混合动力汽车用混合能量存储系统的设计

针对动力电池在混合动力汽车中频繁大功率充放电的问题,采用了电池和超级电容并用的能量存储系统,利用超级电容高功率特性来改善储能系统的性能。本文研究了电池与超级电容直接并联和主动并联两种混合能量存储系统,后者采用零电流转换软开关直流变换器来连接超级电容和电池。在Matlab Simulink平台建立零电流转换软开关直流变换器的动态模型、超级电容和电池模型,并在AVL Cruise中进行仿真。结果表明:直接并联方案不能充分发挥超级电容的能力;而主动并联方案降低了纯电动工况和制动能量回收工况下电池的峰值电流,电池端电压变化范围缩小,能量效率比单一电池的能量存储系统提高了14.92%。另外,由于采用了模糊PID控制算法,改善了动态响应性能。

一种抑制风电送出直流MMC内部振荡的零序电流控制策略研究

量化分析了风电经直流送出系统的振荡模式及各振荡模式与系统状态变量之间的关系,揭示了模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)系统内部振荡的环流零序分量与电容电压的交互影响机理;基于该机理,构建了MMC系统各桥臂等效电容储存总能量与零序电流的动态关系模型,推导了MMC系统各桥臂等效电容储存总能量与电容电压差模量以及共模量的表达式,提出了零序电流控制策略;以该控制策略动态模型为对象,计及该动态模型中间变量后,对含零序电流控制策略MMC系统的振荡模式进行了分析,结果表明,所提控制策略可以使振荡模式的实部向左移动,增加总阻尼,提升系统稳定性。

高功率密度单相变换器的直流有源滤波器研究

单相变换器系统会产生二次脉动功率,使直流母线电压出现二次脉动,危害整个系统。一般采用在直流侧并联大电容或LC谐振电路的方法来抑制直流母线电压的二次脉动,但增加了系统的体积和重量,功率密度较低。为提高系统的功率密度,采用了一种能量双向流动的Buck有源滤波器来抑制直流母线电压的二次脉动。推导滤波器完全补偿脉动功率时电容电压和电流方程,并在此基础上针对高压大功率场合提出双闭环无差拍加重复的控制策略。无差拍控制可提高系统阻尼,重复控制可增加稳态精度。从脉动能量存储、控制带宽两方面讨论APF的参数设计。仿真和实验证明了所提方案能显著减小直流侧滤波电容,提高系统功率密度。

EDLC charging performance for microgrid applications

In order to review storage performance of the electric double layer capacitor （EDLC） in microgrid applications, charging time and storage efficiency issues are mainly studied aiming at three different charging modes, including the constant voltage charging mode （CVCM）, the constant current charging mode （CCCM） and the constant power charging mode （CPCM）, based on the practical EDLC product. Numerical calculation methods are presented for different charging modes, and the charging efficiency is also reviewed with strict mathematical deductions, which is validated to be accurate enough and applicable through a simple case with the PV/EDLC system illustration. Finally, trade-off problems between charging time and energy loss are also studied. Research results show that the CPCM is more suitable for microgrid networks compared with the traditional constant-voltage and constant-current charging modes. The hybrid charging method is recommended to save energy and keep high efficiency relatively at the same time. However, how to manage the combination percentage of different charging modes in a reasonable way should be dealt with according to the practical requirements.

High Voltage Pulse Power and the Technics for the Capacitor Power-Storage Type

Lower hybrid wave （LHW）, electro cyclotron （EC） and neutral beam injection （NBI） etc. are the important methods of auxiliary heating. They would be devoted to the HL-2A tokamak step by step. In order to satisfy the debug of each system and the need of the experiment, the system should be equipped with high voltage pulse power （HVPP） according to the requirement.

