日常生活概念“平均”对科学概念“8电子稳定结构”学习的影响——关于高一学生“8电子稳定结构”化学概念相异构想的研究

通过“游戏”和“访谈”方法,对高一学生“8电子稳定结构”化学概念学习的“相异构想”进行研究。结果表明,日常生活概念“平均”对科学概念“8电子稳定结构”学习产生了负迁移,同时高一学生对相关的化学微观概念产生了很多的相异构想;结合研究结果,提出一套中学化学微观概念教学模式。

“八电子稳定结构”理论助初中化学入门

初中八年级科学下册,学生将面临化学入门。在教学过程中,笔者发现学生对微观概念和化学现象本质的理解存在很大问题,而现在的浙教版科学课本,也并没有很好的解释这些问题。笔者将在下文中对八电子稳定结构理论在初中里的应用提出一些自己的看法。同时,也将利用该理论来解释实际教学过程中学生提出的一些疑问。

判断“8电子稳定结构”的经验公式

判断分子中所有原子是否都满足最外层8电子稳定结构，最常见的方法是写出该分子的电子式，然后根据电子式作判断。这种判断不但费时，而且还会在遇到有配位键或离域π键的分子的电子式时感到束手无策。现介绍一条经验公式，以中学教材中最常见的ABn型分子(不含氢原子)为例加以说明。

Nb原子链的结构稳定性和电子性质

使用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势法,研究了Nb原子链的结构稳定性和电子结构性质.计算表明,Nb原子可以形成线性链,平面之字形,二聚化以及梯子形等一系列的一维链式结构.结果也显示,其中之字形结构最为稳定,其他结构均为亚稳的.通过第一性原理计算的电子结构和Jahn-Teller效应,讨论了这些结构的相对稳定性以及各链式结构的电子能带、态密度和电荷密度等性质.

First-principles study of phase stability and electronic properties of RhZr

First-principles calculations were carried out to investigate the structural stabilities and electronic properties of RhZr.The plane wave based pseudopotential method was used,in which both the local density approximation（LDA） and the generalized gradient approximation（GGA） implanted in the CASTEP code were employed.The internal positions of atoms in the unit cell were optimized and the ground state properties such as lattice parameter,density of state,cohesive energies and enthalpies of formation of ortho-RhZr and cubic-RhZr were calculated.The calculation results indicate that ortho-RhZr can form more easily than cubic-RhZr and the ortho-RhZr is more stable than cubic-RhZr.The density of states（DOS） reveals that the strong bonding in the Rh-Zr and Rh-Rh or Zr-Zr interaction chains accounts for the structural stability of ortho-RhZr and the hybridization between Rh-4d states and Zr-4d states is strong.

Mg-Zn-Ca合金中AB_2型金属间化合物电子结构和弹性性质的第一性原理计算

通过基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法,对Mg_2Sn,Mg_2Ca和MgZn_2的结构稳定性、电子结构和弹性性质进行了计算,计算所得晶格参数与实验值和文献计算值吻合.合金形成热和结合能的计算结果表明,Mg_2Sn具有最强的合金形成能力和结构稳定性.通过对Mg_2Sn,Mg_2Ca和MgZn_2的电子态密度(DOS)和差分电荷密度进行计算,分析了其结构稳定性和弹性性质的机制.计算了Mg_2Sn,Mg_2Ca和MgZn_2的弹性常数,推导了体模量B_u,剪切模量G,Young's模量E和Poisson比v的数值,结果表明,Mg_2Sn为脆性相,Mg_2Ca和MgZn_2为延性相,Mg_2Sn的刚度最大,MgZn_2的塑性最好.

Electronic Structure Research on Lattice Stability of V, Nb, and Ta by Density Functional Theory

The difference of energy and electronic structure of V, Nb, and Ta in different crystalline structures were investigated by different methods in density functional theory （DFT）. Lattice constants, total energies, and densities of states of these metals were calculated using the plane-wave pseudopotential method in DFT. Results were compared with those of projector augmented wave method, CALPHAD method, and experiments. Total energy and electronic structure analyses showed that valence electrons mostly transferred from s to p or d state, changing obviously with both the crystal structure and the elemental period number from V to Ta and leading to stronger cohesion, higher cohesive energy and more stable lattice of heavier metals.

关于化学键的相异构想及其转化途径研究

文章选择了学生在理解化学键时的六个主要相异构想,并列举出了为转化这六个相异构想,学生和教师应具备的一些理论知识,以及教师应创设的教学情境。

Study on structural stability,elastic and electronic properties for β-Ti under pressure based on first principles

The structural stability, elastic and electronic properties under pressure at 0 K for β-Ti have been investigated by per-forming first-principles calculations. With the increase of pressure, the structure of β-Ti becomes stabler, which is further con-firmed by the calculation for density of state （DOS）. The phase transition pressure of is about 64. 3 GPa, which is consist-ent with other theoretical predictions （63. 7 GPa） and the experimental result （50 GPa）. The pressure dependence of elastic constants shows that the low-pressure limit for a mechanically stable β-Ti is about 50 GPa with low Young？s modulus value of about 30. 01 GPa, which approaches the value of a human bone （30 GPa）. In addition, the pressure dependence of bulk modu-lus B, shear modulus G, Young’s modulus E,Poisson’s ratio σ,aggregate sound velocities,and ductility/brittleness under different pressures were also discussed. B, G and E ascend monotonously with increasing pressure, while a descends. β-Ti re-mains ductile by analysis of B/G under considered pressures.

