试论民国时期杭州电织业同业公会的现代性

电织业同业公会是民国时期江浙地区普遍设立的行业管理组织,其产生与发展体现了中国近代经济结构演变的要求和行业组织现代化的内在逻辑。杭州丝织业经历了由木机、铁机向电机的转变,其同业公会在结构模式、行业规范和导向功能上现代性日益明显。杭州电织业同业公会在规范化、制度化的历史嬗变中投射出现代第三部门的若干功能特征。

Effect of Electrolyte Impurities within Starch on the Adhesion of Quaternary Ammonium Starch to Fibers

Influences of some electrolyte impurities within starch and starch cationization on the adhesion of quaternary ammonium cornstarch to cotton and polyester fibers were investigated. The electrolytes considered included NaCI, Na2SO4, NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4. The adhesion to fibers was evaluated in terms of maximum strength and work-to-break of the roving sized with the starch pastes containing electrolytes. It was found that the cationization showed a positive effect on the adhesion to both fibers whereas the electrolytes gave an adverse effect and reduced the adhesion. The adverse effect depends on the type and amount of electrolytes. The influence of electrolytes on the adhesion can be ranked in a series of NaH2PO4〉 Na2 HPO4〉 Na2SO4 〉 NaCl. The adhesion enhances as the modification extent increases and the electrolyte content decreases. Furthermore, the adverse effect can be compensated by the positive effect of the starch modification even at a low modification extent. If the electrolytes are fully eliminated, the cationic starch can increase the adhesion strength by more than 10% for both fibers.

Devising an Organized Procedure for Effective Risk Management in Independent Water and Power Plant Projects in Saudi Arabia

Worldwide countries are striving to meet demands for water and power, which have been estimated as likely to increase at a rate of 7% per annum over the coming decade. Water and power plant projects following the IWPP （independent water and power plant） approach have typically involved a plethora of risks. Since about 75% of the IWPP projects in SA （Sandi Arabia） have failed to meet specified objectives, effective RM （risk management） implementation is key to the success of any public and private project. Practitioners have related their experience about RM in IWPP projects in SA through semi-structured interviews, and analyzed these through the grounded theory approach to identify the elements leading to ineffectiveness when implementing RM in IWPP projects in SA. This study gathers and collates data to present findings in a propositional diagram that is fully grounded, based on practitioners＇ experiences that extend to the ineffectiveness of implementing RM in water and power projects, specifically in IWPP projects in SA. Findings indicate that IWPP parties have implemented RM in an informal way. In addition, there is a general lack of RM knowledge in the SA water and power industry. The paper concludes with an emergent diagram illustrating major phenomena, categories and subcategories affecting the implementation of RM in IWPP projects in SA.

Effect of low-frequency rotary electromagnetic-field on solidification structure of continuous casting austenitic stainless steel

To understand the solidification behavior of austenitic stainless steel in rotary electromagnetic-field, the influence of low-frequency rotary electromagnetic-field on solidification structure of austenitic stainless steel in horizontal continuous casting was investigated based on industrial experiments. The results show that the solidification structure of austenitic stainless steel can be remarkably refined, the central porosity and shrinkage cavity can be remarkably decreased, and the equiaxed grains zone are enlarged by means of application of appropriate low-frequency electromagnetic-field parameters. The industrial trials verify that the stirring intensity of austenitic stainless steel should be higher compared with that of plain carbon steel. Electromagnetic stirring affects the macrostructure even if the average magnetic flux density of the electromagnetic stirring reaches 90 mT (amplitude reaches 141 mT) with the frequency of 3-4 Hz. Due to a higher viscosity, rotating speed of molten stainless steel is 20%-30% lower than that of molten carbon steel in the same magnetic flux density.

Microstructure evolution of aluminum-lithium alloy 2195 undergoing commercial production

Microstructures of three kinds of typical product states for commercially fabricated alloy 2195 were observed.It is found that the hot-rolled plate is characterized by a fibrous structure containing fine,polygonized substructures;and the cold-rolled sheet was characterized by a "pan-caked" grain structure containing high density dislocation cells.The product under near peak-aging temper is proved to contain a large amount of dispersive,plate-shaped T1(Al2CuLi) precipitates,together with a small fraction of θ'(Al2Cu) plates,exhibiting a desirable combination of mechanical properties.Analyses using scanning electron microscopy reveal that many coarse,irregular-shaped Al7Cu2Fe constituent particles exist in all product states,which indicates that intermediate heat treatments have little influence on this iron-caused,detrimental phase.The formation and evolution of microstructures for different product states of alloy 2195 were discussed in view point of the commercial production condition.

An Introduction to China Electricity Council

China Electricity Council is a trade federation of enterprises and institutions of Chinese power industry and a non-profit social-economic organization. The paper briefs its nature, main responsibilities and organization framework of service network.

From Industrial Heritage to a Regional Development Core in the 20th Century： The Case of Ilha Solteira

The article deals with the built experience by the CESP （Sao Paulo＇s Electricity Company） in Urubupunga Complex, during 1950s and 1960s, with concomitant construction of urban centers--an provisional in Jupih and another permanent in llha Solteira--with accommodation for singles, working villages and residences for technicians and engineers. The city of Ilha Solteira implanted permanently was an intermediate form of organization between the camp of Jupia and the structure of a city, with a slightly more open community in which the citizens were still quite protected by the company. This study aims to describe the planning and the process of opening the core of Ilha Solteira, through non participant observation field work and research literature on the topic of its conversion into town and the attempt to create a pole of development for the region through their characteristic urban design plan： linear city and radio concentric city. However, the transformation of Ilha Solteira on a city in the early 1980s happened in the crisis of developmentalism and authoritarianism, in a time when the CESP no longer wished to transform Ilha Solteira in pole of regional development, but in a city able to stand alone, because their maintenance costs become prohibitive.