植物电子图像标本与造林树种档案数据库构建技术

利用电脑技术,构建植物电子图像标本数据库软件,在野外工作中可以方便地查阅植物形态标本资料。文章就构建植物分类鉴定信息、树种营造林信息以及信息录入、查找功能的植物电子图像标本和造林树种档案数据库作了简要介绍。

受青睐的电子生物

随着电子技术的不断发展,一种以计算机软件控制生物体自身生长规律和生活习性的电子生物应运而生。而且,投入商业化应用后立即受到人们的喜受。

基于电子病历的作物病虫害关联挖掘及智能诊断

作物病虫害研究是人工智能技术与智慧农业交叉领域的热点问题。现有的研究受到数据获取困难、技术实施成本高以及作物病虫害发生态势复杂等因素的限制。北京市“植物诊所”形成的植物电子病历(plant electronic medical records,PEMRs)为作物病虫害的诊断与防治提供了新的研究方向。PEMRs以多模态数据的形式存储,包含了丰富的植物信息、病虫害信息和环境信息,如何挖掘PEMRs信息并利用其辅助后续研究是亟待解决的问题。鉴于知识图谱的信息表示能力、机器学习的挖掘能力和深度学习的特征抽取能力,根据电子病历特点,利用结构化数据构建作物病虫害知识图谱,利用非结构化数据和领域知识进行知识增强,进一步利用Neo4j图数据库和图数据科学(graph data science,GDS)结合机器学习算法从“热”点发现、联系链路发现、相似病虫害发现3个维度进行关联挖掘。在此基础上,将基于Transformer的双向编码器(bidirectional encoder representation from transformers,BERT)与卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)结合,利用非结构化文本数据实现文本特征抽取和病虫害诊断,模拟植物医生实现智能化服务,在20种常见病虫害上的综合准确率可达到93.13%。本研究可为作物病虫害的及时诊断、对症防治、科学用药和辅助决策提供理论支持,创新了农业科技社会化服务新模式、新业态。

Pathogenicity of Septoria carvi Syd. towards Caraway Carum carvi L, （Apiaceae）

Septoria carvi belong to the fungi recently detected on caraway plants in the Polish climatic conditions. In many European countries, this fungus causes significant losses in caraway cultivation and decreases the quality and quantity of the herb material. The aim of the present work was to study the fungus harmfulness towards the sowing materials, stems, leaves and umbels of caraway. The pathogenicity tests according to Koch＇s postulates were carried out for isolates ofS. carvi using post-culture liquids and a water suspension of conidia to inoculate the plants＇ parts. The studies were conducted in the laboratory, the climatic chamber and in field conditions. S. carvi caused disease symptoms in the form of spots and necrosis on all tested plants organs. The infection was followed by natural openings what was shown by scanning electron microscope （SEM） microscopic observations. The efficiency of inoculation increased injuries and anatomical dipping of plant epidermal tissue. The study showed the ability for asymptomatic S. carvi colonization of inoculated plants＇ parts. The performed pathogenicity tests and microscopic observations SEM showed that the tested isolates of S. carvi were occasional pathogens of caraway.

Study on respiratory electron transport system (ETS) of phyto-plankton in Taiwan Strait and Xiamen Harbour

Phytoplankton respiratory electron transport system (P-ETS) activities were studied in two cruises in Taiwan Strait (Aug. 1997 and Feb. –Mar.1998) and two cruises in Xiamen Harbour (Oct., 1997 and Apr., 1998). Results showed that P-ETS activity in the surface water of southern Taiwan Strait in summer was homo- geneous [mean value of 0.106 μlO2/(L?h)], inhomogeneous in northern Taiwan Strait in winter. Variation of P-ETS activity in middle part of the Strait was not obvious between summer and winter. Mean P-ETS activity of Xiamen Harbour in autumn was 0.255 μlO2/(L?h) with a little higher value in Jiulong River estuary areas. In spring, P-ETS activity was more homogeneously distributed and the mean value was 1.076 μlO2/(L?h). P-ETS activity in spring was obviously higher than in autumn in Xiamen Harbour. Vertical distribution of P-ETS in Taiwan Strait was homogeneous at some stations in winter and in summer. An obvious daily variation of P-ETS activity was recorded at Stn 9837, high at midnight and low in the early morning. Significant correlation between P-ETS activity and Chl-a was observed. Results also showed that the ratio of estimated respiratory rate to photosynthetic rate varied seasonally, high in winter (0.41) and low in summer (0.12).

