发展模型认知素养渗透电性效应思想--以高三一轮复习课“广义水解”教学为例

以高三一轮复习课“广义水解”教学为例,引导学生建构认知模型,并运用模型解决实际问题;同时,把“电性效应”思想渗透到化学反应的教学中去,让学生更有效地理解化学反应的本质。通过模型建构和学科思想的渗透,提高了教学质量和效率,避免了学生机械记忆,提升了学生的化学学科素养。

解读“广义水解”增强学生“电性效应”的运用能力

通过对有“H2O”参加的化学反应（广义水解）现象的研究和解读，找出其共性特征，挖掘出化学反应最基本却最容易被忽视的原理_“电性效应”。引导高中生将“电性效应”思想广泛运用到有关化学反应的学习和应用中去，旨在提高学生学习化学的效率和化学学科素养。

取代基电性效应对碳硅还原消除区域选择性调控的理论研究

有机反应区域选择性的调控是有机化学的重要研究内容之一,而电性效应则是其重要调控因素.运用密度泛函理论计算,以钯催化2-碘联苯化合物与硅杂环丁烷的环化反应为模板,研究了取代基电性效应在还原消除过程中对区域选择性的影响,并给出了该反应的详细反应机理.计算结果表明,该反应经历了Pd—I键氧化加成、协同金属去质子、Pd—Si键氧化加成、还原消除过程得到硅杂八元环产物,且C—Si键还原消除是反应的速率决定步骤.对Pd(IV)还原消除过渡态中电子效应的研究证明,当使用不对称2-碘联苯作为反应底物时,芳环电子密度是区域选择性的主要控制因素,电子密度更高的基团更容易发生还原消除,与该基元反应电子流向一致.

Modeling and characterization on electroplastic effect during dynamic deformation of 5182-O aluminum alloy

The coupling effects of electrical pulse,temperature,strain rate,and strain on the flow behavior and plasticity of 5182-O aluminum alloy were investigated and characterized.The isothermal tensile test and electrically-assisted isothermal tensile test were performed at the same temperature,and three typical models were further embedded in ABAQUS/Explicit for numerical simulation to illustrate the electroplastic effect.The results show that electric pulse reduces the deformation resistance but enhances the elongation greatly.The calibration accuracy of the proposed modified Lim−Huh model for highly nonlinear and coupled dynamic hardening behavior is not much improved compared to the modified Kocks−Mecking model.Moreover,the artificial neural network model is very suitable to describe the macromechenical response of materials under the coupling effect of different variables.

An improved ASM-HEMT model for kink effect on GaN devices

With the analysis of experiment and theory on GaN HEMT devices under DC sweep,an improved model for kink effect based on advanced SPICE model for high electron mobility transistors(ASM-HEMT)is pro⁃posed,considering the relationship between the drain/gate-source voltage and kink effect.The improved model can not only accurately describe the trend of the drain-source current with the current collapse and kink effect,but also precisely fit different values of drain-source voltages at which the kink effect occurs under different gatesource voltages.Furthermore,it well characterizes the DC characteristics of GaN devices in the full operating range,with the fitting error less than 3%.To further verify the accuracy and convergence of the improved model,a load-pull system is built in ADS.The simulated result shows that although both the original ASM-HEMT and the improved model predict the output power for the maximum power matching of GaN devices well,the im⁃proved model predicts the power-added efficiency for the maximum efficiency matching more accurately,with 4%improved.

Enhancing selectivity in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis:Cation effects and catalyst innovation

The electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)(eCO_(2)R)under ambient conditions is crucial for reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.Despite progress with alkaline and neutral electrolytes,their efficiency is limited by(bi)carbonates formation.Acidic media have emerged as a solution,addressing the(bi)carbonates challenge but introducing the issue of the hydrogen evolu-tion reaction(HER),which reduces CO_(2) conversion efficiency in acidic environments.This review focuses on enhancing the selectivity of acidic CO_(2) electrolysis.It commences with an overview of the latest advancements in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis,focusing on product selectivity and electrocatalytic activity enhancements.It then delves into the critical factors shaping selectivity in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis,with a special emphasis on the influence of cations and catalyst design.Finally,the research challenges and personal perspectives of acidic CO_(2) electrolysis are suggested.