First Principles Investigation of Electronic Property and High Pressure Phase Stability of SrnN

An investigation of electronic property and high pressure phase stability of SmN has been conducted using first principles calculations based on density functional theory. The elec- tronic properties of Stun show a striking feature of a half metal, the majority-spin electrons are metallic and the minority-spin electrons are semiconducting. It was found that Stun undergoes a pressure-induced phase transition from NaCl-type （B1） to CsCl-type structure （B2） at 117 GPa. The elastic constants of Stun satisfy Born conditions at ambient pressure, indicating that B1 phase of SmN is mechanically stable at 0 GPa. The result of phonon spectra shows that B1 structure is dynamically stable at ambient pressure, which agrees with the conclusion derived from the elastic constants.

Structural Stabilities and Electronic Structures of Ga Atomic Chains

The structural stabilities and electronic structures of Ga atomic chains are studied by the first-principles plane wave pseudopotential method based on the density functional theory. The present calculations show that gallium can form planar chains in linear-, zigzag- and ladder-form one-dimensional structures. The most stable one among the studied structures is the zigzag chain with a unit cell rather close to equilateral triangles with four nearest neighbors, and all the other structures are metastable. The relative structural stability, the energy bands and the charge densities are discussed based on the ab initio calculations and the Jahn-Teller effect.

Stability and electronic spectra of C_(76) N_2 isomers

Study of geometries of 16 possible isomers for C76N2 based on C78(C2v) by intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) series of methods indicated that the most stable geometry 25,78-C76N2 where two nitrogen atoms substitute two apexes C(25) and C(78) near the shortest X axis and Y axis formed by two hexagons and a pentagon. Electronic structures and spectra of C76N2 were investigated. The reason for the red-shift for absorptions of C76N2 compared with that of C78(C2v) is discussed.

Design and Selection of High Energy Materials based on 4,8-Dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine

In order to search for high energy density materials,various 4,8-dihydrodifurazano[3,4-b,e]pyrazine based energetic materials were designed.Density functional theory was employed to investigate the relationships between the structures and properties.The calculated results indicated that the properties of these designed compounds were influenced by the energetic groups and heterocyclic substituents.The-N3 energetic group was found to be the most effective substituent to improve the heats of formation of the designed compounds while the tetrazole ring/-C(NO_(2))_(3) group contributed much to the values of detonation properties.The analysis of bond orders and bond dissociation energies showed that the addition of-NHNH2,-NHNO_(2),-CH(NO_(2))_(3) and-C(NO_(2))_(3) groups would decrease the bond dissociation energies remarkably.Compounds A8,B8,C8,D8,E8,and F8 were finally screened as the potential candidates for high energy density materials since these compounds possess excellent detonation properties and acceptable thermal stabilities.Additionally,the electronic structures of the screened compounds were calculated.

Structural, thermodynamics and elastic properties of Mg_(17)Al_(12), Al_2Y and Al_4Ba phases by first-principles calculations

Structural stabilities, thermodynamics stabilities, elastic properties and electronic structures of Mgl7Al12, Al2Y and AlaBa phases were analyzed by first-principles calculations with Castep and Drool3 program based on the density functional theory. The calculated results of heat of formation indicate that AI2Y phase has the strongest alloying ability. The calculated thermodynamic properties show that the thermal stability of these compounds gradually increases in the order ofMgl7Al12, A12Y and Al4Ba phases. Y or Ba addition to the Mg-Al alloys could improve the heat resistance. The calculated bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, elastic modulus E and Poisson ratio v show that the adding Y or Ba to Mg-Al alloys could promote the brittleness and stiffness, and reduce tenacity and plasticity by forming Al4Ba and Al2Y phases. The calculated cohesive energy and density of state （DOS） show that Al2Y has the strongest structural stability, then AlaBa and finally Mg17Al12. The calculated electronic structures show that Al2Y has the strongest structure stability because of the strong ionic bonds and covalent bonds combined action.

First-principles study of the adsorption of oxygen atoms on copper nanowires

By using first-principles calculations,we have systematically investigated the structural stability and electronic properties of a single oxygen atom adsorbed on the surface of foursquare Cu nanowires for a wide range of adsorption sites.In view of binding energy maximization,we found that the long bridge site at the edge of the Cu nanowires is the most stable site for oxygen adsorption,which is always slightly energetically favorable compared with the hollow site at the surface.The electron transferring from Cu atoms to O adatom and a significant polarization indicate the O-Cu chemical bond,showing some degree of ionic character.In addition,the hybridization between O-2p and Cu-3d states implies the O-Cu bond which also shows some degree of covalence character.The main factors which affect the oxygen preferred adsorption site are analyzed from the local geometrical configurations and electronic properties.