电素:对量子原子模型的新解释

量子原子模型是基于量子力学理论的原子模型。对它的不同解释产生了不同的原子图像。由德国学者赫尔曼教授提出的解释量子原子模型的新概念——电素，有利于我们改进原子结构的课程和教学。

Efficient electrocatalytic urea synthesis from CO_(2)and nitrate over the scale-up produced FeNi alloy-decorated nanoporous carbon

Electrocatalytic urea synthesis provides a favorable strategy for conventional energy-consuming urea synthesis,but achieving large-scale catalyst synthesis with high catalytic efficiency remains challenging.Herein,we developed a simple method for the preparation of a series of FeNi-alloy-based catalysts,named FeNi@nC-T(n represents the content of nanoporous carbon as 1,3,5,7 or 9 g and T=900,950,1000 or 1100°C),for highly performed urea synthesis via NO_(3)−and CO_(2)co-reduction.The FeNi@7C-1000 achieved a high urea yield of 1041.33 mmol h^(−1)gFeNi^(−1)with a Faradaic efficiency of 15.56%at–1.2 V vs.RHE.Moreover,the scale-up synthesized FeNi@7C-950-S(over 140 g per batch)was achieved with its high catalytic performance and high stability maintained.Mechanism investigation illuminated that the Ni and Fe sites catalyze and stabilize the key*CO and*N intermediates and minimize the C–N coupling reaction barriers for highly efficient urea synthesis.

A New AC Driving Method for a Current-Programmed AM-OLED Pixel Circuit

A new,improved pixel-driving circuit is presented based on a current-programmed pixel circuit in order to achieve an AC-driving mode. This driving method realizes an AC-driving mode,removes the threshold voltage variation of the driving TFT due to the process variation or long-term operation,which can bring about brightness non-uniformity, and eliminates high peak pulse currents at the beginning and end of recovery time. Simulation is done with AIM-SPICE,and simulation results demonstrate that the OLED is in the reverse-biased state during recovery time.

Changes of Water Temperature and Harmful Algal Bloom in the Daya Bay in the Northern South China Sea

Economic development around the Daya Bay, China has profoundly affected the marine environment in the bay area in recent years, particularly since the operation of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station （DNPS） in 1994. This study analyzed the changes of water temperature and harmful algal blooms （HABs） for two periods： 1983-1993 and 1994-2004, using in situ and satellite data. Results showed that yearly mean surface water temperature （SWT） and Chl-a concentration （Chl-a） increased by 1.1 ℃ and 1.9 mg/m^3, respectively, after 1994. The monthly occurrence of HAB was found to have increased also. HABs appeared only in spring and autumn before 1994, but occurred all the year round after 1994. SWT, Chl-a and HABs all increased significantly in May. Those changes were associated with environmental changes in this area, such as thermal discharge from the DNPS and enhancement of eutrophication from human activities around the Daya Bay.

A Novel Lateral Solenoidal On-Chip Integrated Inductor Implemented in Conventional Si Process

A new structure of the on- chip integrated inductors im plem ented in conventional Si process is presented as a lateral solenoid.The fabrication process utilizes a conventional Si technology with standard double- layer m etal- lization.S param eters of the inductors based equivalent circuit are investigated and the inductor parameters are cal- culated from the m easured data.Experimental results are presented on an integrated inductors fabricated in a lateral solenoid type utilizing double m etal layers rather than a single metal layer as used in conventional planar spiral de- vices.Inductors with peak Q of 1.3and inductance value of 2 .2 n H are presented,which are com parable to conven- tional planar spiral inductors.

Novel Substrate pn Junction Isolation for RF Integrated Inductors on Silicon

A new method for reducing the substrate rated losses of integrated spiral inductors is presented.The method is to block the eddy currents induced by spiral inductors by directly forming pn junction isolation in the Si substrate. The substrate pn junction can be realized by using the standard silicon technologies without any additional processing steps.Integrated inductors on silicon are designed and fabricated. S parameters of the inductor based equivalent circuit are investigated and the inductor parameters are calculated.The impacts of the substrate pn junction isolation on the inductor quality factor are studied.The experimental results show that substrate pn junction isolation in certain depth has achieved a significant improvement.At 3GHz,the substrate pn junction isolation increases the inductor quality factor by 40%.

Electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg-Y-Ni alloys applied to Ni-MH battery

The as-cast Mg2Ni-type Mg20–xYxNi10 (x=0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) electrode alloys were prepared by vacuum induction melting. Subsequently, the as-cast alloys were mechanically milled in a planetary-type ball mill. The analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal that nanocrystalline and amorphous structure can be obtained by mechanical milling, and the amount of amorphous phase increases with milling time prolonging. The electrochemical measurements show that the discharge capacity of Y0 alloy increases with milling time prolonging, while that of the Y-substituted alloys has a maximum value in the same condition. The cycle stabilities of the alloys decrease with milling time prolonging. The effect of milling time on the electrochemical kinetics of the alloys is related to Y content. Whenx=0, the high rate discharge ability, diffusion coefficient of hydrogen atom, limiting current density and charge transfer rate all increase with milling time prolonging, but the results are exactly opposite whenx=3.

Effect of temperature on interface diffusion in micro solder joint under current stressing

The effects of temperature on Cu pad consumption and intermetallic compound（IMC） growth were investigated under current stressing. The Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu（SAC305）/Cu solder joints were used, with a certain current density of 0.76×104A/cm^2 at 100, 140, 160 and 180 °C. The constitutive equations of cathode Cu pad consumption and anode interface IMC growth are established, respectively, based on the loading time and sample temperature. The cathode Cu pad consumption（δ） increases linearly with the loading time and the consumption rate shows parabolic curve relationships with sample temperature. The anode interface IMC thickness（δ1） increased is linearly with the square root of loading time and the interface IMC growth coefficient shows parabolic curve relationship with sample temperature. The δ and δ1 have different variation laws under current stressing, due to the current facilitating larger amount of IMC formation in the bulk solder.

Optimization of dual electrolyte and characteristic of micro-arc oxidation coating fabricated on ZK60 Mg alloy

Micro-arc oxidation （MAO） process was carried out in a dual electrolyte system of NaAlO 2 and Na 3 PO 4 to develop compact, smooth and corrosion-resistant coatings on ZK60 Mg alloy by single factor experiments. The microstructural characteristics of coatings were investigated by X-ray diffractometry （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. Test of mass loss was conducted at a 3.5% NaCl solution to assess the resistance to corrosion. The effect of every element in the dual electrolyte system on voltage—time responses during MAO process and the coating characteristic were also analyzed and discussed systematically via single factor experiments. The results reveal that the main components of NaAlO 2 and Na 3 PO 4 as well as additives of NaOH, NaB4O7 and C6H5Na3O7 demonstrate different effects on MAO process and coating characteristics. By means of single factor experiments, an optimized dual electrolyte system was developed, containing 17.5 g/L NaAlO 2, 5.0 g/LNa3 PO4, 5.0 g/L NaOH, 3.0 g/L NaB4O7 and 4.2g/LC6H5Na3O7 .

Evolution of secondary phases and properties of 7B04 aluminum alloy during DC homogenization

The effects of the direct current （DC） on the evolutions of hardness and morphology of the secondary phases in 7B04 aluminum alloy homogenized at 380？465 ℃ for 2 h were investigated in detail by electric conductivity measurement, hardness test, X-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The results show that with increasing temperature from 380 to 465 ℃, the electric conductivity of normal homogenized sample decreases from 34.9%IACS to 28.7%IACS, the hardness increases from HV 96 to HV 146, and the area fraction of secondary phase reduces from 4.5% to 1.89%. While, DC homogenized sample has a higher hardness, a lower electric conductivity and a smaller area fraction of secondary phases at the same temperature. The DC enhances the homogenization process by promoting the diffusibility of the solute atoms and the mobility of vacancy.

