MEMS加速度计信号光电检测与电容检测的噪声分析

在高精度MEMS扭摆式加速度计电容检测和光电检测实现原理的基础上,分析了该加速度计热机械噪声和电学噪声特性。该加速度计结构在品质因数Q=1和Q=85时,热机械噪声分别为2.4μgn/Hz和0.28μgn/Hz。对于电学噪声,电容检测的电学噪声为3.27μgn/Hz,光电检测在只考虑电学噪声时能分辨的最小加速度可达0.05μgn。对比得出对于扭摆式加速度计结构,光电检测具有比电容检测更小的系统总噪声。

Galvanic corrosion behavior of copper/titanium galvanic couple in artificial seawater

The corrosion behaviors of copper and copper/titanium galvanic couple （GC） in seawater were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and electrochemical noise （EN） techniques in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） method. The results show that the corrosion process of copper in seawater can be divided into two stages, in which corrosion resistance and SE show the same evolution trend of initial increase and subsequent decrease, while SG changes oppositely. However, the ensemble corrosion process of copper/titanium GC in seawater includes three stages, in which corrosion resistance and SE show the evolution features of initial decrease with a subsequently increase, and the final decrease again;while SG changes oppositely. The potential difference between copper and titanium in their galvanic couple can accelerate the initiation of pitting corrosion of copper, and both the minimum and maximum corrosion potentials of copper/titanium GC are much more positive than those of pure copper.

Characterization of pitting corrosion of 7A60 aluminum alloy by EN and EIS techniques

The pitting corrosion behaviors of 7A60 aluminum alloy in the retrogression and re-aging （RRA） temper were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and electrochemical noise （EN） techniques, and the microstructure and the second phase content of the alloy were observed and determined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS）. The results show that there exist two different corrosion stages for 7A60 alloy in 3.5%NaCl solution, and the corrosion process can be detected by the appearance of EIS spectrum with two capacitive time constants and the wavelet fractal dimension D extracted from EN. SEM and EDS results also demonstrate that severe pitting corrosion in 7A60 alloy is mainly caused by electrochemical active MgZn2 particles, secondly by Al2MgCu and Mg2Si. Al7Cu2Fe particles make little contribution to the pitting corrosion of 7A60 alloy.

Characterization of stress corrosion crack growth of 304 stainless steel by electrochemical noise and scanning Kelvin probe

The fatigue pre-cracking 304 stainless steel （SS） specimens with lengths of 1.002 mm （L-crack） and 0.575 mm （S-crack） were prepared. Their corrosion behavior was studied by electrochemical noise （EN） in 4 mol/L NaC1 ＋ 0.01 mol/L Na2S203 solution under slow-strain-rate-testing （SSRT） conditions. Moreover, the characteristics of L-crack＇s surface morphology and potential distribution with scanning Kelvin probe （SKP） before and after SSRT were also discussed. Compared with S-crack, L-crack is propagated and the features of crack propagation can be obtained. After propagation, the noise amplitudes increase with increasing stress and accelerating corrosion, the white noises at low and high frequencies （WE and WH） of the later stage are one order of magnitude larger than that at early stage in the current power spectral densities （PSDs）. The potential PSDs also increase, but WH disappears. In addition, the crack propagation can be demonstrated according to variation of probability distribution, surface morphology and potential distribution.

Contrasting initial events of localized corrosion on surfaces of 2219-T42 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloys exposed in Caribbean seawater

Aluminum alloy samples, 6061-T6 and 2219-T42, were exposed to Caribbean seawater for 90 d. The fluctuations of open circuit potential, considered as electrochemical noise (EN), were used to characterize and compare initial pitting events, which appeared on their surfaces. EN analysis was carried out using the power spectral density (PSD) vs frequency. The decrease of the β exponent in PSD graphs indicated a release of spontaneous energy with the progress of pit formation in seawater. The fluctuations were associated with the breakdown and formation of new corrosion layers. The values of β exponent in PSD graphs suggest that corrosion process of AA2219-T42 alloy occurs as a persistent non-stationary process, the dynamics of which is controlled by fractional Brownian motion (fBm), while on AA6061-T6 alloy the corrosion process was dominated by stationary and weakly persistent features, with the contribution of fractional Gaussian noise (fGn). After the exposure in seawater, SEM-EDX analysis revealed insoluble intermetallic particles on the alloys, rich in Cu or Fe and irregularly distributed. The preferential dissolution of Mg and Al occurs from the S-phase (Al2CuMg) of AA2219-T42 alloy.

Online evaluation of electroless deposition rate by electrochemical noise method

Continuous noise resistance calculation(CNRC)technique was used for online determination of the electroless nickel deposition rate on zirconium pretreated magnesium alloy.For this purpose,the noise resistance(R_n) variation with time was calculated for the pretreated alloy surface in the electroless plating solution.The CNRC results were described by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)techniques.Also,potentiodynamic polarization and gravimetric measurements were used for determination of the electroless deposition rate at the same time period and the results were compared with the CNRC results.The Rn variation with plating time shows that the electroless plating consists of different stages with various deposition rates.The results of the CNRC and polarization methods were not in acceptable agreement due to the limitations of the polarization method for online monitoring of the deposition rate.However,the results of the gravimetric measurements were in complete agreement with the CNRC technique and so,the CNRC can be considered as suitable tool for online evaluation of the electroless deposition rate.