Bowl-shaped NiCo2O4 nanosheet clusters as electrode materials for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

The development of transition metal oxidebased electrode materials with proper controlled structures is highly desirable for high-performance supercapacitors.However,it remains a major challenge.Here,we present the first synthesis of bowl-like Ni Co2O4nanosheet clusters through a simple soft template guided hydrothermal strategy.The resulting bowl-like clusters consist of numerous Ni Co2O4nanosheets with an average thickness of 19 nm and possess a mean diameter of 1μm along with a specific surface area of40 m2g^-1.Remarkably,serving as an electrode material in a three-electrode system,the bowl-like Ni Co2O4nanosheet clusters exhibit a high specific capacity of 1068 F g^-1at a current density of 1 A g^-1and excellent cycling stability with90%capacitance retention after 5000 charge-discharge cycles.Meanwhile,an asymmetric supercapacitor(ASC)assembled with the Ni Co2O4clusters and activated carbon(AC)as the two electrodes exhibits a high specific capacitance of 129 F g^-1at 1 A g^-1,along with a high energy density of 33 W h kg^-1at a power density of 0.66 k W kg^-1.Such performance is superior to those of many commercial supercapacitors.This study opens a new avenue for the construction of ordered complex particles with controlled architectures for energy storage and conversion applications.

Coherent Mn3O4-carbon nanocomposites with enhanced energy-storage capacitance

Nanostructured Mn3O4 was introduced to activated C （AC） by a novel sonochemical reaction, and the resulting nanocomposites were examined as supercapacitor electrodes. The sonication not only catalyzed the redox reaction but also promoted the diffusion of the precursors, causing the formation of coherent nanocomposites with Mn3O4 nanoparticles grown and uniformly distributed inside the mesopores of the AC. In addition, the extreme local condition in the sonochemical synthesis yielded an excessive amount of divalent manganese ions and oxygen vacancies. This novel microstructure endowed the sample with a superior performance, including a specific capacitance of 150 F/g compared with the value of 93 F/g for AC at a charge/discharge rate of 100 mA/g. A Li-ion capacitor delivered an energy density of 68 Wh/kg, compared with 41 Wh/kg for the AC capacitor at a power density of 210 W/kg.

Exploration and progress of high-energy supercapacitors and related electrode materials

As one of new electrical energy storage systems, supercapacitors possess higher energy density than conventional capacitors and larger power density than batteries, integrating substantial merits with high energy, large power delivery, long cycle life, obvious safety, and low cost. However, the unsatisfying energy density is the inhabiting issue for the wide commercial applications. As the energy density(E, W h kg?1) is directly proportional to specific capacitance(C, F g?1) and the square of operating voltage(V, V), in this review, we summarize the recent progress in two sections: the exploration of high-performance electrode materials to achieve high specific capacitance and the construction of high-voltage supercapacitor systems for high working voltage. The progressive explorations and developments in supercapacitors could guide the future research towards high-performance, low-cost, and safe energy storage devices.

Sodium ion storage performance and mechanism in orthorhombic V_(2)O_(5) single-crystalline nanowires

A fundamental understanding of the electrochemical reaction process and mechanism of electrodes is very crucial for developing high-performance electrode materials.In this study,we report the sodium ion storage behavior and mechanism of orthorhombic V_(2)O_(5) single-crystalline nanowires in the voltage window of 1.0–4.0 V(vs.Na/Na+).The single-crystalline nanowires exhibit a large irreversible capacity loss during the first discharge/charge cycle,and then show excellent cycling stability in the following cycles.At a current density of 100 mA g^(−1),the nanowires electrode delivers initial discharge/charge capacity of 217/88 mA h g^(−1),corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of only 40.5%;after 100 cycles,the electrode remains a reversible discharge capacity of 78 mA h g^(−1) with a fading rate of only 0.09%per cycle compared with the 2nd cycle discharge capacity.The sodium ion storage mechanism was investigated,illustrating that the large irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle can be attributed to the initially formed single-crystalline α′-Nax V_(2)O_(5)(0.02<x<0.88),in which sodium ions cannot be electrochemically extracted and the α′-Na0.88 V_(2)O_(5) can reversibly host and release sodium ions via a single-phase(solid solution)reaction,leading to excellent cycling stability.The Na^(+) diffusion coefficient in α′-Nax V_(2)O_(5) ranges from 10^(−12) to 10^(−11.5) cm^(2) s^(−1) as evaluated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT).