纯水制造系统的设计及改进

本文介绍了一种用于纯水制造的系统的设计和改进。该系统主要包括预处理单元、反渗透单元和纯化单元三个部分,以提高纯水的质量和生产效率。预处理单元采用了先进的多介质过滤技术和活性炭吸附技术,以去除水中的悬浮物、颜色、气味和有机物等杂质。反渗透单元采用了高效的反渗透膜,可以有效地去除水中的溶解物、微生物和其他杂质。纯化单元则采用了电离子交换技术和紫外线消毒技术,以进一步提高纯水的质量和安全性。

Electrodeposition of cobalt in double-membrane three-compartment electrolytic reactor

The process parameters were optimized for the electrodeposition of cobalt from cobalt chloride solution in the membrane electrolytic reactor. Effects of parameters such as catholyte composition, current density and temperature on the current efficiency, specific power consumption and quality of deposition were studied. The catholyte was a mixed solution of cobalt chloride, the initial middle electrolyte consisted of diluted hydrochloric acid, and the anolyte was sulfuric acid. An anion exchange membrane separated the catholyte from the middle electrolyte, and a cation exchange membrane separated the anolyte from the middle electrolyte. The results showed that a maximum current efficiency of 97.5% was attained under the optimum experimental condition of an catholyte composition of 80 g/L Co^2＋, 20 g/L H3BO3, 3 g/L NaF and pH of 4, at a cathode current density of 250 A/m2 and a temperature of 50 ℃ HCl could be produced in the middle compartment electrochemically up to 0.45 mol/L.

Electrochemical performance of multiphase nickel hydroxide

The high density nano-crystalline multiphase nickel hydroxide containing at least three doping elements was synthesized and its electrochemical characteristics were studied. The electrochemical behavior of the high density spherical multiphases α-Ni(OH)2 were also investigated. The results show that the structure of the material is a mixed phase of α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2, which has a the same stabilized structure as α-Ni(OH)2 during long-term charge/discharge process. High density spherical multiphases α-Ni(OH)2 have a much better redox reversibility, a much lower oxidation potential of Ni(Ⅱ) than the corresponding oxidation state in the case of β-Ni(OH)2, and a much higher reduction potential. They exchange one electron during electrochemical reaction and have a higher proton diffusion coefficient. The mechanism of the electrode reaction is proton diffusion, and the proton diffusion coefficient is 5.67×10?10 cm2/s. Moreover, they reveal a higher discharge capacity than β-Ni(OH)2/β-NiOOH because they exchange one electron per nickel atom during charge/discharge process.

Electrodeposition conditions of metallic nickel in electrolytic membrane reactor

The process parameters were optimized for the eleetrodeposition of nickel in an electrolytic membrane reactor. Nickel（Ⅱ） and boric acid concentrations, pH and temperature were varied to evaluate the changes in current efficiency and specific energy consumption of nickel electrodeposition. The catholyte was aqueous nickel（Ⅱ） sulfate and boric acid, and the anolyte was sulfuric acid solution. An anionic membrane separated the anolyte from the catholyte while maintained a conductive path between the two compartments. The results indicated that the cathode current efficiency increased with the increase of nickel concentration, pH and boric acid concentration, and decreased with the increase of current density and stirring rate. A maximum current efficiency of 97.15% was obtained under the optimized conditions of electrolyte composition of 40 g/L Ni and 40 g/L boric acid at temperature of 42 ℃ and pH of 6 with a cathode current density of 300 A/m2.

Exchange Reaction Between Selenite and Hydroxyl Ion of Variable Charge Soil Surfaces: I. Electrolyte Species and pH Effects

Hydroxyl release of red soil and latosol surfaces was quantitatively measuredusing a self-made constant pH automated titration instrument, to study the changes of hydroxylrelease with different added selenite amounts and pH levels, and to study the effects ofelectrolytes on hydroxyl release. Hydroxyl release increased with the selenite concentration, with arapid increase at a low selenite concentration while slowing down at a high concentration. The pHwhere maximum of hydroxyl release appeared was not constant, shifting to a lower valus withincreasing selenite concentration. Hydroxyl release decreased with increasing electrolyteconcentration, and the decrease was very rapid at a low electrolyte concentration but slow at a highelectrolyte concentration. For NaClO_4, NaCl and Na_2SO_4, hydroxyl release was in the order ofNaClO_4 > NaCl >> Na_2SO_4, and the difference was very significant. But for NaCl, KCl and CaCl_2,the order of hydroxyl release was NaCl > KCl > CaCl_2, and the difference was smaller. The amount ofhydroxyl release from Xuwen latosol was greater than that from Jinxian red soil. Hydroxyl releaseexisted in a wider range of pH with Xuwen latosol than with Jinxian red soil, due to theirdifference in soil properties. However, both soils had similar curves of hydroxyl release,indicating the common characteristics of variable charge soils.

