民用单相电能表容量的合理选择

民用单相电能表容量的合理选择黎火钳广东省汕尾供电局马宫供电所（５１６６００）李景村广东省惠州供电局设计室（５１６００１）１选择电能表容量所涉及的几项技术特性１．１电能表的灵敏度。当电能表在额定电压、额定频率及功率因数等于１的条件下，能使电能表开始不停...

基于V/V牵引变压器的同相供电系统电能质量混合补偿研究

为了综合补偿V/V同相牵引供电系统中的谐波、无功和负序等电能质量问题,提出了一种基于磁控静止无功补偿器(MSVC)和综合电能质量补偿器(HPQC)的电能质量混合补偿方法。通过协同控制MSVC和HPQC使得HPQC的直流电压最小,从而达到完全补偿无功、负序条件下,HPQC有源容量最小。再利用无源滤波器和HPQC有源滤波共同滤除系统中的谐波,实现对系统的负序、无功和谐波的综合补偿。另外还分析了混合补偿系统的负序、无功和谐波电流的实时检测方法,提出了HPQC和MSVC的协同控制策略,使得整个系统响应速度满足补偿要求。与传统有源补偿设备相比,降低了有源部分的补偿容量和直流电压,降低了补偿成本。仿真和实验结果验证了本文提出的混合补偿方法的有效性和可行性。

基于最小能量法UPQC能量流动分析及容量计算

通过分析统一电能质量调节器(Unified Power Quality Conditioner,简称UPQC)的工作原理,以最常用的左串-右并主电路结构为例,建立其基波稳态等效电路,对其能量流动关系进行分析。在此基础上,结合最小能量法论证推导串、并联侧功率需求公式,确定主电路的容量选取原则。最后通过实验验证主电路容量选取原则的合理性。

高载流容量电网的主变保护适应性分析

本文分析高载流容量电网的满载负荷电流大幅上升对主变保护产生的系列影响,以实际工程为例,指出边、中开关选用高电流比的电流互感器将影响以固定门槛判别的保护的灵敏性和以故障分量为原理的差动保护的可靠性,且保护定值整定可能出现超过定值上下限的情形。线路载流容量大幅提升后,主变高压侧穿越性负荷电流远大于变压器额定电流,该特性可能造成常规差动保护的可靠性和灵敏性下降。结合工程实施,本文建议主变套管互感器配置主保护、后备保护作为保护冗余方案,以减小高载流容量、高电流互感器电流比的影响。

低压非大工业用户电能表与电价制改革初探

当前我国低压非大工业用户计费电能表及其电价制存在的问题已经制约了电力市场的正常发展和电力需求侧管理的开展。文章提出了用双费率全功电能表和最大需用容量全功电能表取代原计费电能表,实行双费率综合电价和新两部制综合电价来取代现行简单制电价等改革措施以供参考。

EDLC charging performance for microgrid applications

In order to review storage performance of the electric double layer capacitor （EDLC） in microgrid applications, charging time and storage efficiency issues are mainly studied aiming at three different charging modes, including the constant voltage charging mode （CVCM）, the constant current charging mode （CCCM） and the constant power charging mode （CPCM）, based on the practical EDLC product. Numerical calculation methods are presented for different charging modes, and the charging efficiency is also reviewed with strict mathematical deductions, which is validated to be accurate enough and applicable through a simple case with the PV/EDLC system illustration. Finally, trade-off problems between charging time and energy loss are also studied. Research results show that the CPCM is more suitable for microgrid networks compared with the traditional constant-voltage and constant-current charging modes. The hybrid charging method is recommended to save energy and keep high efficiency relatively at the same time. However, how to manage the combination percentage of different charging modes in a reasonable way should be dealt with according to the practical requirements.

基于主站与就地协同度的配电主站自愈方法设计

传统的配电主站自愈方法内函数计算量较大,致使其在自愈处理时电流扰动持续的时间过长,存在自愈能力不佳的问题。为此,设计了基于主站与就地协同度的配电主站自愈方法。在设定主站的电能容量约束后划分配电主站孤岛,并计算配电主站与就地协同度,从而构建配电网重构约束条件。在重复标记自愈配电的区段后,控制函数处理产生的计算量,实现主站自愈。结果表明:方法所需的故障隔离时间在12 ms左右,产生的损耗在12 kW左右,且其产生的电流扰动持续时间更短,表明其主站自愈能力更强。

Electrochemical performances of AB_5-type hydrogen storage alloy modified with Co_3O_4

