V_2O_5薄膜电致色特性研究

采用热蒸发经热处理制备了V2O5薄膜．XRD分析表明薄膜为非晶和微晶结构．采用电化学方法从电解质向V2O5薄膜注入Li离子形成LixV2O5（O＜x＜0．35）．使用三电极法研究了其电化学和电教色特性，分析了电化学循环过程中氧化、还原电流峰形成的机理、LixV2O5结构的变化以及其与光学性质的关系，给出了V2O5薄膜阴阳电致色的致色效率.

二氧化钼薄膜的结构和电致色性质的热处理效应

本文用真空热蒸发方法在Ｉｎ２Ｏ３导电玻璃上制备了ＭｏＯ３薄膜，并在１００～４００℃的空气环境中将薄膜进行了热处理．分别用ＳＥＭ、ＸＲＤ观察了薄膜的表面形貌，分析了薄膜的微观结构，用二电极和标准三电极电化学方法测量了薄膜的Ｔ—Ｑ关系和Ｉ—ｔ曲线．分析了热处理温度对薄膜的结构和电致色性质的影响以及致色的动力学机制，并讨论了薄膜的致色机理．

电致色三氧化钼薄膜的研究与开发

叙述了电致色三氧化钼 (三氧化钨 )薄膜的性质、制备方法与应用现状。

钨酸盐玻璃电致色效应的研究

研究了用双辊急冷法制得的 Li_2O-WO_3系统玻璃和 Li_2O-B_2O_3-WO_3系统玻璃在空气中和电解质中的电致色效应,用 He-Ne 激光测试了加电压后透射光强度随时间的动态变化。认为着色深度与着色速率是由 H^+或 e 的扩散流决定,它们随钨原子数密度的增大而增大。在空气中反转极性引起颜色加深,在电解质中反转极性引起部分褪色,对此现象作出了解释。

一种性能可调的新型节能材料－电致变色膜

本文介绍了一种性能可调的新型节能材料—电致色薄膜，描述了以其为核心的全固态灵巧窗结构、工作原理和光学调节性能，回顾了电致色材料、离子存储层和固态锂离子导体及其性质，并展望了这种新型节能材料的应用。

基于电致变色材料的特高压验电标识研究

为了解决交直流特高压输变电设备的验电问题,对新型无机电致变色材料开展性能测试及可靠性分析,制备了Zn S场致发光材料和Ga N发光材料,将其封装制作为验电标识,确定了验电标识在特高压输变电设备上的涂装应用方案。现场应用结果表明,该电致变色材料验电标识在电场中能够发光变色,指示设备的带电状态,解决了特高压输变电设备的验电问题。

Inorganic electrochromic materials based on tungsten oxide and nickel oxide nanostructures

Electrochromic devices,which dynamically change color under applied potentials,are widely studied for use in energyefficient smart windows.The operation of electrochromic materials and devices involves the gain or loss of electrons and simultaneous insertion/extraction of ions with opposite charges to balance the internal electric fields.The performance is therefore limited by kinetics of charge transport in the electrochromic materials as well as ion migration in the electrolyte,materials and at their interfaces.Nanostructured electrochromic materials have an extremely short charge transport distance facilitating charge transport in electrochromic devices and large specific surface area for interaction with electrolytes,and thus may provide fast charge and ions transport,high electrochemical activities and remarkable enhancement of electrochromic properties.The recent progress in application of nanostructures,including nanoparticles,1D and 2D nanostructures,in metal oxide electrochromic materials and devices is reviewed.A perspective on the development trends in electrochromic materials and devices is also proposed.

All-solid-state electrochromic devices based on WO3‖NiO films:material developments and future applications

Electrochromism refers to the persistent and reversible change of optical properties by an applied voltage pulse.Electrochromic(EC)devices have been extensively studied because of their commercial applications in smart windows of green buildings,display devices and thermal control of equipments.In this review,a basic EC device design is presented based on useful oxides and solid-state electrolytes.We focus on the state-of-the-art research activities related to the structures of tungsten oxide(WO_3)and nickel oxide(NiO),summarizing the strategies to improve their EC performances and further applications of devices.

Recent advances in multifunctional electrochromic energy storage devices and photoelectrochromic devices

Multifunctional devices integrated with electrochromism and energy storage or energy production functions are attractive because these devices can be used as an effective approach to address the energy crisis and environmental pollution in society today. In this review, we explain the operation principles of electrochromic energy storage devices including electrochromic supercapacitors,electrochromic batteries, and the photoelectrochromic devices. Furthermore, the material candidates and structure types of these multifunctional devices are discussed in detail. The major challenges of these devices along with a further outlook are highlighted at the end.