Continuous Separation of Cesium Based on NiHCF/PTCF Electrode by Electrochemically Switched Ion Exchange

Nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) film was synthesized on porous three-dimensional carbon felt (PTCF) substrate by repetitious batch chemical depositions, and the NiHCF/PTCF electrode was used as electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) electrode in a packed bed for continuous separation for cesium ions. The morphologies of the prepared electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the effects of solution concentration on the ion-exchange capacity of the electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique. Cycling stability and long-term storage stability of NiHCF/PTCF electrodes were also studied. The NiHCF/PTCF electrodes with excellent ion-exchange ability were used to assemble a diaphragm-isolated ESIX reactor for cesium separation. Continuous separation of cesium and regeneration of NiHCF/PTCF electrode based on the diaphragm-isolated reactor were performed in a laboratory-scale two-electrode system.

Structure and Properties of Hydrotalcite Using Electrostatic Potential Energy Model

The electrostatic potential energy model of hydrotalcites was based on the theory of crystallography. The anionic potential energy of MgAl-hydrotalcites, with 20 layers and 2107 anions per layer, was calculated, and the anionic stability of the hydrotalcites was investigated. The charge density of the layer and the distance between the adjacent anions varied with the molar ratio of Al^3＋/（Mg^2＋ ＋ Al^3＋）. Anionic potential energy depended on the charge and size of the anions. Calculation results remained consistent with thermal stability and the ion exchange ability reported. This model is able to predict anionic stability of the hydrotalcites.

Research on Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Ion Exchange of Molecular Sieves

In view of the problems associated with large amount of discharged wastewater and serious pollution in the existing technology for removing sodium species from molecular sieves,this research work introduces the bipolar membrane electrodialysis into the process of removing sodium species from molecular sieves,and proposes a novel method of cleanly removing sodium from molecular sieves.The results show that the technology for removing sodium ions from the molecular sieves with an indirect electrodialysis process is feasible,and can recover Na OH solution.The bipolar membrane electrodialysis is especially suitable for treating the USY,ZSM-5 and Beta molecular sieves with high acid-resistance,and the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of the prepared molecular sieves are roughly equivalent to those of the ammonium ion-exchange method.In comparison with the ammonium ion-exchange method,the process is clean and environmentally friendly,which consumes less water,and does not discharge wastewater to exhibit a rosy prospect of industrial application.

A new configuration of membrane stack for retrieval of nickel absorbed in resins

A new configuration integrated ion exchange effect with both electro-migration and electrochemical reaction in a single cell was developed to effectively retrieve metal ions from simulated wastewater using ion exchange resins without additive chemicals. By simply assembling cation exchange resins and anion exchange resins separated by homogeneous membranes, we found that the system will always be acidic in the concentrate compartment so that ion exchange resins could be in-situ regenerated without hydroxide precipitation. Such a realizable design will be really suitable for wastewater purification.

Diagnostic model of saliva protein finger print analysis of patients with gastric cancer

AIM:To explore the method for early diagnosis of gastric cancer by screening the expression spectrum of saliva protein in gastric cancer patients using mass spectrometry for proteomics.METHODS:Proportional peptide mass fingerprints were obtained by analysis based on proteomics matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/mass spectrometry.A diagnosis model was established using weak cation exchange magnetic beads to test saliva specimens from gastric cancer patients and healthy subjects.RESULTS:Significant differences were observed in the mass to charge ratio(m/z) peaks of four proteins(1472.78 Da,2936.49 Da,6556.81 Da and 7081.17 Da) between gastric cancer patients and healthy subjects.CONCLUSION:The finger print mass spectrum of saliva protein in patients with gastric cancer can be established using gastric cancer proteomics.A diagnostic model for distinguishing protein expression mass spectra of gastric cancer from non-gastric-cancer saliva can be established according to the different expression of proteins 1472.78 Da,2936.49 Da,6556.81 Da and 7081.17 Da.The method for early diagnosis of gastric cancer is of certain value for screening special biological markers.

