微型燃气轮发电机组在混合动力电动公交车中的应用

描述了使用微型燃气轮发电机组的串联型混合动力电动公交车的国内外研究现状及其工作原理,并对微型燃气轮发电机组、储能装置和制动回收系统等混合动力电动公交车的关键技术进行了简要分析。

混合动力电动汽车的设计和仿真研究

以大众POLO原型车为基础,对其动力系统关键总成进行了重新设计,确定了其参数并与之与匹配,在MATLAB/Simulink环境下完成了混合动力电动汽车整车建模,并通过在CYC_UDDS和CYC_ECE_EUDC循环工况下进行整车的性能仿真模拟,验证了模型的正确性。结果表明,设计车辆动力总成性能参数匹配合理。

混合动力电动汽车的建模与仿真研究

以大众POLO原型车为基础，对其动力系统关键总成进行了重新设计，确定了其参数并与之与匹配，在MATLAB／Simulink环境下完成了混合动力电动汽车整车建模，并通过在CYC-UDDS和CYC_ECE_EUDC循环工况下进行整车的性能仿真模拟，验证了模型的正确性。结果表明，设计车辆动力总成性能参数匹配合理，在保证原型车动力性的前提下，燃油经济性分别提高了31．9％和28．7％，排放性能也较原型车有较大改善。该研究为我国混合动力电动汽车的创新和设计提供了一种新的研究方法与思路。

SOC estimation of lithium-ion power battery for HEV based on advanced wavelet neural network

In order to improve the estimation accuracy of the battery＇s state of charge（SOC） for the hybrid electric vehicle（HEV）,the SOC estimation algorithm based on advanced wavelet neural network（WNN） is presented.Based on advanced WNN,the SOC estimation model of a lithium-ion power battery for the HEV is first established.Then,the convergence of the advanced WNN algorithm is proved by mathematical deduction.Finally,using an adequate data sample of various charging and discharging of HEV batteries,the neural network is trained.The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can effectively decrease the estimation errors of the lithium-ion power battery SOC from the range of ±8% to ±1.5%,compared with the traditional SOC estimation methods.

混联式电动汽车动力系统的建模和性能仿真

为了更好地评价电动汽车各种性能,在对传统轿车驱动系统的方案和传递路线进行设计和动力源优化匹配的基础上,依据整车结构,通过对传动系统进行设计、优化和匹配的同时,对电机组件进行选型与匹配,利用Matlab/Simulink软件,对混合动力电动汽车的传动系统和控制策略进行仿真建模,在CYC_UDDS和CYC_1015循环工况下对整车动力性和排放性能进行了仿真研究。结果表明:在保证原有车型动力性的前提下,节油率分别可以达到24%和30%,排放性能也得到了极大的改善。这对中国开展电动汽车仿真研究具有一定参考作用。

健康理想——丰田 Prius

汽车正在经历一场前所未有的变革，从燃油汽车到零排放的纯电动汽车，将概念最快变成量产的理念使丰田的电动汽车技术领先业界。在当今还不算大的电动混合车市场中，丰田Prius以10万辆的销售记录占掉了90％的份额，今年秋季丰田第二代电动混合驱动最新车型——2004款Prius即将上市。

Regenerative Braking Algorithm for an ISG HEV Based on Regenerative Torque Optimization

A novel regenerative braking algorithm based on regenerative torque optimization with emulate engine compression braking (EECB) was proposed to make effective and maximum use of brake energy in order to improve fuel economy.The actual brake oil pressure of driving wheel which is reduced by the amount of the regenerative braking force is supplied from the electronic hydraulic brake system.Regenerative torque optimization maximizes the actual regenerative power recuperation by energy storage component,and EECB is a useful extended type of regenerative braking.The simulation results show that actual regenerative power recuperation for the novel regenerative braking algorithm is more than using conventional one,and life-span of brake disks is prolonged for the novel algorithm.

Study on ultracapacitor-battery hybrid power system for PHEV applications

For the battery only power system is hard to meet the energy and power requirements reasonably, a hybrid power system with uhracapacitor and battery is studied. A Topology structure is analyzed that the uhracapacitor system is connected with battery pack parallel after a bidirectional DC/DC converter. The ultracapacitor, battery and the hybrid power system are modeled. For the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） application, the control target and control strategy of the hybrid power system are put forward. From the simulation results based on the Chinese urban driving cycle, the hybrid power system could meet the peak power requirements reasonably while the battery pack＇ s current is controlled in a reasonable limit which will be helpful to optimize the battery pack＇ s working conditions to get long cycling life and high efficiency.