Effects of substituting La with M(M=Sm, Nd, Pr) on electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of A_2B_7-type electrode alloys

The partial substitution of M （M=Sm, Nd, Pr） for La was performed in order to ameliorate the electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of RE–Mg–Ni-based A2B7-type electrode alloys. The La0.8–xMxMg0.2Ni3.35Al0.1Si0.05 （M=Sm, Nd, Pr;x=0-0.4） electrode alloys were fabricated by casting and annealing and their microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The major phases （La, Mg）2Ni7 with the hexagonal Ce2Ni7-type structure and LaNi5 with the hexagonal CaCu5-type structure make up the basic microstructure of the experimental alloys. The discharge capacities of the as-cast and annealed alloys all gain their maximum values with the M （M=Sm, Nd, Pr） content varying. The electrochemical cycle stability of the as-cast and annealed alloys clearly rises with the M （M=Sm, Nd, Pr） content growing. Furthermore, the electrochemical kinetics of the alloys, including the high rate discharge ability, charge transfer rate, limiting current density and hydrogen diffusion coefficient, all present a increase trend at first and then decrease with the rising of M （M=Sm, Nd, Pr） content.

Influence of Ga and In on microstructure and electrochemical properties of Mg anodes

The influence of Ga and In on the electrochemical properties of Mg anode materials were investigated by the polarization and galvanostatic curve tests. The microstructure and the corroded surface of the Mg-In-Ga alloys were observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The corrosion product of the Mg-0.8%In （mass fraction） and Mg-0.8%Ga-0.3%In alloy were determined by X-ray diffraction. The results show that no second phase exists in the Mg-xIn （x=0-0.8%） allloys. Intergranular compounds containing Ga and In elements occur in the Mg-0.8%In-xGa （x=0-0.8%） alloys. The addition of In into Mg as well as the addition of 0.05%-0.5%Ga into Mg-In alloy promotes the corrosion resistance. The addition of Ga into Mg-In alloys also promotes the electrochemical activity. The Mg-0.8%In-0.8%Ga alloy has the most negative mean potential,-1.682 V, which is more negative than -1.406 V in AZ91D. The corrosion type of the Mg-In-Ga alloys is general corrosion and the corrosion product is Mg（OH）2.

Effect of Quercetin on the Proliferation and Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential of CBRH-7919 Cells

[Objective] To investigate the effect of quercetin on the proliferation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential of CBRH-7919 cells. [Method] The CBRH-7919 cells of hepatocarcinoma were cultured in vitro. After treated with different concentrations of quercetin, the OD405 nm of CBRH-7919 cells was detected by using the acid phosphatase assy （APA）; morphologic changes of the cells were observed under inverted microscope; the mitochondrial transmembrane potential （△ψm） intensity changes of CBRH-7919 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after stained with Rhodamine 123. [Result] Quercetin inhibited the proliferation of CBRH-7919 cells significantly, and the growth inhibitory effect presented time- and dose-dependent relationship. Typical decrease of cell density was observed by optical microscopy on the quercetin-treated cells. With the effect of 10 μg/ml quercetin on CBRH-7919 cells for 12, 24 and 48 h, the percentage of Rhodamine 123 stained hypofluorescence cells increased, while the mitochondrial transmembrane potential（△ψm） intensity of CBRH-7919 cells decreased. [Conclusion] Quercetin could inhibit the proliferation of CBRH-7919 cells in vitro, causing the decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential.

Cyclic oxidation of Y_2O_3-modified ultrafine-grained Ni_3Al alloy coating at 900°C

Ni3Al coatings with and without Y2O3 particles were developed by annealing the electrodeposited Ni-Al composite coatings with and without Y2O3 particles at 800 °C for 3 h. The microstructures and cyclic oxidation performances of the produced Ni3Al coatings were comparatively investigated, with the emphasis on the effect of Y2O3. SEM/EDAX and TEM characterizations showed that the dispersion of Y2O3 refines the grains. Oxidation at 900 °C for 100 h showed that the addition of Y2O3 significantly improved the cyclic oxidation resistance of Ni3Al coating. The effect of Y2O3 on the microstructure and the oxidation of the Ni3Al coating were discussed in detail.