Recent advances in producing hollow carbon spheres for use in sodium−sulfur and potassium−sulfur batteries

Sodium-sulfur(Na-S)and potassium-sulfur(K-S)batteries for use at room temperature have received widespread attention because of the abundance and low cost of their raw materials and their high energy density.However,their development is restricted by the shuttling of polysulfides,large volume expansion and poor conductivity.To overcome these obstacles,an effective approach is to use carbon-based materials with abundant space for the sulfur that has sulfiphilic sites to immobilize it,and a high electrical conductivity.Hollow carbon spheres(HCSs)with a controllable structure and composition are promising for this purpose.We consider recent progress in optimizing the electrochemical performance of Na-/K-S batteries by using these materials.First,the advantages of HCSs,their synthesis methods,and strategies for preparing HCSs/sulfur composite materials are reviewed.Second,the use of HCSs in Na-/K-S batteries,along with mechanisms underlying the resulting performance improvement,are discussed.Finally,prospects for the further development of HCSs for metal−S batteries are presented.

地电场监测在预防祁东煤矿7130工作面顶板突水中的应用

水源为"四含"的顶板水是祁东煤矿7130工作面安全生产的最大危险源。煤矿开采会形成顶板岩层破裂带,其电性会发生显著的变化,通过监测电阻、激励电流和自然电位的的变化,发现其与顶板出水水量和老塘水涌水量之间存在一定的对应关系。通过祁东煤矿地电场监测试验表明,顶板水害是可以超前预测的,其中自然电位的超前预警量最高达25天,最低为5天,激励电流的超前预警量最高达26天,最低为2天。这种预测方法对其他受顶板水害威胁的煤矿预防顶板水害具有借鉴作用。

Electroplastic effect in AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet through uniaxial tensile tests

The electroplastic effect in AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was investigated through uniaxial tensile tests. In order to show the athermal effect of the electrical pulses, two types of uniaxial tensile tests at the same testing temperature were carried out： uniaxial tension in environmental cabinet and uniaxial tension with electrical pulses. In addition, the distribution of temperature field in the cross-section area during uniaxial tension with electrical pulses was simulated. The results show that the distribution of temperature field along the cross-section area is homogeneous. By comparing the true stress？true strain curves of AZ31B alloy under uniaxial tensile tests, the athermal effect with electrical pulses was confirmed. The microstructure evolution after the uniaxial tension was studied by optical microscopy. The results indicate that the electrical pulses induced dynamic recrystallization plays an important role in the decrease of flow stress. Finally, a flow stress model of AZ31B sheet taking the influence of electroplastic effect into account was proposed and validated. The results demonstrate that the calculated data fit the experimental data well.

Cyclic oxidation of Y_2O_3-modified ultrafine-grained Ni_3Al alloy coating at 900°C

Ni3Al coatings with and without Y2O3 particles were developed by annealing the electrodeposited Ni-Al composite coatings with and without Y2O3 particles at 800 °C for 3 h. The microstructures and cyclic oxidation performances of the produced Ni3Al coatings were comparatively investigated, with the emphasis on the effect of Y2O3. SEM/EDAX and TEM characterizations showed that the dispersion of Y2O3 refines the grains. Oxidation at 900 °C for 100 h showed that the addition of Y2O3 significantly improved the cyclic oxidation resistance of Ni3Al coating. The effect of Y2O3 on the microstructure and the oxidation of the Ni3Al coating were discussed in detail.

