基于GA-PSO的电动汽车换电站时空双层充电优化策略

针对电动汽车(Electric Vehicle, EV)用户换电体验不佳、换电站备用电池组空闲、充电成本过高及配电网负荷特性恶化的问题,建立了兼顾EV用户、换电站和电网公司三方利益的时空双层充电优化模型。该模型采用双层时空解耦结构,上层模型以满足EV用户个性化需求为目标,重点解决空间尺度上换电站的选择问题。下层模型在时间尺度上采用一种两阶段优化策略,第一阶段以充电成本最小为目标重点关注电池组充电方案的制定问题,第二阶段虑及电网激励以配电网负荷波动最小和峰谷差最小为目标重点关注充电方案的优化问题。最后,采用Monte Carlo法模拟EV用户的换电需求,采用GA-PSO(遗传-粒子群算法)对提出的时空双层优化模型进行迭代求解。以某典型城区为例,仿真验证了所提模型与方法的正确性。

基于电价响应模型的电动汽车充电优化策略

大量的电动汽车接入电网充电需要考虑经济效益和系统稳定性的影响,为了减少由于电动汽车的无序充电对配电网负荷引起的较大波动,提出了一种基于电价响应和电网激励的电动汽车有序充电优化策略。首先,在充分考虑用户的充电需求和电网安全运行的基础上,以负荷最小峰谷差为目标函数,采用遗传算法求取峰谷时段电动汽车充电数量最优解;其次,构建了电动汽车峰谷电价优化模型,建立了电动汽车充电数量与峰谷电价之间的关系,实现了电动汽车充电价格的最优定价机制;最后,考虑到充电站运营商实施分时电价前后的总收益不受损害,引入了电网公司为减少负荷峰谷差而给出的激励机制。通过对算例的分析,提出了基于电价引导的电动汽车有序充电策略,在降低了运营商的购电成本和用户充电成本的同时,实现了系统负荷削峰填谷的目的,验证了所提控制策略在节约能源方面具有有效性和合理性。

An Overview of the Smart Grid in Great Britain

This paper presents an overview of the current status of the development of the smart grid in Great Britain(GB).The definition,policy and technical drivers,incentive mechanisms,technological focus,and the industry's progress in developing the smart grid are described.In particular,the Low Carbon Networks Fund and Electricity Network Innovation Competition projects,together with the rollout of smart metering,are detailed.A more observable,controllable,automated,and integrated electricity network will be supported by these investments in conjunction with smart meter installation.It is found that the focus has mainly been on distribution networks as well as on real-time flows of information and interaction between suppliers and consumers facilitated by improved information and communications technology,active power flow management,demand management,and energy storage.The learning from the GB smart grid initiatives will provide valuable guidelines for future smart grid development in GB and other countries.