Effect of Electrolyte on the Dissolution of Aluminum from Acid Soils and the Distribution of Aluminum Forms inSoil Solution

KCl, CaCl2, NH4Cl, NaCl, K2SO4 and KF solutions were used for studying the effects of canons and anions on the dissolution of aluminum and the distribution of aluminum forms respectively. Power of exchanging and releasing aluminum of four kinds of canons was in the decreasing order Ca2+ >K+ >NH+4 >Na+.The dissolution of aluminum increased with the canon concentration. The adsorption affinity of various soils for aluminum was different. The aluminum in the soil with a stronger adsorption affinity was difficult to be exchanged and released by canons. The Al-F complexes were main species of inorganic aluminum at a low concentration of canons, while Al3+ became major species of inorganic aluminum at a high concentration of canons. The results on the effect of anions indicated that the concentrations of total aluminum, three kinds of inorganic aluminum (Al3+, Al-F and Al-OH complexes) and organic aluminum complexes (Al-OM)when SO2-4 was added into soil suspension were lower than those when Cl- was added. The dissolution of aluminum from soils and the distribution of aluminum forms in solution were edicted by the adsorption of Fon the soil. For soils with strong affinty for F- , the concentrations of the three inorganic aluminum species in soil solution after addition of F- were lower than those after addition of Cl-; but for soils with weak affinity for F- , the concentrations of Al3+ and Al-OM were lower and the concentrations of Al-F complexes and total inorganic aluminum after addition of F- were higher than those after addition of Cl-. The increase of F- concentration in soil solution accelerated the dissolution of aluminum from soils.

Theoretical Studies on Expressions of Condensed-Phase Photoionization Cross Section

A set of general expressions for photoionization cross sections of atoms or molecules embedded in a medium and a dielectric influence function are derived based on Maxwell＇s equations and the Beer-Lambert＇s law in this work. The applications are performed for the photoionization process of solid gold both in the Clausius-Mossotti （virtual cavity） model and the Glauber-Lewenstein （real cavity） model firstly. The results show that the present theoretical expressions of photoionization cross section can be used to describe the photoionization process of atoms in condensed matter properly.

Considerations about the occurrence of pollen grains of the Valeriana eichleriana (C. A. Muller) Graebner, in sediments of the Upper Quaternary in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Valeriana eichle riana (C. A. Muller) Graebner pollen are described and documented, used optical and scanning eletronic microscopy. We found that the current descriptions available goes this pollen disagree with the general pollinic pattern of the genera. Consequently, we conclude that the previous work in this area have taxonomical errors leading to inappropiate paleoenvironmental interpretations.

MEMS biomedical implants

The field of micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) has advanced tremendously for the last 20 years.Most commercially noticeably,the field has successfully advanced from pressure sensors to micro physical sensors,such as accelerometers and gyros,for handheld electronics application.In parallel,MEMS has also advanced into micro total analysis system(TAS) and/or lab-on-a-chip applications.This article would discuss a relatively new but promising future direction towards MEMS biomedical implants.Specifically,Parylene C has been explored to be used as a good MEMS implant material and will be discussed in detail.Demonstrated implant devices,such as retinal and spinal cord implants,are presented in this article.

Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Silicon （Si） has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate （115.2 g L^-1 Si and 60.5 g L^-1 Na20） and nanosilica （〈 200 nm）, on Si uptake by rice plants, plant lignification, plant C：N：P stoichiometry, plant physiology, and grain yield using an Oxisol under greanhouse condistions. The treatments included the application of nanosilica and soluble silicate to seeding furrows at Si doses of 0, 605, 1210, and 2 420 g ha^-1. Plant uptake and treatment effects were evaluated by measuring C and lignin contents, Si, N, and P accumulation, physiological characteristics, and grain yield of rice. The deposition of silica bodies and amorphous silica in the flag leaves was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Application of liquid Si increased Si accumulation in rice by 47.3% in relation to the control （0 g ha^-1 Si）, regardless of the Si sources used. Nanosilica application increased leaf lignin content by 112.7% when compared to that in the control. Silicon moderately affected the net C assimilation （increased by 1.83%） and transpiration rates （increased by 48.3%）; however, Si influenced neither plant growth nor grain yield of rice. These results are explained by the lack of biotic or abiotic stress in rice plants during the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazilian agriculture, this is the first report on the use of nanosilica as a Si fertilizer and its effect on plant nutrition. This study provides evidence that rice plants absorb and accumulate nanoparticles; however, further studies are required to investigate the use of nanoparticles in other plant species.