新型介电功能材料进展

介电功能材料是一类重要的功能材料。它们在高新技术中有广泛的应用。本文概括地介绍了近年来同内外介电功能材料研究工作的新进展,包括新型无机压电铁电晶体材料、新型介电功能陶瓷、有机介电功能材料、复合介电功能材料、介电功能薄膜与纤维,以及新型介电功能材料的若干新应用等.

基于介电功能梯度材料的盆式绝缘子电场分布优化

为改善盆式绝缘子沿面电场分布,以径向介电常数分布为对象,提出了一种通过识别沿面最大场强位置反馈更新介电常数分布的全局优化算法,实现了介电功能梯度材料盆式绝缘子参数优化设计.通过APDL语言,实现MATLAB与ANSYS联合仿真,研究了步长大小、分层数量等参数对优化结果的影响.结果表明:随着步长减小,沿面场强分布随迭代次数的变化更加平滑,介电常数区间范围增大.分层数目越多,径向介电常数分布越平滑,高压端介电常数值越大,沿面电场分布波动越小,最大场强降低幅度越大,可达70.5%.盆式绝缘子场强集中区域从高、低电极和三结合点处往中间转移,上、下表面电场利用率均达到0.75以上.研究结果为盆式绝缘子优化设计提供了参考.

多铁磁电复合材料—功能材料领域的闪亮新星

在功能材料研究领域,人工复合的多铁磁电材料因具有室温环境下特殊的磁电性能——铁电有序和铁磁有序共存及"磁-力-电"转换特性(磁电耦合效应),在磁传感器、换能器、微波器件、存储器等方面有着十分诱人的实用价值与应用前景。本文在回顾多铁磁电复合材料背景知识的基础上,重点介绍磁电复合材料磁电耦合机理、设计原理、制备方法与研究现状、理论分析方法与磁电效应表征方法相关内容,最后总结、展望多铁磁电复合材料未来研究中的一些重要问题。

过滤法制备介电梯度功能材料的介电特性的研究

对用过滤法制备的介电梯度功能材料的介电特性作了阐述 ,并用计算机模拟的方法研究了其对电场分布的影响 。

基于功能梯度磁电复合材料的新型自偏置磁传感器

文章采用超磁致伸缩材料Terfenol-D(Tb0.37Dy0.63Fe2)、金属玻璃Metglas 2605SA1和压电材料PZT(Pb(Zr,Ti)O3),设计了一种基于功能梯度磁电复合材料的新型自偏置磁传感器.利用Metglas和Terfenol-D之间的磁导率和矫顽力差异产生较强的磁化梯度,打破原有的平衡状态,导致内建磁场产生,进一步提高了零偏置磁场下磁致伸缩材料的压磁系数和磁电响应.实验结果表明:该传感器获得了较高的低频和高频零偏置磁电电压系数,分别达到9.14m V/Oe和572 m V/Oe,并且谐振磁电电压输出和激励交变磁场之间呈线性变化关系.该自偏置磁传感器避免了传统磁电传感器对偏置磁场的依赖,具有制作简单、成本低、体积小,无需偏置磁场以及灵敏度高等优点.

温差电材料研究的新动向

近10a来,由于环境保护和军事应用的需要,温差电材料的研究重新引起人们的重视。目前,室温附近最好的块状温差电材料BiTe的无量纲优值ZT大约等于1。为了成功地与其它换能系统竞争,必须使无量纲优值ZT提高到1.5～3。其途径为三:其一,研究新材料;其二,研究功能梯度材料;其三,降低材料的维数。回顾了温差电材料研究的最新进展,介绍了诸如Skutterudites、过渡金属的五价碲化物、Clathrates、Half Heusler、准晶体、氧化物等新材料的研制概况,以及梯度功能温差电材料和低维温差电材料方面的研究动态。

梯度功能铁电陶瓷致动器的电致失效研究

本文研究了以介电常数ε呈梯度变化时铅镁铌铁电陶瓷(ε-FGPMN)致动器的电致失效力学机理,通过梯度参数的优化设计,有效地降低了材料开裂的能量释放率,使得多层共烧铁电致动器的临界层厚度有明显的减小,满足微电子元件微型化发展需要.

