汽车数字化标准信源系统中实体与电子镜像的管理

"汽车数字化标准信源"是以UHF频段RFID标签作为车辆信息的载体,依靠架设在道路和特定场所的读写设备对车辆进行监控管理的新一代交通管理系统。在该系统设计开发过程中,为了实现车辆、车辆证件、专用标签三者在物理上和信息领域里复杂的对应关系,开发人员提出了全生命周期管理这一概念。依靠时间轴的帮助,实现了一对多向一对一对应关系的转换,并为系统功能的具体开发设计提供了帮助和支持。

Historical Development in Soil Micromorphological Imaging

The book ＂micropedolog＂ by Kubieana and a large number of publications has induced many people to practice soil micromorphology. Quantification of the soil fabric and its components was a major challenge. The use of the image analyses in soil science was a breakthrough. Attempts to make soil thin sections go back to the beginning of the 2oth century. Microscopic techniques and recently high resolution electron microscope and use of computer assisted imaging techniques enabled the in vitro study of soils in three dimensional levels. It is now possible to store and process massive amounts of data. Micro- morphological concepts and techniques are applied in paleopedological, ecological, and archaeological studies. The aim of this work was to examine soil micromorphological imaging in historical perspective.

Effects of solution treatment on mechanical properties and microstructures of Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy

Mechanical properties and microstructures of Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy after solution treatments were investigated by means of optical microscopy （OM）, tensile test, hardness measurement and electrical conductivity test, differential scanning calorimetric （DSC）, energy dispersive X-ray （EDX）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transition electron microscopy （TEM）, respectively The results show that both tensile strength and hardness increase first and then decrease with temperature at constant holding time of 30 min with maximum strength and hardness appearing at 520 ℃. Tensile strength, hardness and elongation of samples treated at 520 ℃ for 30 min are 566 MPa （σb）, 512 MPa （σ0.2）, HB 148 and 8.23% （δ）, respectively. There are certain amount of fine T1 （AI2CuLi） phase dispersing among AI substrates according to TEM images. This may result in mixed fracture morphology with trans-granular and inter-granular delamination cracks observed in SEM images.

Retrieving analog images from a scanning electron microscopewith a synchronous data acquisition method

In this work,an old scanning electron microscope(SEM)is refurbished to enhance its image processing capability.How to digitally sample and process an analog image is also presented.An NI PCI-6259 multiple input/output data acquisition(DAQ)board is used to acquire signals originally being sent to an analog display,and then convert the signals into a digital image.Two output channels are used for raster scan of the horizontal and verticle axes of the image buffer,while one input channel is used to read the brightness signals at various coordinate points.Synchronous method is used to maximize the DAQ speed.Finally,the digitally buffered images are read out to display and saved in a hard drive.The hardware and software designs of this work are explained in great detail,which can serve as a very good example for fast synchronous DAQ,advanced virtual instrument design and structural driver programming with LabVIEW.

Automatic recognition and quantitative analysis of Ω phases in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy

The main methods of the second phase quantitative analysis in current material science researches are manual recognition and extracting by using software such as Image Tool and Nano Measurer. The weaknesses such as high labor intensity and low accuracy statistic results exist in these methods. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the current methods, the Ω phase in A1-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy is taken as the research object and an algorithm based on the digital image processing and pattern recognition is proposed and implemented to do the A1 alloy TEM （transmission electron microscope） digital images process and recognize and extract the information of the second phase in the result image automatically. The top-hat transformation of the mathematical morphology, as well as several imaging processing technologies has been used in the proposed algorithm. Thereinto, top-hat transformation is used for elimination of asymmetric illumination and doing Multi-layer filtering to segment Ω phase in the TEM image. The testing results are satisfied, which indicate that the Ω phase with unclear boundary or small size can be recognized by using this method. The omission of these two kinds of Ω phase can be avoided or significantly reduced. More Ω phases would be recognized （growing rate minimum to 2% and maximum to 400% in samples）, accuracy of recognition and statistics results would be greatly improved by using this method. And the manual error can be eliminated. The procedure recognizing and making quantitative analysis of information in this method is automatically completed by the software. It can process one image, including recognition and quantitative analysis in 30 min, but the manual method such as using Image Tool or Nano Measurer need 2 h or more. The labor intensity is effectively reduced and the working efficiency is greatly improved.

Optimum High-Quality Ceramic Support like SiC, AI203 ＆ TiO2 for Cobalt as a Very Active Metal for Fisher-Tropsch-Synthesis in a Fixed Bed Reactor Configuration

A series of experiments were performed on indigenously synthesized catalyst pallets of cobalt as a very active metal on ceramic support like SiC, A1203 ＆ TiO2 in a fixed bed reactor configuration with an aim to study the catalyst activity ＆ selectivity, chemical kinetics, design flexibility, temperature, pressure by characteristics diffusion distance. Catalyst pallets were prepared and then characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Temperature Programmed Reduction. The results showed the Brunaner, Emmett and Teller area of SiC was the lowest among the three supports prepared for testing. However, its reducibility showed improvement with use of cobalt acetate, as a precursor, rather than cobalt nitrates. Mechanical strength and behavior was checked by the hardness testing machine. Fischer Tropsch （FT） synthesis experiments were performed in the fixed bed reactor set at 450-500 K and 2.3-2.5 MPa using synthetic gas having HJCO ration = 2.0. FT synthesis showed that cobalt/silicon carbide catalyst gives high CO conversion and lower methane selectivity, compared to Co/A1203 and Co/TiO2, as well as high C5＋ selectivity of almost 90%. Moreover, its stability was enhanced by the addition of Zr02, as without this addition, the Co/SiC interactions are weaker and can cause carbon sintering, and thus, the deactivation rate to increase.

Droplet Contact Angle Measurement on Microstructures of Octocoral Sclerites-ESEM Image Analysis

This work explores the methodology for micron-scale water droplet contact angle derivation for the warty surface of octocoral sclerites. The calcite-made sclerites of the Red Sea octocoral Dendronephthya hemprichi have been chosen as a model for this study. Water droplet condensation on the sclerites has been in-situ investigated using Quanta 200 FEG （field emission gun） ESEM （environmental scanning electron microscope） under wet environmental conditions. Two different analysis methods of droplet top and side views have been applied to determine the contact angle based on the secondary electron images. The ESEM image analysis for the sclerites indicates that their surface is hydrophilic. The microscopic contact angle is measured to be 45.3°±6.3°. The macroscopic contact angle has been calculated by using the Wenzel model for the surface texturing of the sclerites.

Electron dynamics and wave activities associated with mirror mode structures in the near-Earth magnetotail

We report the observation of mirror mode structures by Cluster spacecraft at around X^-16 RE in the Earth’s magnetotail.The wavelength of the mirror structure is larger than 7000 km,corresponding to tens of ion gyroradii.Features of the mirror structures are similar to those detected in the magnetosheath:the anti-correlation between the magnetic field strength and plasma density,zero phase velocity in the plasma rest frame and linear polarization.The structures were observed in a region bounded by two dipolarizations during a substorm intensification.Thus,the dipolarization process may provide a plasma condition facilitating the growth of the mirror mode structures.Another interesting feature is the electron dynamics within the mirror structures.Thermal electron energy flux has an enhancement at 0°and 180°pitch angles inside the magnetic dips of the first three mirror structures and an enhancement at 90°pitch angle inside the magnetic dip of the last structure.The different electron distribution inside the mirror structures might be a result of different evolution stages of the mirror wave.The last structure may be in the nonlinear stage of the mirror instability,whereas the three others with quasi-sinusoidal waveforms may be in the linear stage.In addition,we found that intense whistler waves were confined within the magnetic dips.We conjecture that whistler waves observed in the first three dips were generated in a remote region,then they were trapped in the mirror mode troughs and transported toward the spacecraft;while the whistler wave detected in the last dip was excited locally by the electron anisotropy instability.

Applications of scanning electron microscopy in earth sciences

This paper expounds upon the basic principle of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),the main features of image types,and different signals,and the applications and prospects in earth sciences research are reviewed.High-resolution field emission SEM allows observation and investigation of a very fine micro area in situ.Using low-vacuum mode SEM,geological insulating samples can be analyzed directly without coating,demonstrating the wide application prospect.Combined with backscatter detector(BSE),energy dispersal X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),cathodoluminescence spectrometry(CL),and electron back-scattering diffraction(EBSD),SEM can yield multiple types of information about geological samples at the same time,such as superficial microstructure,CL analysis,BSE image,component analysis,and crystal structure features.In this paper,we use examples to discuss the geological application of SEM.We stress that we should not only focus on the CL image analysis,but strengthen CL spectrum analyses of minerals.These results will effectively reveal the mineral crystal lattice defects and trace element composition and can help to reconstruct mineral growth conditions precisely.

Microwave-assisted in situ synthesis of fluorescent gold nanoclusters with BSA/montmorillonite and application on latent fingermark imaging

A method for in situ preparation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters(Au NCs) with bovine serum albumin/montmorillonite composite powder(Au NC-BSA/MMT) was developed, and the products were used to detect latent fingermarks. In this work, Au NCs were "grown" both inside and on the surface of BSA/MMT clay using one-step reduction of HAu Cl4 by BSA. The as-prepared Au NC-BSA/MMT nanocomposites emit intensive red fluorescence under the excitation of UV-visible light and show stable chemical features and low toxicity. The obtained fluorescent powders were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy,fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy/high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to depict their sizes, structural information and optical features. Given their environmentally friendly preparation, simple operation, low cost, efficient UVvisible radiation-dependent photoluminescence and good affinity with finger residues, the in situ synthesized Au NC-BSA/MMT nanocomposite powders were used as an alternative fluorescent developing reagent for developing latent fingermarks deposited on various object surfaces(such as glass, aluminum foil, painted metal, plastic products and weighing papers) for individual identification. As results, the developed fingermarks with clear patterns and satisfactory level-2(minutiae points) and level-3(sweat pores) ridge details were obtained. Notably, treated prints could be excited by red light and emitted near infrared fluorescence, which was beneficial to avoid background interference and reduce the damage caused by UV light. With the advantages of the simple preparation process and good enhancement performance for latent fingermarks, the proposed method might be used in the preparation of various fluorescent probes for detecting trace evidence in forensic sciences.

Nano-Morphology of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer Imaging, Reconstruction and Analysis

The oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in the cathode catalyst layer （CCL） of polymer electrolyte fuel cells （PEFC） is one of the major causes of performance loss during operation. In addition, the CCL is the most expensive component due to the use of a Pt catalyst. Apart from the ORR itself, the species transport to and from the reactive sites determines the performance of the PEFC. The effective transport properties of the species in the CCL depend on its nanostructure. Therefore a three-dimensional reconstruction of the CCL is required. A series of two-dimensional images was obtained from focused ion beam- scanning electron microscope （FIB-SEM） imaging and a segmentation method for the two-dimensional images has been developed. The pore size distribution （PSD） was calculated for the three-dimensional geometry. The influence of the alignment and the anisotropic pixel size on the PSD has been investigated. Pores were found in the range between 5 nm and 205 nm. Evaluation of the Knudsen number showed that gas transport in the CCL is governed by the transition flow regime. The liquid water transport can be described within continuum hydrodynamics by including suitable slip flow boundary conditions.

Imaging the atomic-scale electronic states induced by a pair of hole dopants in Ca_(2)CuO_(2)Cl_(2) Mott insulator

We use scanning tunneling microscopy to visualize the atomic-scale electronic states induced by a pair of hole dopants in Ca_(2)CuO_(2)Cl_(2)parent Mott insulator of cuprates.We find that when the two dopants approach each other,the transfer of spectral weight from high energy Hubbard band to low energy ingap state creates a broad peak and nearly V-shaped gap around the Fermi level.The peak position shows a sudden drop at distance around 4 a_(0)and then remains almost constant.The in-gap states exhibit peculiar spatial distributions depending on the configuration of the two dopants relative to the underlying Cu lattice.These results shed important new lights on the evolution of low energy electronic states when a few holes are doped into parent cuprates.

Occurrence, Structure and Mineral Phases of Nanoparticles in an Anthrosol

Soils contain various kinds of crystalline to amorphous solid particles with at least one dimension in the nanoscale （〈 100 nm）. These nanoparticles contribute greatly to dynamic soil processes such as soil genesis, trace element cycling, contaminant transport, and chemical reaction. The nano-sized fraction of an Anthrosol was obtained to determine the occurrence, chemical composition, structure, and mineral phases of nanoparticles using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Selected area electron diffraction or the fast Fourier transform of high-resolution images was used in structural characterization of the nanoparticles with HRTEM. Two nanoscale mineral types, i.e., mineral nanoparticles and nanomi- nerals, were observed in the Anthrosol. Mineral nanoparticles in soil included well crystalline aluminumsilicate nanosheets, nanorods, and nanoparticles. Nanosheets with a length of 120-150 nm and a width of about 10-20 nm were identified as chlorite/vermiculite series. The presence of clear lattice fringe spacing in HRTEM image of nanoparticles indicated that mineral nanoparticles had a relatively good crystallinity. The nanomineral ferrihydrite also existed in the Anthrosol. The HRTEM images and the particle size distribution histogram suggested that these ferrihydrite nanoparticles were quite homogeneous, and had a narrow size distribution range （1-7 nm） with a mean diameter of 3.6 4- 1.6 nm. Our HRTEM observation indicated that mineral nanoparticles and nanominerals were common and widely distributed in Anthrosols. HRTEM and selected area diffraction or lattice fringe spacing characterization provided further proofs to the structure of nanoparticles formed in soil.

Preparation of nano-porous AlN micro-rods

In this paper, nano-porous A1N micro-rods were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Brunauer-Emett-Teller （BET） method of nitrogen adsorption at low temperature, UV-via absorption spectrometry and Raman spectrometry. The SEM images and TEM images showed that the A1N samples were micro-size rods with pores in their surfaces evenly. The length of the rod was in the range of a few mi- crons to tens of micron, the diameter of the rods was about one micron, the diameter of the pore was about hundreds of nano- meter and the wall thickness of the pore about tens of nanometer. The BET surface area of the sample was 41.424 ma/g. The optical spectra showed that the optical properties of the A1N samples almost agreed with that of A1N bulk or film.