Supervisory control of the hybrid off-highway vehicle for fuel economy improvement using predictive double Q-learning with backup models

This paper studied a supervisory control system for a hybrid off-highway electric vehicle under the chargesustaining(CS)condition.A new predictive double Q-learning with backup models(PDQL)scheme is proposed to optimize the engine fuel in real-world driving and improve energy efficiency with a faster and more robust learning process.Unlike the existing“model-free”methods,which solely follow on-policy and off-policy to update knowledge bases(Q-tables),the PDQL is developed with the capability to merge both on-policy and off-policy learning by introducing a backup model(Q-table).Experimental evaluations are conducted based on software-in-the-loop(SiL)and hardware-in-the-loop(HiL)test platforms based on real-time modelling of the studied vehicle.Compared to the standard double Q-learning(SDQL),the PDQL only needs half of the learning iterations to achieve better energy efficiency than the SDQL at the end learning process.In the SiL under 35 rounds of learning,the results show that the PDQL can improve the vehicle energy efficiency by 1.75%higher than SDQL.By implementing the PDQL in HiL under four predefined real-world conditions,the PDQL can robustly save more than 5.03%energy than the SDQL scheme.

Identification of dynamic model parameters for lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid electric vehicles

An electrical equivalent circuit model for lithium-ion batteries used for hybrid electric vehicles （HEV） is presented. The model has two RC networks characterizing battery activation and concentration polarization process. The parameters of the model are identified using combined experimental and extended Kalman filter （EKF） recursive methods. The open-circuit voltage and ohmic resistance of the battery are directly measured and calculated from experimental measurements, respectively. The rest of the coupled dynamic parameters, i.e. the RC network parameters, are estimated using the EKF method. Experimental and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed circuit model and parameter identification techniques for simulating battery dynamics.

Torque Distribution Strategy for Integrated Starter/ Generator Hybrid Bus Implemented by Fuzzy Algorithm

A torque distribution strategy was designed by using fuzzy logic to realize the optimal control. The vehicle load zones were dynamically divided into several zones by several torque lines to indicate the drivers demand and the high or low efficient operating areas of the diesel engine. The fuzzy logic controller with trapezoid membership function and Mamdani rule reference mechanism was utilized. There are over 100 rules used in this fuzzy-based torque distribution strategy which are sorted into four rule-bases. The fuel economy and acceleration tests were designed to test and validate the integrated starter/generator (ISG) bus perfor-mance using fuzzy-based torque distribution strategy. The fuel economy is improved 7.7% compared with the rule-based strategy. Finally the road test results reveal that there is about 15% improvement of fuel economy. And the 0-50 km/h acceleration time is 9.5% shorter than the original bus.

Novel flexible hybrid electric system and adaptive online-optimal energy management controller for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

In order to achieve the improvement of the driving comfort and energy efficiency,an new e-CVT flexible full hybrid electric system(E2FHS) is proposed,which uses an integrated main drive motor and generator to take the place of the original automatic or manual transmission to realize the functions of continuously variable transmission(e-CVT).The design and prototype realization of the E2FHS system for a plug-in hybrid vehicle(PHEV) is performed.In order to analyze and optimize the parameters and the power flux between different parts of the E2FHS,simulation software is developed.Especially,in order to optimize the performance of the energy economy improvement of the E2FHS,the effect of the different energy management controllers is investigated,and an adaptive online-optimal energy management controller for the E2FHS is built and validated by the prototype PHEV.

Parameters matching and optimization of parallel hybrid electric vehicle powertrain

Aiming at the development of parallel hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） powertrain, parameter matching and optimization are presented, According to the performance of PHEV, the optimization range of engine, motor, driveline gear ratio and battery parameters are determined. And then a two-level optimization problem is formulated based on analytical target cascading （ATC）. At the system level, the optimization of the whole vehicle fuel economy is carried out, while the tractive performance is defined as the constraints. The optimized parameters are cascaded to the subsystem as the optimization targets. At the subsystem level, the final drive and transmission design are optimized to make the ratios as close to the targets as possible. The optimization result shows that the fuel economy had improved significantly, while the tractive performance maintains the former level.

