Modeling vapor pressure is crucial for studying the moisture reliability of microelectronics, as high vapor pressure can cause device failures in environments with high temperature and humidity. To minimize the impact...Modeling vapor pressure is crucial for studying the moisture reliability of microelectronics, as high vapor pressure can cause device failures in environments with high temperature and humidity. To minimize the impact of vapor pressure, a super-hydrophobic(SH) coating can be applied on the exterior surface of devices in order to prevent moisture penetration. The underlying mechanism of SH coating for enhancing device reliability, however, is still not fully understood. In this paper, we present several existing theories for predicting vapor pressure within microelectronic materials. In addition, we discuss the mechanism and effectiveness of SH coating in preventing water vapor from entering a device, based on experimental results. Two theoretical models, a micro-mechanics-based whole-field vapor pressure model and a convection-diffusion model, are described for predicting vapor pressure. Both methods have been successfully used to explain experimental results on uncoated samples. However, when a device was coated with an SH nanocomposite, weight gain was still observed, likely due to vapor penetration through the SH surface. This phenomenon may cast doubt on the effectiveness of SH coatings in microelectronic devices. Based on current theories and the available experimental results, we conclude that it is necessary to develop a new theory to understand how water vapor penetrates through SH coatings and impacts the materials underneath. Such a theory could greatly improve microelectronics reliability.展开更多
As rapid development in wearable/implantable electronic devices benefit human life in daily health monitoring and disease treatment medically, all kinds of flexible and/or stretchable electronic devices are booming, t...As rapid development in wearable/implantable electronic devices benefit human life in daily health monitoring and disease treatment medically, all kinds of flexible and/or stretchable electronic devices are booming, together with which is the demanding of energy supply with similar mechanical property. Due to its ability in converting mechanical energy lying in human body into electric energy, energy harvesters based on piezoelectric materials are promising for applications in wearable/implantable device's energy supply in a renewable, clean and life-long way. Here the mechanics of traditional piezoelectrics in energy harvesting is reviewed, including why piezoelectricity is the choice for minor energy harvesting to power the implantable/wearable electronics and how. Different kinds of up to date flexible piezoelectric devices for energy harvesting are introduced, such as nanogenerators based on Zn O and thin and conformal energy harvester based on PZT. A detailed theoretical model of the flexible thin film energy harvester based on PZT nanoribbons is summarized, together with the in vivo demonstration of energy harvesting by integrating it with swine heart. Then the initial researches on stretchable energy harvesters based on piezoelectric material in wavy or serpentine configuration are introduced as well.展开更多
Flexible energy storage devices are becoming indispensable new elements of wearable electronics to improve our living qualities.As the main energy storage devices,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are gradually approaching t...Flexible energy storage devices are becoming indispensable new elements of wearable electronics to improve our living qualities.As the main energy storage devices,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are gradually approaching their theoretical limit in terms of energy density.In recent years,lithium metal batteries(LMBs)with metallic Li as the anode are revived due to the extremely high energy density,and are considered to be one of the ideal alternatives for the next generation of flexible power supply.In this review,key technologies and scientific problems to be overcome for flexible LMBs are discussed.Then,the recent advances in flexible LMBs,including the design of flexible Li metal anodes,electrolytes,cathodes and interlayers,are summarized.In addition,we have summed up the research progress of flexible device configurations,and emphasized the importance of flexibility evaluation and functionality integration to ensure the wearing safety in complex environment.Finally,the challenges and future development of flexible LMBs are summarized and prospected.展开更多
Recently,the newly booming metal halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention worldwide due to their outstanding optoelectronic performance,and are expected to be ideal candidates for photodetectors(PDs).Howe...Recently,the newly booming metal halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention worldwide due to their outstanding optoelectronic performance,and are expected to be ideal candidates for photodetectors(PDs).However,there is still lack of perovskite PDs-based imaging devices coming into commercialization stage,due to some practical reasons including toxicity brought by lead-based perovskites and the large light current fluctuations.In this paper,for the first time we fabricate a lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite PD,and build a prototype of this perovskite PD-based imaging system with diffuse reflection imaging mode.Moreover,we propose a new parameter F related to light current fluctuation to evaluate imaging performance of a PD especially for weak diffuse light condition,and prove its usability by comparison of unoptimized lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite PD and atomic layer deposition(ALD)optimized Cs3Bi2 Br9 PD.ALD-optimization can improve the quality of perovskite film and suppress the dark current and current fluctuation.Finally,we obtain satisfactory diffuse reflection images of 2D and 3D objects with wide dynamic range.Therefore,the ALD-optimized Cs3Bi2Br9PD has addressed two major concerns about perovskite PDs-based imaging devices,that may extend application of perovskite materials and improve imaging quality.展开更多