Preparation and oxidation behaviour of electrodeposited Ni-CeO_2 nanocomposite coatings

Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings with different CeO2 contents were prepared by codeposition of Ni and CeO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 7 nm onto pure Ni surfaces from a nickel sulfate. The CeO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in the electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni grains （with a size range of 10-30 nm）. The isothermal oxidation behaviours of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings with two different CeO2 particles contents and the electrodeposited pure Ni coating were comparatively investigated in order to elucidate the effect of CeO2 at different temperatures and also CeO2 contents on the oxidation behaviour of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings. The results show that the as-codeposited Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings have a superior oxidation resistance compared with the electrodeposited pure Ni coating at 800 °C due to the codeposited CeO2 nanoparticles blocking the outward diffusion of nickel along the grain boundaries. However, the effects of CeO2 particles on the oxidation resistance significantly decrease at 1050 °C and 1150 °C due to the outward-volume diffusion of nickel controlling the oxidation growth mechanism, and the content of CeO2 has little influence on the oxidation.

铁电半花菁染料Langmuir-Blodgett膜

通过静态电荷积分法测量出６６层半花菁Ｚ型ＬＢ膜在室温下的热释电系数为１２μＣｍ-２Ｋ－１,其品质因数ＦＤ＝３５μＣｍ－２Ｋ－１．再由其所观测到的电滞回线现象可证实它还具有铁电性,进而表明其热释电效应较强．

Gate breakdown of high-voltage P-LDMOS and improved methods

The failure experiments of the P-LDMOS （lateral double diffused metal oxide semiconductor） demonstrate that the high peak electrical fields in the channel region of high-voltage P-LDMOS will reinforce the hot-carrier effect, which can greatly reduce the reliability of the P-LDMOS. The electrical field distribution and two field peaks along the channel surface are proposed by Tsuprem-4 and Medici. The reason of resulting in the two electrical field peaks is also discussed. Two ways of reducing the two field peaks, which are to increase the channel length and to reduce the channel concentration, are also presented. The experimental results show that the methods presented can effectively improve the gate breakdown voltage and greatly improve the reliability of the P-LDMOS.

Electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of Ti_(0.10)Zr_(0.15)V_(0.35)Cr_(0.10)Ni_(0.30)-10% LaNi_3 composite and its synergetic effect

Hydrogen storage composite alloy Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30–10% LaNi3 was prepared by two-step arc-melting to improve the electro-catalytic activity and the kinetic performance of Ti-V-based solid solution alloy. The electrochemical properties and synergetic effect of the composite alloy electrode were systematically investigated by using X-ray diffractometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. It is found that the main phase of the composite alloy is composed of V-based solid solution phase with a BCC structure and C14 Laves phase with hexagonal structure, while the secondary phase is formed in the composite alloy. The comprehensive electrochemical properties of the composite alloy electrode are significantly improved. The activation cycle number, the maximum discharge capacity and the low temperature dischargeability of the composite alloy are 5 cycles, 362.5 mA-h/g and 65.84% at 233 K, respectively. It is suggested that distinct synergetic effect occurs in the activation process, composite process, cyclic process and discharge process at a low or high temperature under different current densities, in the charge–transfer resistance and exchange current density.

Study on regulatory effect of acupuncture on rotation induced gastric dysrhythmia in rabbits *

AIM A model of experimental gastric dysrhythmia in rabbits was set up to evaluate the effect of different acupoints on regulating the gastric dysrhythmia in rabbits as to promoting the acupuncture treatment for this kind of disease.

Transient Characteristics of a Nonlinear GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch

The transient resistance,voltage,and power of a nonlinear GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch （PCSS） are presented by the finite difference formula to deal with the experiment data, based on the conversation of energy in the switch circuit. This method resolves the problem of directly measuring the transient characteristics of PCSS in nonlinear mode. The curve of transient voltage shows that the average electric field of PCSS in the lock-on period is always higher than the Gunn threshold,and increases monotonically. By comparing the transient power curves of the PCSS and the electrical source,it is demonstrated directly that the power shortage leads to the PCSS from the lock-on state into the selfturnoff state,so a controllable turnoff of the PCSS in lock-on by changing the distribution of the circuit power is predicted.