A Novel Concept of AI-EV （Air-Conditioner Integrated Electric Vehicle） for the Advanced Smart Community

In order to expand the natural energy and the energy conservation, ＂the smart PV （photovoltaic power generation） ＆ EV （electric vehicle） system＂ has been proposed and the effect has been clarified. In the smart PV ＆ EV system, it is important that electric vehicles become popular. Therefore, the AI-EV （air-conditioner integrated electric vehicle） has been proposed. In this paper, the AI-EV is designed based on the required car air-conditioner capacity. And, the value of AI-EV is compared with a gasoline vehicle, HV （hybrid vehicle） and EV using the mathematical simulation model As a result, it is clarified that the minimum displacement of the small-engine is 120 cc for AI-EV. In the smart PV ＆ EV system, AI-EV can reduce CO_2 emissions by 20% almost the same as EV. Additionally, AI-EV is able to gain the cruising range more than twice as long as EV.

Structure improvement and electrochemical studies of bipolar nickel metal hydride batteries for hybrid electric vehicles

Nickel metal hydride battery in bipolar design offers some advantages for its application as a power storage system for electric and hybrid vehicles. This paper deals with the structure design and electrochemical studies of bipolar Ni/MH batteries for hybrid vehicles. An improvement is applied in bipolar battery design, and such bipolar Ni/MH batteries with 5 sub-cells have been assembled and investigated. Testing results show that bipolar batteries with improved structure have better compression tolerance and cycle performance than conventional ones. In addition, the improved bipolar batteries display excellent large current discharge ability and high power density. As simulating working conditions for hybrid vehicles, the batteries show good stability during pulse cycles, which verifies the possibility of being used as a power storage device on hybrid vehicles.

Supercapacitors and Battery Energy Management Based on New European Driving Cycle

This paper presents a new strategy of embedded energy management between battery and supercapacitors （SC） for hybrid electric vehicles （HEV） applications. This proposal is due to the present trend in the field, knowing that the major drawback of the HEV is the autonomy problem. Thus, using supercapacitors and battery with a good energy management improves the HEV performances. The main contribution of this paper is focused on DC-bus voltage and currents control strategies based on polynomial controller. These strategies are implemented in PICI8F4431 microcontroller for DC/DC converters control. Due to reasons of cost and available components （no optimized）, such as the battery and power semiconductors （IGBT）, the experimental tests are carried out in reduced scale （2.7 kW）. Through some simulations and experimental results obtained in reduced scale, the authors present an improved energy management strategy for HEV.

Modern Multilevel Control Technique Used in Electric and Hybrid Drive System with Induction Motors

The mathematical model of the modem induction traction motor （TRIM and cutting magnetic circuit traction motor）, supplied with IPM inverter with different control technique is presented in the paper. In electric and hybrid vehicle are applied： FLMC （Fuzzy Logic Mode Control）, SLMC （Sliding Mode Control）, NRMC （Neural Regulator Control）, and Direct Power and Torque Control for Space Vector Modulated inverter （DPTC SVM）. In the special solution of the electric and hybrid vehicle are also applied a Random Switching Frequency Modulation. The control of hybrid vehicle should assure the realization of established transport-assignments in the definite time, at the optimum of energy consumption. One can this realize using. The multi criteria control system. Some results of the computer simulations are presented in the paper. Results of numerical calculation were verified for laboratory model of the electric and hybrid wheel vehicles traction motor.

Analysis of Influence and Contribution on Distribution System under Widespread PVs and EVs

In recent years, against a background of an environmental problem and resource problem, the introduction of RES （renewable energy source） such as wind power generation and PV （photovoltaic generation）, EV （electric vehicle）, and PHEV （Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle） has been expanding. However, various problems have an ongoing discussion. When the production of electricity by RESs exceeds the power consumption, it is possible to cause a steep variation of point voltage and a deviation from a proper voltage range in a distribution system to which RESs are interconnected. When EVs and PHEVs have spread to the distribution system, a new peak power-demand and a steep voltage drop might occur in the midnight charging time zone in case the electricity charges are low. in this paper, the authors analyze the effects on the distribution system under widespread PVs, EVs, and PHEVs. In addition, the authors propose an improvement plan and analyze about the influence and contribution.

Electrical power assisted steering for EVs and HEVs

Electrical power assisted steering (EPAS) is one of the key components, especially for electrical vehicle. It has attracted much attention for their advantages with respect to improved fuel economy and has been widely adopted as automotive power-steering equipment in recent years. EPS (electrical power steering) controllers contain MCU (microprocessor control unit) to implement the complex control algorithms. EPS control strategy development is the core technology of the whole system. To achieve the better performance of driving, both mechanical structures and electrical structures are totally designed as a whole. Model-based development is recommended to software design. There are several trends about EPS’ future, such as high power EPS development, high voltage EPS development and steering-by-wire technology.