ELECTRIC REGENERATION METHOD OF IONEXCHANGE RESIN IN THE MIXED BED

In this paper the self-regeneration process of the mixed resins consisting of cationand anion ion exchangers in the electrolialyser of the packed bed is analyzed and anelectric regeneration method is put forward to supply the desalinated water by mixedbed The electric regeneration technology is a new one used for regeneration of theexhausted ion exchangers in the mixed bed instead of the traditional regeneratingprocess by using acid and abc liquor Electric energy is consumed to regenerat theion exchangers loaded by salts from water treatment without any chemicals- acid alkali. The advantage of the electric regeneration process edibited convenientoperation, no discharge any waste, and therefore no Polluted to the recehang waterbode and the environmental ground

Deep removal of copper from cobalt sulfate electrolyte by ion-exchange

SP-C was applied for the removal of Cu^2＋ from simulated cobalt sulfate electrolyte containing Co2＋ 50 g/L and Cu2＋ 0.5-2.0 g/L. Experimental conditions included pH of 2-4, temperature of 20-60℃ and contact time of 10-40 min. The investigation demonstrated that SP-C had recommendable efficiency in adsorbing Cu2＋ from the electrolyte with 25- to 100-fold of Co2＋ The optimal adsorption conditions of SP-C were pH of 4, contact time of 30 min and ambient temperature. The study also showed that the loaded resin could be effectively eluted with 2.0 mol/L H2SO4 solution at a contact time of 40 min; the peak concentration of Cu2＋ in the eluate was about 35 g/L. The sorption characteristics of Cu2＋ by SP-C could be described by Langrnuir isotherm and the pseudo second-order kinetic equation. Infrared spectra showed that nitrogen atoms in the functional group coordinated with Cu2＋ to form coordination bands.

Isolation of Lysozyme from Chicken Egg White Using Polyacrylamide-based Cation-exchange Cryogel

An effective cation-exchange chromatographic method for lysozyme isolation from chicken egg white is presented, using supermacroporous cryogel grafted with sulfo functional groups. The chromatographic processes were carried out by one-step and sequential elution, respectively. Sodium phosphate buffer （pH 7.8） containing different concentrations of NaC1 is used as elution agent. The corresponding breakthrough characteristics and elution behaviors in the cryogel bed were investigated and analyzed. Purity of lysozyme in the elution effluent was assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）. The maximum purity of the obtained lysozyme was about 96%, and the cryogel is demonstrated as a potential separation medium for purification of high-purit lysozyme from chicken egg white.

STUDY ON CONTINUOUS ELECTROREGENERATION OF ION EXCHANGE RESIN

In this Paper, the continuous electroregeneration of ion exchange resin is investegated. The mixed resin is inserted between a canon exchange membrane and an auto n exchange membrane. The effuent water of fresh water room meets the demand for power plant on water treatment. The B_2 that is the cumulative formation constant of the metal complexes of resin is very differente with or without electric fied. It indicates that the dissociation degree of metal complexes of resin is greater hath electric field than that without electric field.

Ion-Conductive-Polymer-Film Actuators with Pt Electrodes Selectively Grown using Non-Electrolyzed Plating

Organic soft actuators are of special interest in many fields including intravascular neurosurgery. Ion conductive polymer film （ICPF） actuators have been one of the strong candidates. The ICPF investigated here was a cation-exchange membrane （Nation 117, Du Pont）. When a voltage is given between the metal eIectrodes of an ICPF actuator, the ICPF actuator bends in the water due to the motion of Li＋ cations with associated water. In order to increase the freedom of the deformation of the ICPF actuator, structures of independent electrode pairs were proposed. The electrodes were selectively deposited by non-electrokvzed plating including the Pt [（NH3）6]^4＋ deposition process in a [Pt（NH3）6]Cl4 solution and the reduction process in a NaBH4 solution. Here, an elastomer adhesive tape with a fine electrode patterns was used performances were reported in detail. as a mask. The actuators processing conditions and their actuator

Transport hindrances with electrodialytic recovery of citric acid from solution of strong electrolytes

Electrodialytic （ED） recovery of citric acid （CA） in the presence/absence of strong electrolytes （NaCl, CaCl2 and Feel3） was separately analyzed under different process conditions. Recovery effectiveness was quantitatively estimated from current efficiency values. Efficiency attained optimum value with both flow rate and potential applied, while a monotonic rise was noted with temperature which got lowered beyond 0.1 tool. L 1 feed concentration. 40% drop in efficiency was recorded in the presence of strong electrolytes （Noel, CaCl2 and Feel3） in feed relative to their presence in concentrate. Severe transport hindrance and efficiency loss were attributed to adsorption and allied physicochemical changes occurred with anion/cation exchange membranes （AEM/CEM） and these were confirmed through contact angle/Chronopotentiometry/AFM/EDX. Sluggish potential rise （Galvanostatic mode） in Chronopotentiometric analysis indicated diffusion limiting transport of organic acids influenced AEM resistance. XRD and EDX analysis indicated the presence of salt hydrates/ions （Ca2＋/Fe3＋） over CEM justifying the resistance buildup due to adsorption of multivalent metal ion（s） and salts.