Anodic electrodes with the mixture of hydrogen storage alloys and different contents of Co3O4（2%,4%,6% and 8%,mass fraction） powders were made.The effects of Co3O4 on the electrochemical performance of the alloy electrodes were studied.The constant charge-discharge tests show that the discharge capacity of alloy electrodes with Co3O4 significantly increases,and the maximum discharge capacities of electrodes with 2%,4%,6% and 8% Co3O4 are higher than the electrode with no Co3O4 by 0.83%,4.86%,7.18% and 9.21%,accordingly.Linear polarization（LP） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） tests suggest that charge-transfer resistance decreases by the addition of Co3O4.Cyclic voltammogram（CV）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and energy dispersive spectrum（EDS） tests indicate that Co3O4 can partly dissolve and experience a reversible oxidation-reduction process of Co to Co（OH）2,leading to the improvement in the electrochemical performance of hydrogen storage alloy.

Preparation and characterization of spinel LiMn_2O_4 nanorods as lithium-ion battery cathodes

The hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystallineβ-MnO2 nanorods and their chemical conversion into single-crystalline LiMn2O4 nanorods by a simple solid-state reaction were reported.This method has the advantages of producing pure,single-phase and crystalline nanorods.The LiMn2O4 nanorods have an diameter of about 300 nm.The discharge capacity and cyclic performance of the batteries were investigated.The LiMn2O4 nanorods show better cyclic performance with a capacity retention ratio of 86.2% after 100 cycles.Battery cyclic studies reveal that the prepared LiMn2O4 nanorods have high capacity with a first discharge capacity of 128.7 mA·h/g.

Overcharge performance of LiMn_2O_4/graphite battery with large capacity

The LiMn2O4/grapbite battery was fabricated and its 3 C/10 V overcharge performance was studied. Spinel LiMn2O4 was synthesized by solid-state method and 325680-type size full battery was fabricated. The structure and morphology of the powders were characterized by XRD and SEM technique, respectively. The battery explodes after 3 C/10 V overcharged test, and surface temperature of the battery case arrives at 290 ℃ in 12 s after exploding. Black air is given out with blast. Carbon, MnO, and Li2CO3 are observed in the exploded powders. The cathode electrode remains spinel structure with 5.0 V charged. Cracks in the cathode electrode particles are detected with the increase of voltage by SEM technique. The 5.0 V charged electrode can decompose into Mn3O4 at 400 ℃. It is demonstrated that the decomposition of 5.0 V charged electrode can be promoted and Mn^4＋ can be deoxidized to Mn^2＋ by carbon and electrolyte through the simulation of blast process.

Mechanism for capacity fading of 18650 cylindrical lithium ion batteries

The mechanism for capacity fading of18650lithium ion full cells under room-temperature(RT)is discussedsystematically.The capacity loss of18650cells is about12.91%after500cycles.The cells after cycles are analyzed by XRD,SEM,EIS and CV.Impedance measurement shows an overall increase in the cell resistance upon cycling.Moreover,it also presents anincreased charge-transfer resistance(Rct)for the cell cycled at RT.CV test shows that the reversibility of lithium ioninsertion/extraction reaction is reduced.The capacity fading for the cells cycled can be explained by taking into account the repeatedfilm formation over the surface of anode and the side reactions.The products of side reactions deposited on separator are able toreduce the porosity of separator.As a result,the migration resistance of lithium ion between the cathode and anode would beincreased,leading the fading of capacity and potential.

Thermodynamic properties and heat capacity of Ru metal in HCP,FCC,BCC and liquid state

Isometric heat capacity cv and isobar heat capacity cp of Ru metal in HCP,FCC,BCC and liquid state were calculated by using pure element systematic theory.The results are in good agreement with joint army-navy-air force(JANAF) experimental value and the calculation result by first-principle(FP) method.But the results have great differences in contrast to Scientific Group Thermodata Europe(SGTE) database.The cause is found that it cannot neglect the electron devotion to heat capacity to adjust cp in one-atom(OA) method.The disparity between OA method and SGTE database was discussed.The main cause is that OA method adopts the crosspoint with iso-Ec-line and iso-a-line in hybritriangle to determine the properties,but SGTE database is obtained by extrapolation from activity measurements and critical assessment of data from a large number of binary system.Thermodynamic properties of Ru metal in HCP,FCC,BCC and liquid state,such as entropy S,enthalpy H and Gibbs energy G were calculated.Therefore,the full description of thermodynamic properties from 0 K to random temperature is implemented.