电-磁-弹功能梯度板中的波动瞬态响应分析

应用混合数值法研究电-磁-弹功能梯度材料板中的波动瞬态响应。假设材料的弹性常数和电、磁常数沿板厚方向呈梯度变化,将电磁功能梯度材料板划分为层单元,应用能量变分原理建立单元的动力学微分方程;根据单元之间的连续条件将层单元控制方程装配成系统的控制方程,应用模态叠加法和傅里叶变换分别得到力激励和电极激励下波数域里的瞬态响应;应用反傅里叶变换得到时空域内的瞬态响应,研究磁电参数对电磁弹板中的波动瞬态响应的影响。

A new electromagnetic functional material composed of metallic hollow micro-spheres

This paper presents a new electromagnetic functional material developed byelectron-less nickel deposition technique, with a single hollow micro-sphere as the core templateand a thin nickel layer as the shell. The micrograph taken by a scanning electron microscope showsthe microstructures of the materials in detail. Scattering parameters of the waveguide sample holderfilled with the materials have been obtained over X band. The electromagnetic parameters computedfrom the measured S parameters show that the material with metallic hollow spheres has as highrelative permeability μ'_r as 19.0 with about 0.6 magnetic loss tangent over the whole bandwidth.Compared to the material with non-metallic spheres, the permeability μ'_r and the magnetic losstangent μ'_r increase greatly, while the permittivity remains lower than 1.8.

Photoelectric Property of Polyaniline Doped with Organic Sulphonic Acid

Photoelectric property of polyaniline doped with dodecyl-benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA) is studied. The result shows that the concentration of carrier increases obviously, when polyaniline doped with DBSA is irradiated with light. Mixture of sensitive material is advantageous to the absorption of polyaniline in visible light spectrum, and the conductivity is also improved. The results of dielectric measurements on polyaniline doped with DBSA in an Al-PAn-DBSA-Al configuration as function of frequency and temperature are reported. The space-charge polarization phenomenon is observed. Carrier lifetime is microsecond magnitude and mobility is (0.001～0.1) cm 2/V·s, which are obtained by calculation or experiment. The active energy is obtained from the relation between conductivity and temperature. The conducting mechanism of PAn-DBSA is analyzed.

中国柔性智能可穿戴传感器研究:机遇与挑战并存——专访中国科学院磁性材料与器件重点实验室主任李润伟

当前,全球柔性电子技术市场前景广阔,发展势头迅猛。据IDTechEx预测,到2028年全球柔性电子产业总值将达3010亿美元,2011年到2028年复合增长率为30%,处于长期高速增长态势。以可穿戴传感器市场为例,中国科学院文献情报中心发布的《可穿戴传感器产业技术分析报告》中指出,到2020年中国可穿戴设备市场规模将高达767.4亿元。

Phase degradation of all-inorganic perovskite CsPbI2Br films induced by a p-type CuI granular capping layer

It is necessary to evaluate the interactions between the different functional layers in optoelectronic devices to optimize device performance.Recently,the I-rich allinorganic perovskite CsPbI2 Br has attracted tremendous attention for use in solar cell applications because of its suitable band gap and favorable photo and thermal stabilities.It has been reported that the undesirable phase degradation of the photoactiveαphase CsPbI2 Br to the non-perovskiteδphase could be triggered by high humidity.To obtain stable devices,it is thus important to protect CsPbI2 Br from moisture.In this paper,CuI,a non-hygroscopic p-type hole-transporting material,is found to induce the phase degradation ofα-CsPbI2 Br to theδ-CsPbI2 Br.The rate and extent of phase degradation of CsPbI2 Br are closely associated with the heating temperature and coverage of a Cu I granular capping layer.This discovery is different from the widely reported water-induced phase degradation of CsPbI2 Br.Our work highlights the importance of careful selection of hole-transporting materials during the processing of I-rich all-inorganic CsPbX3(X=Br,I)perovskites to realize high-performance optoelectronic devices.