A trial study of vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential

Vibrator excitation generates not only reflections and refractions of wave fields on the subsurface interfaces but also electromagnetic waves with different frequencies. In this paper, we address the vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential field. The effects of controllable vibration on the spontaneous potential field were studied under real field geologic conditions. Experimental data confirmed that the vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential field do exist under field conditions. Monitoring records over a long time interval showed that there exist three information zones in the vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential field. These are the signal-varying zone, the extremestable zone, and the relaxation-recovery zone. Combined with different well-site data, it was concluded that the time-varying features of the anomalies in the information zones was closely related to the properties of the subsurface liquid （oil and water）.

Recent progress in electronic modulation of electrocatalysts for high-efficient polysulfide conversion of Li-S batteries

With the merits of high energy density,environmental friendliness,and cost effectiveness,lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are considered as one of the most promising next-generation electrochemical storage systems.However,the notorious polysulfide shuttle effect,which results in low active material utilization and serious capacity fading,severely impedes the practical application of Li-S batteries.Utilizing various electrocatalysts to improve the polysulfide redox kinetics has recently emerged as a promising strategy to address the shuttle effect.Specially,the electronic structure of the electrocatalysts plays a decisive role in determining the catalytic activity to facilitate the polysulfide conversion.Therefore,reasonably modulating the electronic structure of electrocatalysts is of paramount significance for improving the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.Herein,a comprehensive overview of the fascinating strategies to tailor the electronic structure of electrocatalysts for Li-S batteries is presented,including but not limited to vacancy engineering,heteroatom doping,single atom doping,band regulation,alloying,and heterostructure engineering.The future perspectives and challenges are also proposed for designing high-efficient electrocatalysts to construct high-energy-density and long-lifetime Li-S batteries.

Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics with high electrocaloric effect for flexible solid-state cooling devices

Nanocomposite dielectrics show great promising application in developing next generation wearable all-solidstate cooling devices owing to the possessed advantages of high cooling efficiency, light-weight and small volume without the induced greenhouse effect or serious harm to ozone layer in the exploited refrigerants. However, low electrocaloric strength in nanocomposite dielectric is severely restricting its wide-spread application because of high applied operating voltage to improve electrocaloric effect. After addressing the chosen optimized ferroelectric ceramic and ferroelectric polymer matrix in conjunction with the analysis of crucial parameters, recent progress of electrocaloric effect(ECE) in polymer nanocomposites has been considerably reviewed. Subsequently, prior to proposing the conceptual design and devices/systems in electrocaloric nanocomposites, the existing developed devices/systems are reviewed. Finally, conclusions and prospects are conducted, including the aspects of materials chosen, structural design and key issues to be considered in improving electrocaloric effect of polymer nanocomposite dielectrics for flexible solidstate cooling devices.

Piezopotential augmented photo-and photoelectro-catalysis with a built-in electric field

Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)for either the degradation of contaminants in the environment or the generation of hydrogen as clean fuel is an effective approach to alleviate these problems.However,the efficiency of such processes remains suboptimal for real applications.Reasonable construction of a built-in electric field is considered to efficiently enhance carrier separation and reduce carrier recombination to improve catalytic performance.In the past decade,as a new method to enhance the built-in electric field,the piezoelectric effect from piezoelectric materials has been extensively studied.In this review,we provide an overview of the properties of piezoelectric materials and the mechanisms of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity for a built-in electric field.Then,piezoelectric and ferroelectric polarization regulated built-in electric fields that mediate catalysis are discussed.Furthermore,the applications of piezoelectric semiconductor materials are also highlighted,including degradation of pollutants,bacteria disinfection,water splitting for H2 generation,and organic synthesis.We conclude by discussing the challenges in the field and the exciting opportunities to further improve piezo-catalytic efficiency.