Shot noise analysis on corrosion behavior of zinc alloy (ZnAl4Cul) under dry-wet cycles

The corrosion behaviors of zinc alloy （ZnAl4Cul） in 3.5% （mass fraction） NaCl, 7.3% （mass fraction） Na2SO4 and simulated acid rain solutions were investigated using electrochemical measurements. The potential noise during dry-wet cycle was monitored and analyzed by fast Fourier transform （FFT）, fast wavelet transform （FWT）, shot noise theory and stochastic theory. Cumulative probability curves of event frequency fn indicate that the corrosion events in the dry cycles are greater than those in the wet cycles. Uniform corrosion was observed in the NaCl solution compared with more localized corrosion in the Na2SO4 solution, which is evidenced by FWT and SEM. Conditional events generation rate r（t） for diffusion controlled reactions decreases with increasing the time. r（t） values for uniform corrosion and diffusion controlled process are the largest in the wet cycle in 3.5% NaCl solution. The values of r（t） for pitting corrosion in Na2SO4 solution are observed to become large during spraying periods, and r（t） for pitting corrosion has the largest value in the Na2SO4 solution. The intergranular corrosion of zinc is serious in simulated acid rain solution.

Degradation Process of Coated Tinplate by Phase Space Reconstruction Theory

The degradation process of organosol coated tinplate in beverage was investigated by electrochemical noise (EN) technique combined with morphology characterization.EN data were analyzed using phase space reconstruction theory.With the correlation dimensions obtained from the phase space reconstruction,the chaotic behavior of EN was quantitatively evaluated.The results show that both electrochemical potential noise (EPN) and electrochemical current noise (ECN) have chaotic properties.The correlation dimensions of EPN increase with corrosion extent,while those of ECN seem nearly unchanged.The increased correlation dimensions of EPN during the degradation process are associated with the increased susceptibility to local corrosion.

Active and passive behaviors of gold in cyanide solutions

Active and passive behaviors of pure gold（Au） and roasted gold ore（RGO） electrodes were investigated at 25 °C in de-aerated agitated cyanide media.Cyclic voltammetry and potentiodynamic polarization with agitation at 100 r/min in 0.04 mol/L NaCN solution showed different peak positions and current densities.Potentiodynamic tests illustrate that the peak current densities increase greatly with increasing the cyanide concentration.Increasing the pH value from 10 to 11 resultes in a great decrease of current density,while it increases noticeably by decreasing the agitation from 100 to 60 r/min.In the presence of oxygen,Au and RGO electrodes show different characteristics of peak positions and corrosion rates.The potentiostatic studies show that increasing the potential from 1 to 1.4 V at pH value of 11 results in an 80% decrease of current density while decreasing the pH value from 11 to 10 at 1 V gives a 1.7 fold increase of current density,possibly due to more effective passive layer.Following polarization,electrochemical noise measurements（ENM） during decay periods show that Au results in more passive states at high potentials,showing pitting corrosion.The ENM results show that this technique can be a promising tool for a better understanding of gold leaching.The XPS studies prove the presence of passive oxides.

Portable 4-Channel Electrochemical Noise Test System

A portable 4-channel electrochemical noise(EN) test system with high precision was developed.The modular instrument cRIO was used as its core and the signal conditioning module included zero resistance ammeter(ZRA),fly line,screening box and shielded wire.The EN data were acquired from two Q235 carbon steel specimens placed in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution and 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution.The experimental result shows that this system can achieve an accuracy of 10 pA and 10 μV,and it can be applied to on-site multi-channel EN test.

Dynamics analysis of vibration process in Particle Impact Noise Detection

Particle Impact Noise Detection (PIND) test is a reliability screening technique for hermetic device that is prescribed by MIL-PRF-39016E. Some test conditions are specified, although MIL-PRF-39016E did not specify how to obtain these condi- tions. This paper establishes the dynamics model of vibration process based on first order mass-spring system. The corresponding Simulink model is also established to simulate vibration process in optional input excitations. The response equations are derived in sinusoidal excitations and the required electromagnetic force waves are computed in order to obtain a given vibration and shock accelerations. Last, some simulation results are given.

Removal of noises from electromagnetic radiation of coal or rock with EEMD-adaptive morphological filter

The electromagnetic radiation （EMR） signal collected by monitoring system during coal or rock dynamic disaster may be interferred easily by electromagnetic noises in mines. The noises have a direct influence on the recognition and analysis of the EMR signal features during the disaster. With the aim of removing these noises, an ensemble empirical mode decomposition （EEMD） adaptive morphological filter was proposed. From the result of the simulation and the experiment, it is shown that the method can restrain the random noise and white Gaussian noise mixed with EMR signal effectively. The filter is highly useful for improving the robustness of the coal or rock dynamic disaster monitoring system.

Classification of surface EMG signal with fractal dimension

Surface EMG (electromyography) signal is a complex nonlinear signal with low signal to noise ratio (SNR). This paper is aimed at identifying different patterns of surface EMG signals according to fractal dimension. Two patterns of surface EMG signals are respectively acquired from the right forearm flexor of 30 healthy volunteers during right forearm supination (FS) or forearm pronation (FP). After the high frequency noise is filtered from surface EMG signal by a low-pass filter, fractal di-mension is calculated from the filtered surface EMG signal. The results showed that the fractal dimensions of filtered FS surface EMG signals and those of filtered FP surface EMG signals distribute in two different regions, so the fractal dimensions can rep-resent different patterns of surface EMG signals.