flow method based on improved node voltage method is proposed, and a typical ship power system, which has 2 power stations and 10 nodes, with closed-loop design but open-loop operation, is taken as an example. Simulation results show that the improved power flow calculation method has achieved higher accuracy and better convergence.

Design of the Mobile Phone Charging Device based on Human Motion Energy and Light Energy

This paper designs a mechanical swing of placementing mobile phone, which is inspired by the mechanical watch automatic winding process. The use of the kinetic energy generated by human body motion drives the wheel swing and the generator, it can carry out mobile phone additional charge through the electronic components rectifier and DC/DC converter regulator, the use of human motion and light energy can extend a fixed charge mobile phone standby time. The human motion power uses electromagnetic coupling technique and collects energy by using foot swing, solar power generation uses DSP chip in TMS320F28927 control a plurality of charging circuit, inverter circuit and solar maximum power point tracking by sampling and multiple output PWM wave. Finally, charging process has the basic constant current process discovered by device testing, the design of human motion and light energy mobile phone charger can satisfy the need of mobile phone rechargeable lithium batteries.

Different Options Regarding Power Components in Electric Circuits

This paper describes two methods of representation of voltages and currents in electric circuits： in the vector form and in the shape of oscillations, represented as diagrams in the plane. The appropriate power components are discussed depending on the representation of voltages and currents. Special attention is paid to the instantaneous power peculiarities for diverse loads and non-sinusoidal conditions. A case study of power calculations in an electric circuit with a pluggable capacitor is presented. For these types of transient modes, the instantaneous power is represented in the form of active and reactive components. Calculation of active, reactive, and exchange powers for steady-state processes is presented.

Brain-Computer Interface Design Using Signal Powers Extracted During Motor Imagery Tasks

Accurate classification of EEG left and right hand motor imagery is an important issue in brain-computer interface. Firstly, discrete wavelet transform method was used to decompose the average power of C3 electrode and C4 electrode in left-right hands imagery movement during some periods of time. The reconstructed signal of approximation coefficient A6 on the 6al level was selected to build up a feature signal. Secondly, the performances by Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis with two different threshold calculation ways and Support Vector Machine methods were compared. The final classification results showed that false classification rate by Support Vector Machine was lower and gained an ideal classification results.

Fuel Cells as Energy Systems： Efficiency, Power Limits and Thermodynamic Behavior

Steady-state model of a high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell （SOFC） is considered, which refers to constant chemical potentials of incoming hydrogen fuel and oxidant. Lowering of the cell voltage below its reversible value is attributed to polarizations and imperfect conversions of reactions. An imperfect power formula summarizes the effect of transport laws, irreversible polarizations and efficiency of power yield. Reversible electrochemical theory is extended to the case with dissipative chemical reactions; this case includes systems with incomplete conversions, characterized by ＂reduced affinities＂ and an idle run voltage. Efficiency drop is linked with thermodynamic and electrochemical irreversibilities expressed in terms of polarizations （activation, concentration and ohmic）. Effect of incomplete conversions is modeled by assuming that substrates can be remained after the reaction and that side reactions may occur. Optimum and feasibility conditions are discussed for basic input parameters of the cell. Calculations of maximum power show that the data differ for power generated and consumed and depend on current intensity, number of mass transfer units, polarizations, electrode surface area, average chemical rate, etc.. These data provide bounds for SOFC energy generators, which are more exact and informative than reversible bounds for electrochemical transformation.

Analysis and design of pulse frequency modulation dielectric barrier discharge for low power applications

For low power dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） used in small-size material treatment or portable devices, high- step transformer parasitic capacitance greatly influences the performance of the resonant converter as it is of the same order of magnitude as the equivalent capacitance of DBD load. In this paper, steady-state analysis of the low power DBD is presented, considering the inevitable parasitic capacitance of the high-step transformer. The rectifier-compensated first harmonic approxi- mation （RCFHA） is applied to linearize the equivalent load circuit of DBD at low frequency and the derived expressions are accurate and convenient for the analysis and design of the power supply. Based on the proposed linear equivalent load circuit, the influence of transformer parasitic capacitance on the key parameters, including the frequency range and the applied electrode voltage, is discussed when the power is regulated with pulse frequency modulation （PFM）. Also, a design procedure is presented based on the derived expressions. A prototype is constructed according to the design results and the accuracy of the design is verified by experimental results.