Self-assembled multifunctional Fe_(3)O_(4) hierarchical microspheres: high-efficiency lithium-ion battery materials and hydrogenation catalysts

Self-assembled Fe_(3)O_(4)hierarchical microspheres(HMSs) were prepared by a one-pot synchronous reduction–self-assembling (SRSA) hydrothermal method.In this simple and inexpensive synthetic process,only glycerol,water,and a single iron source (potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]))were employed as reactants without additional reductants,surfactants,or additives.The iron source,K3[Fe(CN)6],and glycerol significantly affected the synthesis of Fe_(3)O_(4)HMSs.Fe_(3)O_(4)HMSs with a self-assembled spherical shape readily functioned as high-performance anode materials for lithiumion batteries with a specific capacity of>1000 mA h g^(-1)at0.5 A g^(-1)after 270 cycles.Further charging and discharging results revealed that Fe_(3)O_(4)HMSs displayed good reversible performance (>1000 mA h g^(-1)) and cycling stability (700 cycles) at 0.5 A g^(-1).Furthermore,as multifunctional materials,the as-obtained Fe_(3)O_(4)HMSs also exhibited high saturation magnetization (99.5 emu g^(-1)) at room temperature (25°C) and could be further employed as efficient and magnetically recyclable catalysts for the hydrogenation of nitro compounds.

Lanthanide-doped metal-organic frameworks with multicolor mechanoluminescence

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and mechanoluminescent(ML)materials have been considered as two types of promising materials that have their own application fields.It would be amazing to endow one material with the advantages of ML and MOFs,thus broadening their applications.However,there are quite few investigations on this topic,and the ML mechanism in ML-MOFs remains unclear.In this study,we proposed a strategy for developing ML-MOFs by doping lanthanide ions into the non-centrosymmetric SBD([Sr(μ-BDC)(DMF)]∞)MOF,and successfully synthesized a series of lanthanide-doped MOFs Ln-SBD(Ln=Tb,Dy,Sm,Eu)and Tb1-xEux-SBD(x=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)with multicolor ML.The lanthanide ions were uniformly distributed in the matrix of the SBD-MOF,and occupied the Sr site.The MLMOFs exhibited intense multicolor ML emissions varying from green to yellow to red by changing the co-doping ratios and species of lanthanide ions.The similar ML and photoluminescence(PL)spectra indicated that the ML emission was assigned to the radiative transition from the excited states to the ground states of lanthanide ions.The radiative transition was induced by the electron bombardment process that originated from the piezoelectric effect of the non-centrosymmetric SBD host.In addition,a pioneering temperature sensing research based on ML was carried out,which is promising for realizing dual-functional detection of stress and temperature without excitation light sources.This study gives a unique insight for developing more versatile and interesting smart materials by combining the versatility of MOF with the ML emission,imparting additional values to both MOF and ML materials.Moreover,this study provides a general rule for selecting MOFs with an acentric structure as the host for ML materials.

Ferroelectric materials for vibrational energy harvesting

Energy harvesting is an appealing technology that makes use of the ambient energy which is otherwise wasted. Piezoelectric materials directly convert the elastic energy to the electric energy, and thus have a great advantage in scavenging vibrational energy for simplicity in device structure with relatively high power density. This paper provides an overview on the research of piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting in recent decades, from basics of piezoelectricity and working principle of energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials, to the progress of development of high-performance piezoelectrics including ceramics, single crystals and polymers, then to experimental attempts on the device fabrication and optimization, finally to perspective applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting(PEH). The criteria for selection of materials for PEH applications are introduced. Not only the figure of merit but also maximum allowable stress of materials are taken into account in the evaluation of their potential in achieving high energy density and output power density. The influence of the device configuration on the performance is also acknowledged and discussed. The magnitude and distribution of induced stress in the piezoelectric unit upon excitation by the vibration source play an important role in determining the output power density and can be tuned via proper design of device configuration without changing its resonant frequency. Approaches to address the issue of frequency match accompanying with the resonant mode are illustrated with literature examples. Usage of PEH devices can be extended to a variety of vibration sources in everyday life as well as in nature. Some appealing applications of PEH, such as in implantable and wearable devices, are reviewed.