基金the support of the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2015AA03A101)
文摘Modeling vapor pressure is crucial for studying the moisture reliability of microelectronics, as high vapor pressure can cause device failures in environments with high temperature and humidity. To minimize the impact of vapor pressure, a super-hydrophobic(SH) coating can be applied on the exterior surface of devices in order to prevent moisture penetration. The underlying mechanism of SH coating for enhancing device reliability, however, is still not fully understood. In this paper, we present several existing theories for predicting vapor pressure within microelectronic materials. In addition, we discuss the mechanism and effectiveness of SH coating in preventing water vapor from entering a device, based on experimental results. Two theoretical models, a micro-mechanics-based whole-field vapor pressure model and a convection-diffusion model, are described for predicting vapor pressure. Both methods have been successfully used to explain experimental results on uncoated samples. However, when a device was coated with an SH nanocomposite, weight gain was still observed, likely due to vapor penetration through the SH surface. This phenomenon may cast doubt on the effectiveness of SH coatings in microelectronic devices. Based on current theories and the available experimental results, we conclude that it is necessary to develop a new theory to understand how water vapor penetrates through SH coatings and impacts the materials underneath. Such a theory could greatly improve microelectronics reliability.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB351900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11222220,11320101001,11090331 and 11227801)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program
文摘As rapid development in wearable/implantable electronic devices benefit human life in daily health monitoring and disease treatment medically, all kinds of flexible and/or stretchable electronic devices are booming, together with which is the demanding of energy supply with similar mechanical property. Due to its ability in converting mechanical energy lying in human body into electric energy, energy harvesters based on piezoelectric materials are promising for applications in wearable/implantable device's energy supply in a renewable, clean and life-long way. Here the mechanics of traditional piezoelectrics in energy harvesting is reviewed, including why piezoelectricity is the choice for minor energy harvesting to power the implantable/wearable electronics and how. Different kinds of up to date flexible piezoelectric devices for energy harvesting are introduced, such as nanogenerators based on Zn O and thin and conformal energy harvester based on PZT. A detailed theoretical model of the flexible thin film energy harvester based on PZT nanoribbons is summarized, together with the in vivo demonstration of energy harvesting by integrating it with swine heart. Then the initial researches on stretchable energy harvesters based on piezoelectric material in wavy or serpentine configuration are introduced as well.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1804138,U1904195,and 22104079)the Program for Science&Technology Innovative Research Team(20IRTSTHN007)+2 种基金the Innovation Talents(22HASTIT028)Key Scientific Research(22A150052)in the Universities of Henan Provincethe Key Science and Technology Research of Henan Province(212102210654)。
文摘Flexible energy storage devices are becoming indispensable new elements of wearable electronics to improve our living qualities.As the main energy storage devices,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are gradually approaching their theoretical limit in terms of energy density.In recent years,lithium metal batteries(LMBs)with metallic Li as the anode are revived due to the extremely high energy density,and are considered to be one of the ideal alternatives for the next generation of flexible power supply.In this review,key technologies and scientific problems to be overcome for flexible LMBs are discussed.Then,the recent advances in flexible LMBs,including the design of flexible Li metal anodes,electrolytes,cathodes and interlayers,are summarized.In addition,we have summed up the research progress of flexible device configurations,and emphasized the importance of flexibility evaluation and functionality integration to ensure the wearing safety in complex environment.Finally,the challenges and future development of flexible LMBs are summarized and prospected.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61604061,51772135,and 61875074)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2017A020215135,2018A030310659,and 2019A1515010482)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(201804010432)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M663363)。
文摘Recently,the newly booming metal halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention worldwide due to their outstanding optoelectronic performance,and are expected to be ideal candidates for photodetectors(PDs).However,there is still lack of perovskite PDs-based imaging devices coming into commercialization stage,due to some practical reasons including toxicity brought by lead-based perovskites and the large light current fluctuations.In this paper,for the first time we fabricate a lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite PD,and build a prototype of this perovskite PD-based imaging system with diffuse reflection imaging mode.Moreover,we propose a new parameter F related to light current fluctuation to evaluate imaging performance of a PD especially for weak diffuse light condition,and prove its usability by comparison of unoptimized lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite PD and atomic layer deposition(ALD)optimized Cs3Bi2 Br9 PD.ALD-optimization can improve the quality of perovskite film and suppress the dark current and current fluctuation.Finally,we obtain satisfactory diffuse reflection images of 2D and 3D objects with wide dynamic range.Therefore,the ALD-optimized Cs3Bi2Br9PD has addressed two major concerns about perovskite PDs-based imaging devices,that may extend application of perovskite materials and improve imaging quality.