Hybrid π-conjugated polymers from dibenzo pentacyclic centers：precursor design,electrosynthesis and electrochromics

π-Conjugated polymers(CPs)represent one of the quite important and rapidly growing branches of flexible electrochromic materials.Electrosynthesized hybrid CPs employing dibenzo pentacycles(fluorenes,carbazoles,dibenzothiophenes,and dibenzofuran)as the backbones have received considerable attention owing to their special structures and interesting electrochromic performances.Recent studies show that polymers from these structures exhibit decent contrast ratios,favorable coloration efficiencies,low switching voltages,fast response time,excellent stability,and color persistence.Intrinsically,their electrochromic properties significantly depend on fine-tailoring of precursor monomer structures,and polymerization techniques and conditions.This review devotes to showing a clear picture of the research progress of dibenzo pentacycle-centered CPs via electrochemical polymerization,including fluorenes,carbazoles,dibenzothiophenes,and dibenzofuran-based hybrid electrochromic polymers.Critical influences of the tailored precursor structures on their electropolymerization and resultant polymer performances are highlighted,aiming at providing an insight for the development of novel fused ring-based polymer electrochromic materials.

Inkjet printing of 2D polyaniline for fabricating flexible and patterned electrochromic devices

Conjugated organic polymer(COP)-based electrochromic devices(ECDs)exhibit promising applications in digital and color displays.However,fabricating COP-based ECDs integrated with excellent electrochromic performance,customized patterns,and flexibility remains challenging.In this study,we report inkjet-printed,flexible,and patterned ECDs based on two-dimensional(2 D)polyaniline(PANI)sheets,which are evenly dispersed in formic acid(FA)enabling high-precision,stable inkjet printing.The pristine lamellar structure of PANI sheets,which combine nanoscale thickness and an appropriate doping ratio,and the additive-free ink composition endow the printed PANI electrodes and ECDs with high performance.The fabricated PANI electrode exhibits a high optical contrast(76%at a wavelength of 750 nm),a good coloration efficiency(CE)of 259.1 cm^(2) C^(-1),and a short coloration/bleaching time(1.8/2.4 s),simultaneously integrated with pseudocapacitance and mechanical flexibility.Moreover,the 2 D lamellar PANI ink developed in this study can be printed into various designed patterns,particularly for electrochemically controlled,addressable electrochromic displays.This work highlights 2 D lamellar PANI as a promising electrochromic material for flexible and patterned ECDs.

Electrodeposition in organic system and properties of NiO electrochromic films

By electrodeposition in organic system,NiO films with reversible electrochromic property were fabricated.Fluorine-doped tin oxide glass slices were used as substrates,i.e.cathodes.Cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible transmission spectroscopy were adopted to study the electrochromic properties of the films.High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) was employed to analyze the composition and structure of the films.It is found that the films are composed of fine NiO crystal grains of a few nanometers in diameter,endowing them with large visible light transmittance variation,rapid switch rate(i.e.rapid response time) between the bleached and colored states.Their cycling durability reached 6000 cycles.

A newly-designed self-powered electrochromic window

By converting incident light into electric power,self-powered electrochromic window(SP-ECW)can achieve color change in electrochromic layer with no need for external voltage.In this work,a newly-de signed SP-ECW is proposed for altering its color between deep blue and colorless state according to on/off state of incident light.The device consists of a working electrode with planar integration of photovoltaic(PV)and electrochromic(EC)elements on one electrode,a platinum counter electrode and a redox electrolyte comprising Br^-/Br_3^-couple.A high transmittance modulation of 41%at 582 nm is obtained.Electrical energy converted from light is not only sufficient to drive the device,but also can be outputted to the external circuit.

Stabilizing electroluminescence color of blue perovskite LEDs via amine group doping

Voltage loading-induced change in the electroluminescence(EL)wavelength of mixed halide perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs),so-called color-shift,has become an inevitable phenomenon,which is seriously unfavorable to their applications in lighting and display.Here,we achieve color-stable blue PeLEDs via a hydrogen-bonded amine-group doping strategy.Selecting guanidine(GA)or formamidinium(FA)as amine-group(-NH_(2))doping source for CsPbBr_(x)Cl_(3-x)quantum dots(QDs),experimental and theoretical results reveal that the strong N-H…X(X=Br/Cl)bonding can be produced between-NH_(2)dopants and Pb-X lattices,thereby increasing the migration barrier of halide anions.Resultantly,color-stable sky-blue devices were realized with emission peaks fixed at 490.5(GA)and 492.5(FA)nm without any obvious shift as the voltage increases,in sharp contrast devices without N-H…X producing a 15 nm red-shift from 487 to 502 nm.Not only that,maximum external quantum efficiency is improved to 3.02%and 4.14%from the initial 1.3%.This finding offers a convenient boulevard to achieve color-stable PeLEDs with high efficiency.

