A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor （CMOS） voltage-to-current（VTC）converter with high linearity for current-mode analog and digital integrated circuits is described. A high gain operational amplif...A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor （CMOS） voltage-to-current（VTC）converter with high linearity for current-mode analog and digital integrated circuits is described. A high gain operational amplifier （OPA） is utilized to form negative feedback. A proportional to absolute temperature （PTAT） current reference with transistors operated in a weak inversion is used as the bias circuit. The resistor and the OPA nonlinearity behavior are analyzed in detail. By optimizing parameters in OPA and adopting a small voltage coefficient polysilicon resistor as a linear device, a high linearity is achieved. The circuit is implemented in a standard 0. 6 μm CMOS technology. The low frequency gain of the OPA exceeds 90 dB. The test results indicate that the total harmonic distortion （THD）is 0. 000 2%. The common-mode input linearity range is 0 to 2. 6 V. Correspondingly, the output current range is 50 to 426μA. The sensitivity of the PTAT current reference to Vdd is approximately 0. 021 7. The chip consumes a power of less than 1.3 mW for a 5 V supply, and occupies an area of 0. 112 mm^2.展开更多
Ternary strategy has been considered as an efficient method to achieve high performance polymer solar cells(PSCs). A power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 17.22% is achieved in the optimized ternary PSCs with10 wt% MF1 ...Ternary strategy has been considered as an efficient method to achieve high performance polymer solar cells(PSCs). A power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 17.22% is achieved in the optimized ternary PSCs with10 wt% MF1 in acceptors. The over 8% PCE improvement by employing ternary strategy is attributed to the simultaneously increased JSCof 25.68 mA cm^-2, VOCof 0.853 V and FF of 78.61% compared with Y6 based binary PSCs. The good compatibility of MF1 and Y6 can be confirmed from Raman mapping, contact angle,cyclic voltammetry and morphology, which is the prerequisite to form alloy-like state. Electron mobility in ternary active layers strongly depends on MF1 content in acceptors due to the different lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) levels of Y6 and MF1, which can well explain the wave-like varied FF of ternary PSCs. The third-party certified PCE of 16.8% should be one of the highest values for single bulk heterojunction PSCs. This work provides sufficient references for selecting materials to achieve efficient ternary PSCs.展开更多
文摘A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor （CMOS） voltage-to-current（VTC）converter with high linearity for current-mode analog and digital integrated circuits is described. A high gain operational amplifier （OPA） is utilized to form negative feedback. A proportional to absolute temperature （PTAT） current reference with transistors operated in a weak inversion is used as the bias circuit. The resistor and the OPA nonlinearity behavior are analyzed in detail. By optimizing parameters in OPA and adopting a small voltage coefficient polysilicon resistor as a linear device, a high linearity is achieved. The circuit is implemented in a standard 0. 6 μm CMOS technology. The low frequency gain of the OPA exceeds 90 dB. The test results indicate that the total harmonic distortion （THD）is 0. 000 2%. The common-mode input linearity range is 0 to 2. 6 V. Correspondingly, the output current range is 50 to 426μA. The sensitivity of the PTAT current reference to Vdd is approximately 0. 021 7. The chip consumes a power of less than 1.3 mW for a 5 V supply, and occupies an area of 0. 112 mm^2.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61805009,61675017,61975006)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M641170)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4192049)The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(beamline BL16B1)for GWAIXS and GISAXS measurements.
文摘Ternary strategy has been considered as an efficient method to achieve high performance polymer solar cells(PSCs). A power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 17.22% is achieved in the optimized ternary PSCs with10 wt% MF1 in acceptors. The over 8% PCE improvement by employing ternary strategy is attributed to the simultaneously increased JSCof 25.68 mA cm^-2, VOCof 0.853 V and FF of 78.61% compared with Y6 based binary PSCs. The good compatibility of MF1 and Y6 can be confirmed from Raman mapping, contact angle,cyclic voltammetry and morphology, which is the prerequisite to form alloy-like state. Electron mobility in ternary active layers strongly depends on MF1 content in acceptors due to the different lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) levels of Y6 and MF1, which can well explain the wave-like varied FF of ternary PSCs. The third-party certified PCE of 16.8% should be one of the highest values for single bulk heterojunction PSCs. This work provides sufficient references for selecting materials to achieve efficient ternary PSCs.