Synergistic effect of pinellia total alkaloids and uncaria total alkaloids on anticonvulsant action in mice and rats

Aim To investigate the synergistic effect of the combination of pinellia total alkaloid （PTA） and uncaria total alkaloid （UTA）, and explore the mechanism of anticonvulsant action. Methods Anticonvulsant and toxic effect profiles of combinations of PTA with UTA, alone and at three fixed ratios of 1：4, 1 ：1, 4：1, were evaluated in maximal electroshock （MES）-induced seizures and acute toxicity test in mice. Respective ED50 and LD50 were calculated with Bliss＇s method. Their synergistic effect were evaluated by isobolographic analysis and allowed the determination of benefit indices （BI） for respective combinations. The model of convulsive rats kindled by penicillin topically injected into cortex was used to investigated the content of Glu, Asp, Gly and GABA in hippocampus using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results Combinations of PTA and UTA at the ratio of 4：1 were synergistic in MES test and antagonistic in acute toxicity test, showing the best profile for combinations of PTA with UTA. In contrast, the ratios of 1 ：4 and 1 ： 1, despite synergistic in MES test, were additive in acute toxicity test. The 4：1 combination and two drugs alone significantly decreased Glu level and increased GABA level in the hippocampus, but the GABA level in the 4：1 combination group was higher than that in the two drugs alone groups. They did not have significant influence on the levels of ASp and Gly. Conclusion Combinations of PTA and UTA at 4：1 ratio demonstrated synergistic effect in anticonvulsant action and antagonistic effect in toxicity. The anticonvulsant mechanism might be related to decreasing the excitability of Glutamatergic neurons and increasing the inhibition of GABAergic neurons.

TR-ESR Investigation on Reaction of Vitamin C with Excited Triplet of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in Reversed Micelle Solutions

Time-resolved electron spin resonance has been used to study quenching reactions between the antioxidant Vitamin C （VC） and the triplet excited states of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone （PAQ） in ethylene glycol-water （EG-H2O） homogeneous and inhomogeneous reversed micelle solutions. Reversed micelle solutions were used to be the models of physiological environment of biological cell and tissue. In PAQ/EG-H2O homogeneous solution, the excited triplet of PAQ （3PAQ＊） abstracts hydrogen atom from solvent EG. In PAQ/VC/EG-H2O solution, 3pAQ＊ abstracts hydrogen atom not only from solvent EG but also from VC. The quenching rate constant of 3pAQ＊ by VC is close to the diffusion-controlled value of 1.41 × 108 L/（mol.s）. In hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）/EG-H2O and aerosol OT （AOT）/EG- H2O reversed micelle solutions, 3pAQ＊ and VC react around the water-oil interface of the reversed micelle. Exit of 3pAQ＊ from the lipid phase slows down the quenching reaction. For Triton X-100 （TX-100）/EG-H2O reversed micelle solution, PAQ and VC coexist inside the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol core, and the quenching rate constant of 3pAQ＊ by VC is larger than those in AOT/EG-H2O and CTAB/EG-H2O reversed micelle solutions, even a little larger than that in EG-H2O homogeneous solution. The strong emissive chemically induced dynamic electron polarization of As＇- resulted from the effective TM spin polarization transfer in hydrogen abstraction of 3pAQ＊ from VC.

Changes of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels during sleep seizures

Objective Measuring the serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） and cortisol in epileptic seizures during sleep to investigate their link to the EEG changes. Methods Pre-surgical evaluation was performed by videoEEG monitoring using 24 channel recording. Thirty six epilepsy patients could be attributed to two groups： 28 patients had spontaneous seizures, and the other 8 patients whose seizures were induced by bemegride. Another 11 persons with confirmed psychogenic non-epileptic seizures （PNES） served as control group. Blood samples were obtained at five points： wake （08：00 a.m.）, sleep （00：00 a.m.）, and shortly before, during and after an epileptic seizure. The serum ACTH and cortisol were measured and analyzed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results The levels of ACTH and cortisol in serum underwent significant changes： declining below the average sleep-level shortly before seizures, increasing during seizures, and far above the average wake-level after seizures （P 〈 0.001）. Such changes did not occur in the control group （P 〉 0.05）. The ACTH and cortisol levels had no significant difference between spontaneous group and bemegride-induced group （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion The serum concentrations of ACTH and cortisol during sleep seizures are linked with pre-ictal and ictal EEG changes in epilepsy patients.

Enhancement of Photophosphorylation and Photosynthesis in Rice by Low Concentrations of NaHSO_3 Under Field Conditions

Spraying 1-2 mmol/L solution of NaHSO 3 on rice ( Oryza sativa L.) leaves resulted in the enhancement of net photosynthetic rate for more than three days. It was also observed that NaHSO 3 application caused increases both in ATP content in leaves and the millisecond_delayed light emission of leaves. The increase in net photosynthetic rate caused by NaHSO 3 treatment was similar to that by PMS (phenazine methosulfate) treatment. The grain yield of treated rice was enhanced approximately by 10% after duplicated application of NaHSO 3 in milk_ripening stage. It is suggested that the enhancement of photosynthesis by NaHSO 3 treatment resulted from the effect of increasing ATP supplement. Concomitant with an increase in the photosynthetic rate and ATP content in leaves, the transient increase in chlorophyll fluorescence after the termination of actinic light, which could be used as an index of the cyclic electron flow, was also enhanced by low concentration of NaHSO 3 treatment. Basing on these results it is proposed that the increase in rice photosynthesis caused by low concentrations of NaHSO 3 could be due to the stimulation of the cyclic electron flow around PSⅠ which in turn the enhancement of the coupled photophosphorylation and photosynthesis.

Preparation and application of g-C_3N_4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite with enhanced electrocatalytic activity

We successfully designed and prepared a g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite by a simple method and systematically investigated its morphology,microstructure,and electrocatalytic properties.The as-prepared g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite possessed the electrocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-ZnS and the conductivity of DNA.The presence of DNA was found to enhance the electrocatalytic response of the nanocomposite towards environmental hormones,e.g.pentachlorophenol and nonylphenol,owing to the interaction between g-C3N4-ZnS and DNA,indicating that a stable nanocomposite was formed.The three components showed synergistic effects during electrocatalysis.Electrochemical impedance spectra indicated that the g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite dramatically facilitated the electron transfer of a modified electrode.The co-doping of g-C3N4 film with ZnS and DNA doubled the electrochemical response of the modified electrode in comparison with that of unmodified g-C3N4 film.The detection limits（3 S/N） of pentachlorophenol and nonylphenol were3.3×10^-9 mol L^-1.Meanwhile,we propose a possible Z-scheme mechanism for electron transfer in the g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite and the possible pentachlorophenol and nonylphenol electrocatalytic oxidation mechanism.The g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite-modified electrode was demonstrated to be effective for electrochemical sensing of trace environmental hormones in water samples.

Preparation and oxidation behaviour of electrodeposited Ni-CeO_2 nanocomposite coatings

Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings with different CeO2 contents were prepared by codeposition of Ni and CeO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 7 nm onto pure Ni surfaces from a nickel sulfate. The CeO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in the electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni grains （with a size range of 10-30 nm）. The isothermal oxidation behaviours of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings with two different CeO2 particles contents and the electrodeposited pure Ni coating were comparatively investigated in order to elucidate the effect of CeO2 at different temperatures and also CeO2 contents on the oxidation behaviour of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings. The results show that the as-codeposited Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings have a superior oxidation resistance compared with the electrodeposited pure Ni coating at 800 °C due to the codeposited CeO2 nanoparticles blocking the outward diffusion of nickel along the grain boundaries. However, the effects of CeO2 particles on the oxidation resistance significantly decrease at 1050 °C and 1150 °C due to the outward-volume diffusion of nickel controlling the oxidation growth mechanism, and the content of CeO2 has little influence on the oxidation.