Purification and Identification of a Clotting Protein from the Hemolymph of Chinese Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

The clotting protein(CP) plays important and diverse roles in crustaceans,such as coagulation and lipid transportation.A clotting protein was purified from the hemolymph of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis(named as Fc-CP) with Q sepharose HP anion-exchange chromatography and phenyl sepharose HP hydrophobic interaction chromatography.Fc-CP was able to form stable clots in vitro in the presence of hemocyte lysate and Ca2+,suggesting that the clotting reaction is catalyzed by a Ca2+-dependent transglutaminase in shrimp hemocytes.The molecular mass of Fc-CP was 380 kDa under non-reducing conditions and 190 kDa under reducing conditions as was determined with SDS-PAGE.CP exists as disulfide-linked homodimers and oligomers.The N-terminal amino acid sequence of Fc-CP was identical to that of shrimps including Penaeus monodon,Farfantepenaeus paulensis and Litopenaeus vannamei;and similar to that of other decapods.The purified Fc-CP was digested with trypsin and verified on an ABI 4700 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight(MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry.Our results will aid to better understanding the coagulation mechanism of shrimp hemolymph.

Preparation of High Purity Neodymium Oxide from Brazilian Monazite by Ion Exchange

A simple and economical chemical process for obtaining high purity neodymium oxide is discussed. The raw material in the form of RE （rare earth） carbonates is produced industrially in Brazil from monazite. Using this concentrate as the feed material, ion exchange with a strong cationic resin, commonly used for water treatment, and without the use of retention ions was used for the fractionating of the REE （rare earth elements）. The eluent was ammonium salt of EDTA （ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid） at pH 4.0. The complex of EDTA-neodymium was transformed into neodymium oxides via oxalate precipitation. We produced 99.9% pure Nd203 in yields greater than or equal to 80%. Molecular absorption spectrophotometry was used to monitor the neodymium content during the process and sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to certify the purity of the neodymium oxides. The typical neodymium oxides obtained contained the followings contaminants in micrograms per gram： Sc （4.09）; Y （0.39）; La （0.78）; Ce （5.62）; Pr （4.56）; Sm （11.10）; Eu （1.10）; Gd （14.30）; Tb （29.3）; Dy （4.15）; Ho （8.39）; Er （13.80）; Tm （0.23）; Yb （2.29）; Lu （0.39）. High purity neodymium oxides obtained from this procedure replaced the imported product used in research and development work on rare earth at IPEN/CNEN-SP （Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares/Comissfio Nacional de Eneergia Nuclear-Sao Paulo）.

Factors Affecting Phytoextraction： A Review

Hyperaccumulators concentrate trace metals and heavy metals in their shoots when grown in metal-contaminated soils and these trace metal-loaded plants may be removed by harvesting the fields. Studies exploring the beneficial role of these hyperaccumulators to clean up the environment have led to the development of phytoextraction. The success of phytoextraction depends upon the high biomass of plant species and bioavailability of metals for plant uptake. The phytoavailability of metals is influenced by soil- associated factors, such as pH, redox potential, cation exchange capacity, soil type, and soil texture, and by plant-associated factors, such as root exudates and root rhizosphere processes （microorganisms）. Efficiency of phytoextraction can be improved by advanced agronomic practices including soil and crop management by application of genetic engineering to enhance the metal tolerance, shoot translocation, accumulation, and sequestration and by application of chelate treatments to enhance metal bioavailability. Application of microorganisms including bacteria and mycorrhiza may facilitate the phytoextraction application at commercially large scale.

Densely quaternized anion exchange membranes synthesized from Ullmann coupling extension of ionic segments for vanadium redox flow batteries

Membranes with high ion conductivity and selectivity are important for vanadium redox flow batteries.Herein, densely quaternized anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium functionalized octa-benzylmethyl-containing poly(fluorenyl ether ketone)s(QA-OMPFEKs) were prepared from the(i) condensation polymerization of a newly developed octa-benzylmethyl-containing bisphenol monomer via Ullmann coupling,(ii) bromination at the benzylmethyl sites using N-bromosuccinimide, and(iii)quaternization of the bromomethyl groups using trimethylamine. The QA-OMPFEK-20 with an ion exchange capacity(IEC) of 1.66 mmolg^-1 exhibited a higher SO42-conductivity(9.62mScm^-1) than that of the QA-TMPFEK-40(4.82mScm^-1) at room temperature, which had a slightly higher IEC of 1.73 mmolg-1but much lower QA density.The enhanced SO42-conductivity of QA-OMPFEK-20 was attributed to the ion-segregated structure arising from the densely anchored QA groups, which was validated by SAXS observation. Furthermore, the QA-OMPFEK-20 showed much lower VO2+permeability(1.24×10^-14m^2s^-1) than QA-TMPFEK-40(5.40×10^-13m^2s^-1) and Nafion N212(5.36×10^-12m^2s^-1), leading to improved Coulombic and energy efficiencies in Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs). Therefore, the Ullmann coupling extension is a valuable approach for the development of high performance anion exchange membranes for VRFBs.