Structure and electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of La_(0.8-x)Pr_xMg_(0.2)Ni_(3.15)Co_(0.2)Al_(0.1)Si_(0.05) (x=0-0.4) electrode alloys

For the purpose of improving the electrochemical cycle stability of the La-Mg-Ni based A2BT-type electrode alloys, both reducing Mg content and substituting La with Pr were adopted. The Lao.8-xPrxMg0.2Ni3.15Co0.2A10.1Si0.05 （x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4） electrode alloys were fabricated by casting and annealing. The investigation on the structures and electrochemical performances of the alloys was performed. The obtained results reveal that the as-cast and annealed alloys comprise two major phases, （La, Mg）2Ni7 phase with the hexagonal Ce2NiT-type structure and LaNi5 phase with the hexagonal CaCus-type structure, as well as a little residual LaNi3 phase. It is also found that the addition of Pr element observably affects the electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of the alloys, just as the discharge capacity and high rate discharge ability （HRD） first rise then fall with the growing of Pr content, and among all the alloys, the as-cast and annealed （x=0.3） alloys generate the largest discharge capacities of 360.8 and 386.5 mA.h/g, respectively. Additionally, the electrochemical cycle stability of all the alloys markedly grows with the increase of Pr content. The capacity retaining rate （S100） at the 100th charging and discharging cycle is enhanced from 64.98% to 77.55% for the as-cast alloy, and from 76.60% to 95.72% for the as-annealed alloy by rising Pr content from 0 to 0.4. Furthermore, the substitution of Pr for La results in first increase and then decrease in the hydrogen diffusion coefficient （D）, the limiting current density （IL） as well as the electrochemical impedance.

试论配电变压器负荷率与节能

从年电能损耗角度论述配电变压器最佳负荷率,通过计算比较得出变压器效率与最佳负荷率的关系,最大负荷年损耗小时数对变压器最佳负荷率的影响等结论,对配电变压器负荷率、容量选择与节能问题进行了研究探讨。

An iterative computation method for interpreting and extending an analytical battery model

Battery models are of great importance to develop portable computing systems,for whether the design of low power hardware architecture or the design of battery-aware scheduling policies.In this paper,we present a physically justified iterative computing method to illustrate the discharge,recovery and charge process of Li/Li-ion batteries.The discharge and recovery processes correspond well to an existing accurate analytical battery model:R-V-W's analytical model,and thus interpret this model algorithmically.Our method can also extend R-V-W's model easily to accommodate the charge process.The work will help the system designers to grasp the characteristics of R-V-W's battery model and also,enable to predict the battery behavior in the charge process in a uniform way as the discharge process and the recovery process.Experiments are performed to show the ac-curacy of the extended model by comparing the predicted charge times with those derived from the DUALFOIL simulations.Various profiles with different combinations of battery modes were tested.The experimental results show that the extended battery model preserves high accuracy in predicting the charge behavior.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Amorphous LiMoS2 as a High Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

The LiMoS： anode material for lithium ion rechargeable batteries were synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 150 ℃. According to our measurements with X-ray diffraction, LiMoS2 was amorphous structure. Electrochemical measurements results showed that LiMoS2 exhibited large lithium storage capacities.

Effects of Na content on structure and electrochemical performances of Na_xMnO_(2+δ) cathode material

Sodium manganese oxides,NaxMnO2+δ(x = 0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,1.0;δ = 0-0.3),were synthesized by solid-state reaction routine combined with sol-gel process.The structure,morphology and electrochemical performances of as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD,SEM,CV,EIS and galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments.It is found that Na0.6MnO2+δ and Na0.7MnO2+δ have high discharge capacity and good cycle performance.At a current density of 25 mA/g at the cutoff voltage of 2.0-4.3 V,Na0.6MnO2+δ gives the second discharge capacity of 188 mA·h/g and remains 77.9% of second discharge capacity after 40 cycles.Na0.7MnO2+δ exhibits the second discharge capacity of 176 mA·h/g and shows better cyclic stability;the capacity retention after 40 cycles is close to 85.5%.Even when the current density increases to 250 mA/g,the discharge capacity of Na0.7MnO2+δ still approaches to 107 mA·h/g after 40 cycles.

Electrochemical Behavior of Electrodeposited Sn Films： Possible Negative Electrode for Na^＋ Rechargeable Batteries

Tin films on copper substrate, obtained by electrodeposition procedure, were structural and electrochemical characterized. In particular to investigate the possibility to use such metal as possible negative electrode in Na＋ rechargeable batteries, EPS （electrochemical potential spectroscopy） and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling of the electrodes were investigated, at room temperature in organic electrolyte. Three crystalline and one amorphous phases were identified as well as high discharge capacity （738 mAb/g） was obtained after 4 cycles. Unfortunately material fading, due to the internal stress during sodiation/desodiation process, causes poor cyclability.