A review of negative electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

With increasing demands for clean and sustainable energy, the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, and long life expectancy have made supercapacitors one of the major emerging devices for electrochemical energy storage and power supply. However, one of the key challenges for SCs is their limited energy density, which has hindered their wider application in the field of energy storage. Despite significant progress has been achieved in the fabrication of high-energy density positive electrodes materials, negative electrode materials with high capacitance and a wide potential window are relatively less explored. In this review, we introduced some new negative electrode materials except for common carbon-based materials and what's more, based on our team's work recently, we put forward some new strategies to solve their inherent shortcoming as electrode material for SCs.

Functional nanogenerators as vibration sensors enhanced by piezotronic effects

ZnO nanomaterials have been shown to have novel applications in optoelectronics, energy harvesting and piezotronics, due to their coupled semiconducting and piezoelectric properties. Here a functional nanogenerator （FNG） based on ZnO nanowire arrays has been fabricated, which can be employed to detect vibration in both self-powered （SP） and external-powered （EP） modes. In SP mode, the vibration responses of the FNG can be measured through converting mechanical energy directly into an electrical signal. The FNG shows consistent alternating current responses （relative error 〈 0.37%） at regular frequencies from 1 to 15 Hz. In EP mode, the current responses of FNG are significantly enhanced via the piezotronic effect. Under a forward bias of 3 V, the sensor presented a sensitivity of 3700% and an accurate measurement （relative error 〈 0.91%） of vibration frequencies in the range 0.05-15 Hz. The results show that this type of functional nanogenerator sensor can detect vibration in both SP and EP modes according to the demands of the applications.

Large improvement of photovoltaic performance of flexible perovskite solar cells using a multifunctional phospho-ethanolamine-modified SnO_(2)layer

The non-radiative recombination loss caused by diverse defects within SnO_(2)electron transport layer(ETL),perovskite film,and their interface greatly hinders the further improvement of the performance and stability of flexible perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Therefore,it is urgent to develop an effective strategy to address these issues.Herein,a multifunctional material,phospho-ethanolamine(PE),is introduced into SnO_(2)aqueous colloids to suppress defects and prepare high-quality ETL.The results demonstrate that the incorporation of PE can significantly reduce the number of Sn dangling bonds due to the formation of new Sn–O–P bonds,which is beneficial to ameliorating the electrical properties of SnO_(2)and obtaining dense SnO_(2)film.Meanwhile,the amino group(NH_(2))of PE can interact with uncoordinated Pb^(2+)in perovskite,thereby suppressing SnO_(2)/perovskite interface defects and obtaining improved perovskite film quality.Consequently,the optimized flexible and rigid PSCs based on the SnO_(2)-PE composite ETL yield outstanding photoelectric conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.48%and 21.61%,respectively.Moreover,flexible PSCs based on SnO_(2)-PE present excellent mechanical durability,and 90.6%of the original PCE is retained after 1000 bending cycles.

Mesocrystal Co3O4 nanoplatelets as high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Faceted crystals with exposed highly reactive planes have attracted intensive investigations for applications. Herein, we demonstrate a general synthetic method to prepare mesocrystal Co3O4 with predominantly exposed {111} reactive facets by the in situ thermal decomposition from Co（OH）2 nanoplatelets. The mesocrystal feature was identified by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and N2 isotherm analyses. When applied as anode material in lithium-ion batteries, mesocrystal Co3O4 nanoplatelets delivered a high specific capacity and an outstanding high rate performance. The superior electrochemical performance should be ascribed to the predominantly exposed {111} active facets and highly accessible surfaces. This synthetic strategy could be extended to prepare other mesocrystal functional nanomaterials.