Tetra-EDOT substituted 3D electrochromic polymers with lower band gaps

A couple of novel electrochromic materials poly(2,3,4,5-tetrakis(2,3-hydrothieno[3,4-b]dixin-5-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole)(P(t-EDOT-mPy))and poly(5,5',5",5'"-(thiophene-2,3,4,5-tetrayl)tetrakis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine))(P(t-EDOTTh))are electrodeposited via multi-position polymerization of their tetra-EDOT substituted monomers t-EDOT-mPy and t-EDOT-Th,respectively.Compared with the linear 2D structured poly(thiophene)(E_g=2.2 eV)and poly(2,5-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)thiophene)(E_g=1.7eV),P(t-EDOT-Th)(E_g=1.62eV)has the lowest band gap.Hence,we speculate that the band gaps of the two polymers,having 3D structures,are decreased in contrast to non-substituted polymers or bi-EDOT substituted polymers,thiophene and 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole.The results indicated that P(t-EDOT-Th)thin films are more stable and show higher transmittance amid two polymers,which may find their utilization in organic optoelectronics.

Stretchable electrothermochromic fibers based on hierarchical porous structures with electrically conductive dual-pathways

Stretchable color-changing fibers are urgently demanded for smart textiles/clothing due to their perfect implantability,permeability of vapor and heat,and flexibility/stretchability.Herein,stretchable electrothermochromic fibers were fabricated with unconventional stretchable conductive fibers as core layers and thermochromic coatings as shell layers.In the stretchable conductive fibers,hierarchical porous structures with percolative one-dimensional(1 D)conductive networks were constructed through phase inversion of carbon nanotube/polyurethane(CNT/PU)solutions.With the deposition of silver nanoparticles(AgN Ps)on the surface of micro-pores,electrically conductive dual-pathways consisting of0 D AgN Ps and 1 D CNTs were formed to significantly enhance the electric conductivity and thus improve the electrothermal performance of the fibers.More importantly,because of the connective CNTs and AgN Ps,such dual-pathways ensured the electron transport under the stretching state,preventing the sharp decay of conductivity and electrothermal performance.Through the continuous wet-spinning method,the stretchable conductive fibers can be easily obtained with the length up to several meters.At last,stretchable electrothermochromic fibers were prepared with two color-changing modes and implanted into textile perfectly,advancing their applications in wearable display and military adaptive camouflage of smart clothing.

Synthesis and near infrared electrochromic properties of metallodithiolene complexes

Four metallodithiolene complexes[4,8-bis(octyloxy)-1,3,5,7-tetrathia]?di[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene?palladium(II)](3),[4,8-bis(octyloxy)-1,3,5,7-tetrathia]di[1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane?nickel(II)](4),[4,8-bis(octyloxy)-1,3,5,7-tetra-thia]?[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene?palladium(II)]?[1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane·nickel(II)](5)and di[4,8-bis(octyloxy)-1,3,5,7-tetrathia]?[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene?palladium(II)]?nickel(II)(6)were synthesized and the near-infrared(NIR)electrochromic properties were studied.The spectroelectrochemical spectra and the electrochromic parameters such as optical contrast,switching time,optical density change,electrochromic efficiency and optical attenuation of complexes 3–6 were investigated in detail.The symmetric binuclear complex 4 showed relatively high electrochromic efficiency of63.0 and 75.4 cm^2/C both in the two oxidation states.The complexes exhibited excellent electroactive/electrochromic stability characterized by chronoamperometry(>4000 cyclic switches).

Self-assembly and electrochromic property of electroactive tetraaniline-b-PEG diblock copolymer

A kind of amphiphilic rod-coil diblock copolymer consisting both of tetraaniline(TAni)and polyethylene glycol(PEG)blocks,TAni-b-PEG,was synthesized.The diblock copolymer shows excellent electrochromic properties,especially,in switching time and coloration efficiency compared with tetraaniline.TAni-b-PEG is able to self-assemble into spherical structure,which is attributed to the formation of conducting channels and increase of ion-exchange capacity of TAni-b-PEG,implying that a block copolymer with electrochromic block and high ionic conductive block simultaneously possesses improving electrochromic properties.

Electron transfer photochromism of Ln-based(Ln=Dy,Tb)coordinated behavior

Switching on/off single-molecule magnets(SMMs)at room temperature is still a challenge in moleculebased magnets.Herein,two photochromic Ln-based(Ln=Dy,Tb)phosphonate coordinated polymers were synthesized with regulable SMM behavior.The reversible room-temperature photo-coloration was an electron transfer process with a generation of relatively stable radicals,characterized by structural analyses,ultraviolet-visible,luminescence and electron spin resonance spectra and magnetic measurements.Importantly,owing to the antiferromagnetic coupling interactions between Ln^(3+) ions and photogenerated radicals,the room-temperature light irradiation surprisingly switched off the SMM behavior,showing the first example of radicalquenched SMMs in the molecule-based magnets.Moreover,the silient SMM behavior could be recovered after eliminating photogenerated radicals via heat treatment,showing a reversible off/on switch of SMMs via light and heat.This work constructs a system for switching off/on SMMs through electron transfer photochromism,providing a visual operation way via naked-eye-detectable coloration for the switchable SMMs.